United States Court of Appeals
                                  For the Eighth Circuit
                         ___________________________

                                 No. 14-2808
                         ___________________________

                       Spectra Communications Group, LLC

                        lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff - Appellant

                                            v.

City of Cameron, Missouri; Mark Gaugh, City Manager of Cameron, in his official
capacity; Drew Bontrager, Director of Public Works of Cameron, in his official capacity

                       lllllllllllllllllllll Defendants - Appellees
                          ___________________________

                                 No. 14-2848
                         ___________________________

                       Spectra Communications Group, LLC

                         lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff - Appellee

                                            v.

City of Cameron, Missouri; Mark Gaugh, City Manager of Cameron, in his official
capacity; Drew Bontrager, Director of Public Works of Cameron, in his official capacity

                      lllllllllllllllllllll Defendants - Appellants
                                       ____________

                     Appeals from United States District Court
                  for the Western District of Missouri - St. Joseph
                                  ____________
                            Submitted: September 21, 2015
                              Filed: November 10, 2015
                                   ____________

Before MURPHY, MELLOY, and SMITH, Circuit Judges.
                          ____________

MURPHY, Circuit Judge.

       Spectra Communications Group, LLC (Spectra) brought this action against the
City of Cameron (the City), alleging that the City had violated federal and Missouri
law by requiring Spectra to comply with a local ordinance governing public rights of
way. The district court1 dismissed one of Spectra's federal claims for failure to state
a claim and, in light of parallel state court proceedings, later dismissed Spectra's
remaining claims on the basis of res judicata or, alternatively, abstention. The district
court also denied the City's motion for attorney fees. Spectra and the City filed cross
appeals. We affirm.

                                            I.

       Spectra has provided telecommunications services in the City for several years
and maintains facilities in the City's rights of way. The City has enacted a Right-of-
Way and Communications Ordinance (ROW code) requiring communications
providers to pay user fees and obtain use permits to place or use facilities in the City's
rights of way. The ROW code also requires right of way users to enter agreements
with the City in order to attach facilities to the City's poles.

       In July 2012 the City and several other municipalities sued Spectra and five
related entities in Missouri state court for failure to pay municipal license taxes. The

      1
        The Honorable Dean Whipple, United States District Judge for the Western
District of Missouri.

                                           -2-
City alleged in amended pleadings that Spectra also had not paid user fees or obtained
a public ways use permit as required by the ROW code. After the suit was filed,
Spectra sought a construction permit from the City, which refused to issue it unless
Spectra would obtain a public ways use permit and pay the user fees due under the
ROW code. Spectra filed this action in response.

       In January 2013 Spectra sued the City in the federal district court, alleging that
the City had violated § 253 of the Telecommunications Act of 1996 (the Act) and
Missouri law by requiring Spectra to comply with the ROW code before it would
issue the construction permit. See 47 U.S.C. § 253; Mo. Rev. Stat. §§ 67.1830–1846.
 Spectra further alleged that the City was improperly attempting to force Spectra to
concede contested issues in the state court litigation. Spectra sought a declaration
that the City's actions and certain portions of the ROW code violated § 253 and
Missouri law, an injunction requiring the City to issue Spectra a construction permit,
and damages under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. In response, the City filed a motion to dismiss
Spectra's complaint. The district court granted the motion in part in June 2013,
dismissing Spectra's § 1983 claim with prejudice after concluding that § 253 did not
authorize a private right of action under § 1983. The City also requested attorney fees
for defending Spectra's § 1983 claim, which the district court denied.

        In October 2013 the City canceled a pole attachment agreement allowing
General Telephone, which Spectra claims is its predecessor in interest, to attach
facilities to the City's poles. The City provided Spectra with a permit agreement that
would allow it to attach facilities to the City's poles. Spectra claims that the
agreement is essentially identical to the public ways use permit, and it amended its
complaint. Its amended complaint alleges that the City had violated § 253 and
Missouri law by cancelling the pole attachment agreement and requiring Spectra to
obtain a permit to attach to the City's poles. Spectra's amended complaint also
restated its § 1983 claim "for purposes of preserving [its] rights on appeal."



