United States Court of Appeals
                           FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                    ___________

                                    No. 03-2795
                                    ___________

Beverly A. Liszewski; Lisa A.          *
Liszewski,                             *
                                       *
           Plaintiffs - Appellants,    * Appeal from the United States
                                       * District Court for the Eastern
      v.                               * District of Missouri.
                                       *
Target Corporation,                     *
                                       *
           Defendant - Appellee.       *
                                  ___________

                           Submitted: January 15, 2004
                               Filed: July 2, 2004
                                  ___________

Before MELLOY, BRIGHT, and HANSEN, Circuit Judges.
                           ___________

MELLOY, Circuit Judge.

     We affirm the district court’s1 grant of summary judgment in favor of
Defendant-Appellee Target Corporation (“Target”) in this negligence action under
Missouri law.




      1
       The Honorable Mary Ann L. Medler, United States Magistrate Judge for the
Eastern District of Missouri, presiding by consent of the parties pursuant to 28 U.S.C.
§ 636(c)(1).
                                           I.

       Attackers assaulted and robbed Plaintiffs-Appellants Beverly A. Liszewski and
Lisa A. Liszewski in the parking lot of a St. Louis-area Target store on January 3,
2000. The attack occurred near the store’s closing time. Initially, one attacker
attempted to steal Lisa Liszewski’s purse. The store manager witnessed the attack
and attempted to help. The store manager caught and pinned down the attacker, but
a group of accomplices exited a car, beat the store manager, briefly abducted and
assaulted Beverly Liszewski, threatened her with a piece of broken glass, and released
her. The attackers knocked Lisa Liszewski down as they fled. A security guard, who
was near the front door, claimed that he did not see the attack.

       The Liszewskis brought this action in state court, and Target removed to the
United States District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri. The Liszewskis
alleged that Target failed to adequately protect them from attack by unknown third
persons while on Target’s property as business invitees. The Liszewskis set forth
numerous prior crimes and reports of crimes that occurred at or near the same store
and argued that these prior crimes made the present attack reasonably foreseeable.
The Liszewskis argued that this foreseeability placed a duty on Target to protect its
invitees at that particular store from criminal attack by unknown third persons. The
Liszewskis also argued that because Target had a security guard on duty and other
security measures in place, Target had assumed the duty to protect its invitees from
unknown third persons.

       The district court granted summary judgment against the Liszewskis, finding
that the prior criminal acts at the Target store were insufficient to place a reasonable
business owner on notice that it was necessary to protect invitees from attack by
unknown third persons. In addition, the district court held that the provision of
security guards and parking lot cameras did not amount to an assumption of a duty
to protect invitees.

                                          -2-
                                           II.

       We review the district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo. L.A.C. v.
Ward Parkway Shopping Ctr. Co., 

, 256 (Mo. 2002) (en banc). Here,
we must determine whether Target had a duty to protect its invitees from attack by
unknown third persons. Although we must view the facts in a light most favorable
to the Liszewskis and draw all reasonable inferences in their favor, the underlying
question of “‘[w]hether a duty exists is purely a question of law.’” 

(quoting
Lopez v. Three Rivers Elec. Coop., Inc., 

, 155 (Mo. 2000) (en banc)).

       Under Missouri law, there is no special formulation of a test to assess the duty
of a business towards its invitees. 

(identifying but refusing to adopt various
tests such as the “specific harm test,” the “prior similar incidents” test, and the
“totality of the circumstances test”). Rather, the Missouri Supreme Court has stated
that the traditional tort principles of duty, breach, and causation are sufficiently
flexible to address such liability under the circumstances of any given case. 

. Under Missouri’s general negligence test, then, a business does not owe its
invitees a duty to guard against the criminal acts of unknown third persons in the
absence of special circumstances that would make such acts foreseeable. See 

the court “merely followed traditional principles of the law of
negligence” and finding that “a duty to exercise care [to protect business invitees]
may be imposed by common law under the facts and circumstances of a given case”)
(citation an internal quotation omitted) (alteration in original); Madden v. C & K
Barbeque Carryout, Inc.,758 S.W.2d 59, 62 (Mo. 1988) (en banc) (stating that “[t]he
touchstone for the creation of a duty is foreseeability,” and “[a] duty [to protect
invitees from the criminal acts of unknown third parties] arises out of circumstances
in which there is a reasonably foreseeable likelihood that particular acts or omissions
will cause harm or injury”).




                                          -3-
       Reasonable foreseeability does not require the identical crime to occur before
a duty arises. See 

(“Foreseeability does not require
identical crimes in identical locations.”). Rather, an offense is reasonably foreseeable
and a duty arises under circumstances where prior reports of criminal activity or other
similar acts on or near the site are sufficient in number, sufficiently similar to, and
sufficiently close in time to the immediate offense to place a business on notice of the
need to protect its invitees from that general type of risk. See Brown v. Schnucks
Mkts., Inc., 

, 533 (Mo. Ct. App. 1998) (searching for “prior specific
incidents of violent crimes on the premises that are sufficiently numerous and recent
to put a defendant on notice . . . and sufficiently similar in type . . . that a reasonable
person would take precautions against that type of activity”); Smith v. Archbishop of
St. Louis, 

, 521 (Mo. Ct. App. 1982) (“[P]laintiff need not show that
the very injury resulting from defendant’s negligence was foreseeable, but merely that
a reasonable person could have foreseen that injuries of the type suffered would be
likely to occur under the circumstances.”).