                                          -3-
       The City and the other municipalities filed their second amended petition in
state court in November 2013. Before Spectra filed its answer, the state court granted
partial summary judgment for the City on its ROW code claims. The court concluded
that the ROW code was valid and enforceable and that the ROW user fees were valid
under Missouri law "and any other law," and it ordered Spectra to comply with all
ROW code provisions and to pay delinquent user fees. Spectra later filed its answer,
including counterclaims against the City that were essentially identical to its federal
claims.

       The City moved to dismiss Spectra's remaining federal claims, asserting that
those claims were precluded by the state court's partial summary judgment order. The
City had also filed a motion for attorney fees based on Spectra's reassertion of its
§ 1983 claim. The district court dismissed Spectra's remaining claims, concluding
that the state court's order precluded them, and, alternatively, that abstention was
appropriate under either Colorado River Water Conservation Dist. v. United States,

(1976) or Younger v. Harris, 

(1971). The court also denied
the City's motion for attorney fees. Both parties appeal.2

                                           II.

                                           A.

      First we address whether Spectra has properly appealed the dismissal of its
§ 1983 claim. The City argues that Spectra's § 1983 claim is not properly before us
because Spectra's notice of appeal cites only the order dismissing its other claims.
Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 3(c) requires a notice of appeal to "designate the
judgment, order, or part thereof being appealed." Fed. R. App. P. 3(c)(1)(B).
However, "there is a policy of liberal construction of notices of an appeal in situations


      2
          All pending motions by the parties to supplement the record are denied.

                                          -4-
where intent is apparent and there is no prejudice to the adverse party." McAninch
v. Traders Nat. Bank, 

, 467 n.2 (8th Cir. 1985) (internal quotation marks
omitted). We believe Spectra's intent to appeal "was apparent given the procedural
history of the case," particularly because its amended complaint expressly reserved
its right to appeal the dismissal of its § 1983 claim, and "the parties have addressed
the merits in their briefs." 

is therefore properly before us.

                                          B.

       We review de novo the district court's dismissal of Spectra's § 1983 claim. See,
e.g., Henley v. Brown, 

, 639 (8th Cir. 2012). Section 1983 authorizes
claims against state actors to enforce rights created by federal statutes. "In order to
seek redress through § 1983, however, a plaintiff must assert the violation of a federal
right, not merely a violation of federal law." Blessing v. Freestone, 

,
340 (1997) (emphasis in original). The Supreme Court explained in Gonzaga
University v. Doe, 

(2002) that "if Congress wishes to create new rights
enforceable under § 1983, it must do so in clear and unambiguous 

. Here, we must determine whether § 253 authorizes a private right of action
under § 1983. Section 253 provides in relevant part:

      (a) In general
      No State or local statute or regulation, or other State or local legal
      requirement, may prohibit or have the effect of prohibiting the ability of
      any entity to provide any interstate or intrastate telecommunications
      service.

      (b) State regulatory authority
      Nothing in this section shall affect the ability of a State to impose, on a
      competitively neutral basis and consistent with section 254 of this title,
      requirements necessary to preserve and advance universal service,
      protect the public safety and welfare, ensure the continued quality of
      telecommunications services, and safeguard the rights of consumers.

                                          -5-
      (c) State and local government authority
      Nothing in this section affects the authority of a State or local
      government to manage the public rights-of-way or to require fair and
      reasonable compensation from telecommunications providers, on a
      competitively neutral and nondiscriminatory basis, for use of public
      rights-of-way on a nondiscriminatory basis, if the compensation required
      is publicly disclosed by such government.

      (d) Preemption
      If, after notice and an opportunity for public comment, the [Federal
      Communications] Commission determines that a State or local
      government has permitted or imposed any statute, regulation, or legal
      requirement that violates subsection (a) or (b) of this section, the
      Commission shall preempt the enforcement of such statute, regulation,
      or legal requirement to the extent necessary to correct such violation or
      inconsistency.

47 U.S.C. § 253.

      Our court has not yet decided whether § 253 authorizes a private right of
action. See Level 3 Commc'ns, L.L.C. v. City of St. Louis, Mo., 

, 534
(8th Cir. 2007). The circuit courts which have addressed this issue are divided. The
Sixth and Eleventh Circuits have concluded that § 253 implies a private right of
action.3 See TCG Detroit v. City of Dearborn, 

, 624 (6th Cir. 2000);
BellSouth Telecomm., Inc. v. Town of Palm Beach, 

, 1191 (11th Cir.
2001). The Second, Fifth, Ninth, and Tenth Circuits have reached the opposite
conclusion. See NextG Networks of NY, Inc. v. City of New York, 

,
52–53 (2d Cir. 2008); Sw. Bell Tel., LP v. City of Houston, 

, 261–62

      3
         Notably, "[a] court's role in discerning whether personal rights exist in the
§ 1983 context should [ ] not differ from its role in discerning whether personal rights
exist in the implied right of action context." 

. Thus, cases
addressing implied private rights of action under federal statutes are applicable here.


                                          -6-
(5th Cir. 2008); Sprint Telephony PCS, L.P. v. Cnty. of San Diego, 

,
716–18 (9th Cir. 2007); Qwest Corp. v. City of Santa Fe, New Mexico, 

, 1266–67 (10th Cir. 2004). After examining their reasoning, we conclude that
§ 253 does not authorize a private right of action.

       The Supreme Court has explained that "[f]or a statute to create [ ] private
rights, its text must be phrased in terms of the persons benefited." 

(internal quotation marks omitted). Spectra argues that § 253 authorizes a
private right of action for telecommunications providers because it refers to their
ability to provide services. The language of § 253(a) is, however, phrased as a
restriction on state and local governments, not as a conferral of benefits on
telecommunications providers. Subsections (b) and (c) similarly address the rights
retained by state and local governments, further demonstrating that those entities are
the primary focus of § 253. See 

n.6. In addition, the
preamble to the Act indicates that consumers are the intended beneficiaries of the
statute. See Telecommunications Act of 1996, Pub. L. No. 104-104, 110 Stat. 56
(1996). Telecommunications providers are therefore not within the class of
individuals that § 253 protects, and even if they were, only "rights, not the broader
or vaguer 'benefits' or 'interests,' [ ] may be enforced under the authority of [§ 1983]."

(emphasis in original). We therefore conclude that the text
of § 253 does not indicate that Congress intended to create a private right of action.

       Spectra argues that other sections of the Act show that Congress intended to
create a private right of action under § 253. Specifically, Spectra asserts that because
§ 255 of the Act expressly precludes private rights of action, we should infer from the
absence of such language in § 253 that Congress intended to authorize them. See 47
U.S.C. § 255(f). We do not believe, however, that this inference establishes "in clear
and unambiguous terms" that Congress intended to create a private right of action
under § 253. 

. Further, we note that where Congress has



                                           -7-
intended to create private rights of action under the Act, it did so explicitly. See, e.g.,
47 U.S.C. §§ 252(e)(6), 258(b), 274(e).

       Finally, the legislative history of § 253 does not indicate that Congress
intended to create a private right of action. Spectra argues that discussions
surrounding the legislature's decision—to limit the preemptive authority of the
Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to violations of § 253(a) and (b)—
show that Congress intended for telecommunications providers to challenge local
right of way ordinances in federal court. See 47 U.S.C. § 253(d) ("If . . . the
Commission determines that a State or local government has permitted or imposed
any statute, regulation, or legal requirement that violates subsection (a) or (b) of this
section, the Commission shall preempt the enforcement of such statute." (emphasis
added)).4 The legislative history shows, however, that Congress restricted the FCC's
preemptive authority to reduce the financial burden that state and local governments
would face in defending their ordinances before the FCC. See. e.g., 141 Cong. Rec.
15,590 (1995). Such intent is inconsistent with a private right of action for damages
by telecommunications providers like Spectra. See, e.g., Sw. 

.

      We interpret the legislative history as, at most, contemplating preemptive
challenges to local ordinances which may be asserted irrespective of whether the
preempting statute authorizes a private right of action. See 

;

–09, 717; see also Wright Elec., Inc. v. Minn. State Bd. of


      4
        The Sixth Circuit case on which Spectra relies concluded that § 253(c)
provides a private right of action for telecommunications providers, similarly noting
that § 253(d) withholds FCC preemptive authority for violations of § 253(c). See

. Our court has previously concluded, however, that § 253(c)
is a safe harbor to § 253(a) violations that, "standing alone, cannot form the basis of
a cause of action against a state or local government." Level 

(internal quotation marks omitted).