        In the present case, the district court reviewed the prior criminal activities that
the Liszewskis identified and rejected most as dissimilar to the present, violent
robbery. The district court stated that numerous reported incidents of shoplifting
were nonviolent crimes by third parties against Target rather than violent crimes by
unknown third parties against invitees. The district court also rejected as dissimilar
various prior crimes that did not involve unknown third parties (e.g., assaults by
acquaintances and an altercation between a Target employee and an invitee) or that
were crimes against property rather than crimes that involved the presence of a victim
(e.g., the theft of a patron’s bicycle when he was inside the store and the theft of cars
without reports of personal confrontations). Finally, the district court discounted two
crimes that occurred nearby, but on the premises of other businesses: a 1997 purse
snatching from a shopping cart in the parking lot of a nearby grocery store that
involved no physical harm to the victim; and the armed robbery of an ATM patron



                                           -4-
at a bank across the street from Target by acquaintances of the victim who had driven
the victim to the bank.

       The district court concluded that only two prior incidents were sufficiently
similar to the present case to arguably provide notice: a January 1996 robbery and a
March 1996 attempted robbery in the same parking lot. These incidents, however,
were four years old at the time of the present attack and easily distinguishable. The
attempted robbery in March 1996 occurred after store hours and involved a truck
driver in an area of the parking lot that invitees did not normally use. Information
surrounding the January 1996 robbery was unclear because the victims did not
cooperate with police. However, it was clear that the 1996 robbers did not physically
injure the victims nor actually take any property from the victims.

       The district court concluded that the limited number of even arguably similar
crimes coupled with the lack of temporal proximity between these arguably similar
crimes and the present attack precluded a finding that Target should have anticipated
the present attacks. We agree with the district court. The past acts were insufficient
as a matter of Missouri law to create a duty to protect against attacks by unknown
third parties. Compare 

(finding a duty to protect against
violent attack where seventy-five violent crimes occurred on the defendant business’s
property in the three years preceding the plaintiff’s rape and where these crimes
included “abduction, sexual assault and a number of violent, armed and strong-arm
robberies”), with 

(finding that a purse snatching seven
months prior and a robbery with uncertain details three and one-half months prior
failed to put a defendant grocer on notice and establish a duty to protect a plaintiff
from an assault with a gun and a purse snatching by an unknown third person).

       The Liszewskis argue that this conclusion improperly relies on a strict temporal
cutoff and improperly fails to consider crimes that occurred nearby but off premises.
We disagree. To reach our conclusion we do not rely on any bright-line rules such

                                         -5-
as a temporal cutoff or the wholesale refusal to consider crimes that occurred off
premises. Rather, we simply give less weight to temporally remote crimes and crimes
that occurred off premises because common sense dictates that a reasonable person
would give less consideration to such events.

       We next turn to the Liszewskis’ argument concerning Target’s provision of
security guards and parking lot cameras. On appeal, the Liszewskis appear to depart
from the “assumption of duty” argument that the district court addressed. They argue
instead that Target’s provision of security measures serves as a sort of admission that
a foreseeable risk existed. Under either articulation of this argument, we disagree.
Missouri law makes clear that the provision of a security program does not give rise
to a general duty to protect customers. See 

(finding that
the hiring of security guards did not demonstrate an assumption of a duty where there
was no “express assurance of safety”). Further, Missouri law makes clear that it is
improper to infer knowledge of risk, and therefore duty, based on the hiring of
security guards. See Miller v. S. County Ctr., Inc., 

, 512 (Mo. Ct.
App. 1993). In Miller, the court explained Missouri public policy on this issue:

      Nor in our view would sound public policy permit the inference Plaintiff
      apparently would have us draw that Defendants’ employment of security
      guards means Defendants knew or should have known criminal attacks
      were to be expected. To impose liability on such basis would
      discourage landowners from taking greater precautions than the law
      requires. To infer a duty from the mere fact of hiring security guards is
      no more legitimate than inferring a duty from the fact that a defendant
      purchases insurance. Greater prudence than the law otherwise requires
      is not a proper basis for the imposition of a duty; it is conduct society
      seeks to encourage.

do not find that the provision of security measures in this case
supports a finding that a duty existed.

      We affirm the judgment of the district court.

                                         -6-
BRIGHT, Circuit Judge, concurring.

       In this diversity case, this court must apply Missouri law as expounded by the
Missouri courts. Under present Missouri case law, the magistrate judge did not err
in determining that under the undisputed facts, the defendant Target did not incur a
duty to protect the plaintiffs from a criminal attack against them in the Target store
parking lot from unknown third parties.

       The precedent established today may or may not apply to similar cases arising
in other jurisdictions. I would particularly note that other cases in state courts express
most expansive concepts of security duties owed to business invitees. See, e.g.,
Galloway v. Bankers Trust Co., 

, 440 (Iowa 1988) (holding that a
mall owner should have foreseen the likelihood of a violent act based on the site’s
history of non-violent crimes, including shoplifting), and cases cited therein.
                         ______________________________




                                           -7-