                                           -8-
Elec., 

, 1028 (8th Cir. 2003). Notably, the congressional debate over
§ 253(d) focused on the extent of the FCC's jurisdiction to "preempt" or "enjoin" local
regulatory actions. See, e.g., 141 Cong. Rec. 15,984 (1995). However, "it would
obviously be incorrect to assume that a federal right of action pursuant to § 1983
exists every time a federal rule of law pre-empts state regulatory authority." Golden
State Transit Corp. v. City of L.A., 

, 108 (1989). We therefore conclude
that § 253 does not authorize a private right of action for damages under § 1983 and
that the district court did not err in dismissing Spectra's § 1983 claim.

                                         III.

       We next address whether the district court properly abstained from deciding
Spectra’s remaining claims. We review a district court’s decision to abstain for an
abuse of discretion. See, e.g., Fru-Con Const. Corp. v. Controlled Air, Inc., 

, 534 (8th Cir. 2009). Here, the district court concluded that abstention was
proper under both Colorado River and Younger. Because we conclude that the
district court properly abstained under Colorado River, we need not discuss the
potential issue of whether Younger abstention would have been appropriate.

       Colorado River permits federal courts to decline to exercise jurisdiction over
cases where "parallel" state court litigation is pending, meaning that there is "a
substantial likelihood that the state proceeding will fully dispose of the claims
presented in the federal court." Cottrell v. Duke, 

, 1245 (8th Cir.
2013), quoting 

. This rule is based on "considerations of
wise judicial administration, giving regard to conservation of judicial resources and
comprehensive disposition of litigation." Colorado 

(internal
quotation marks and alterations omitted). Nevertheless, federal courts have a
"virtually unflagging obligation . . . to exercise the jurisdiction given them," 

not evaporate simply because there is a pending state court action



                                         -9-
involving the same subject matter." Federated Rural Elec. Ins. Corp. v. Ark. Elec.
Coops., Inc., 

, 297 (8th Cir. 1995). Rather, Colorado River abstention is
appropriate only in "exceptional circumstances" where the surrender of federal
jurisdiction is supported by "the clearest of justifications." Moses H. Cone Mem'l
Hosp. v. Mercury Const. Corp., 

, 25–26 (1983).

      We examine six factors to determine whether exceptional circumstances exist
warranting abstention:

      (1) whether there is a res over which one court has established
      jurisdiction, (2) the inconvenience of the federal forum, (3) whether
      maintaining separate actions may result in piecemeal litigation, unless
      the relevant law would require piecemeal litigation and the federal court
      issue is easily severed, (4) which case has priority—not necessarily
      which case was filed first but a greater emphasis on the relative progress
      made in the cases, (5) whether state or federal law controls, especially
      favoring the exercise of jurisdiction where federal law controls, and (6)
      the adequacy of the state forum to protect the federal plaintiff's rights.


Federated 

. We do not apply these factors as a "mechanical
checklist," but instead weigh these factors "in a pragmatic, flexible manner with a
view to the realities of the case at hand." Moses H. 

, 21.

       The district court did not abuse its discretion in abstaining. The first two
factors are irrelevant in this case because there is no res at issue, and the state and
federal fora are equally convenient. See Federated 

. The third
factor, the risk of piecemeal litigation, is the "predominant factor" and is a significant
concern here. Id.; Mountain Pure, LLC v. Turner Holdings, LLC, 

,
926–27 (8th Cir. 2006). Here, the state and federal cases involve the same issues,
particularly in light of Spectra's state court counterclaims which are essentially



                                          -10-
identical to its federal claims. In this situation, the federal and state courts could
reach conflicting opinions on the same issues, which could "cause unwarranted
friction between state and federal courts, a result which is obviously undesirable and
avoidable in this instance." Employers Ins. of Wausau v. Missouri Elec. Works, Inc.,

, 1375 (8th Cir. 1994), abrogated on other grounds by Wilton v. Seven
Falls Co., 

(1995).

       Spectra argues that the risk of piecemeal litigation is insignificant here because
its federal claims are easily severable from its state claims. Spectra's federal claims,
however, seek a declaration that the ROW code is preempted by § 253, and the
legality of the ROW code is a central issue in the state court litigation. Although
Spectra's preemption claim provides an independent basis for invalidating the ROW
code, that claim is not "easily severable from the merits of the underlying disputes."
Moses H. 

. Accordingly, we do not believe that "resolution of
these suits necessarily requires piecemeal litigation" and conclude that this factor is
significant here. Gov't Employees Ins. Co. v. Simon, 

, 1149 (8th Cir.
1990).

       Spectra also argues that there is no risk of inconsistent rulings by the state and
federal courts here because each court will give preclusive effect to the other's
rulings. The state court action, however, includes several defendants who are not
parties to the federal lawsuit, and "[o]ur cases have advanced [the policies underlying
Colorado River] by favoring the most complete action." Federated 

; see also Employers Ins. of 

; U.S. Fid. & Guar. Co. v.
Murphy Oil USA, Inc., 

, 263 (8th Cir. 1994). Here, the state court action
is more complete because it includes all parties and claims. We therefore conclude
that the third factor favors abstention.




                                          -11-
       The fourth factor similarly favors abstention because the state litigation has
priority over the federal case. The state case was filed first, and the state court was
thus the first to obtain jurisdiction over the parties. See Colorado 

. Further, the state litigation is more advanced because the state court has
addressed the merits of the ROW code claims and has entered partial summary
judgment on those claims. The federal court on the other hand has not yet addressed
the merits of Spectra’s claims. Compare Mountain 

. We
therefore conclude that the fourth factor also favors abstention.

       We acknowledge that the fifth factor weighs against abstention because "the
presence of federal-law issues must always be a major consideration weighing against
surrender [of federal jurisdiction]." Moses H. 

. Here, as Spectra
notes, the federal litigation involves a question of federal preemption. Nevertheless,
"[n]o one factor is necessarily determinative" in assessing whether abstention is
appropriate. Colorado 

. We do not believe that this issue
warrants reversal, particularly because, as Spectra concedes, the state court can
resolve all of Spectra’s federal claims.5 See Wolfson v. Mut. Ben. Life Ins. Co., 

, 146 (8th Cir. 1995), abrogated on other grounds by Quackenbush v.
Allstate Ins. Co., 

(1996). Further, the sixth Colorado River factor also
favors abstention because the state court can adequately protect Spectra's interests.
See, e.g., U.S. Fid. & Guar. 

. We therefore conclude, after "taking
into account both the obligation to exercise jurisdiction and the combination of
factors counselling against that exercise," that the district court did not abuse its
discretion in abstaining. Colorado 

–19. Because we conclude
that the district court did not abuse its discretion in abstaining, we need not decide



      5
        In fact the state court's partial summary judgment order appears to foreshadow
the resolution of the preemption issue by its determination that the ROW code user
fees are valid under "any [ ] law."


                                         -12-
whether the state court’s partial summary judgment order precludes Spectra’s
remaining claims.

                                           IV.

       We finally address the City's cross appeal of the district court's denial of its
motion for attorney fees. We review an order denying attorney fees for an abuse of
discretion. See Flowers v. Jefferson Hosp. Ass'n, 

, 392 (8th Cir. 1995).
"[T]he relevant purpose of § 1988 [attorney fees] is to relieve defendants of the
burdens associated with fending off frivolous litigation." Fox v. Vice, 

, 2215 (2011). Thus, "[a] court may award prevailing defendants attorney's fees
under section 1988 only if the plaintiff's claim was frivolous, unreasonable, or
groundless, or the plaintiff continued to litigate after it clearly became so." 

(internal quotations marks and alterations omitted).

       The district court did not abuse its discretion in denying the City's first request
for attorney fees because the question of whether § 253 creates a private right of
action was unresolved in our circuit, the other circuit courts are divided on that issue,
and the parties presented "reasonable arguments on both sides." Eisenrich v.
Minneapolis Retail Meat Cutters & Food Handlers Pension Plan, 

, 651
(8th Cir. 2009). The district court also did not abuse its discretion by denying the
City's renewed fee request because Spectra did not continue actively to pursue its
§ 1983 claim after the district court dismissed it, but simply reasserted it for the
purpose of preserving its rights on appeal. The City therefore did not need to "fend
off" Spectra's renewed § 1983 claim. See 

.




                                          -13-
                                           V.

       Section 253 does not create an individual private right of action and the district
court therefore did not err in dismissing Spectra's § 1983 claim. In addition, the
district court did not abuse its discretion in abstaining under Colorado River or in
denying the City's motion for attorney fees. The judgment of the district court is
affirmed.
                        ______________________________




                                          -14-