FILED
                                                              United States Court of Appeals
                                     PUBLISH                          Tenth Circuit

                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                  August 15, 2018

                                                                    Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                             FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                      Clerk of Court
                         _________________________________

KASEY KING; ERIC M. MUATHE,

      Plaintiffs - Appellants,

and

JULIE STOVER; NOAH DAY; LESTER
MOORE; RICHARD DICKERSON;
PATRICK DICKERSON; TRAVIS
CARLTON; DUSTIN BLAIR; MICHAEL
L. KING; THOMAS J. WALTERS;
FREDERICK GRABLE; STACY
STEVENS; ZACHARY WALDEN;
JAMES BECKLEY, JR.; DANNY E.                          No. 17-3095
STEVENS; JASE GREENWOOD;
REGGIE RHUE, JR.; JOE STOVER;
CHET STOVER; HANNAH STOVER;
TONY SIMONS; BO COY; TRENTIN
CALTON; KAREN CALTON; KANDICE
DUNCAN; MATT MOORE; MANDY
DUNCAN; CLARK J. ANDERSON;
MATT SCHWAB; JOSH MOORE;
MAKAIHLAH GIBBS; JENNIFER
TURNBOUGH; TRISTIN CRAMER;
DALLAS GARNER; DREW
CHRISTIANSEN; BEN JAMES;
SHAWNA SMUTZLER; KEVIN
SEYBOLD; WHITNEY COY; MARC
DOHERTY; ROBBY PHILLIPS; JOHN
MACK; LEONARD MACK; STEVE
MELTON; DENI MELTON; DAVID
WILDERMAN; JOHN CLOTHIER;
BRIAN HAMMN,

      Plaintiffs,
v.

LORI FLEMING; KURTIS LOY; MY
TOWN MEDIA, INC.; JOE MANNS;
WILLIAM BILL WACHTER,

      Defendants - Appellees,

___________________________

ADEBAYO OGUNMENO,

      Attorney - Appellant.
                       _________________________________

                     Appeal from the United States District Court
                              for the District of Kansas
                        (D.C. No. 2:16-CV-02108-JAR-GLR)
                       _________________________________

Prince Adebayo Ogunmeno, Ogunmeno Law Firm, LLC, Kansas City, Kansas, for
Plaintiffs - Appellants.

Bernard J. Rhodes, Lathrop Gage LLP, Kansas City, Missouri, for Defendants–Appellees
My Town Media Inc. and Joe Manns. Bryan C. Clark, Assistant Solicitor General, Office
of the Attorney General, Topeka, Kansas for Defendants - Appellees Lori B. Fleming and
Kurtis Loy.
                        _________________________________

Before MATHESON, PHILLIPS, and McHUGH, Circuit Judges.
                  _________________________________

PHILLIPS, Circuit Judge.
                     _________________________________

       Facing a motion to dismiss, the appellants attached a materially altered e-mail

(described as an “unofficial version”) to an amended complaint. The appellees notified

the appellants that the e-mail was inaccurate, but the appellants refused to withdraw it. As

promised, the appellees then filed a motion for sanctions under Fed. R. Civ. P. 11. The


                                             2
district court ordered the requested sanctions, dismissing with prejudice all claims and

awarding reasonable attorney’s fees. The appellants contest that decision. Exercising

jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we affirm the district court’s imposition of

sanctions, concluding that the district court acted within its discretion.

                                     BACKGROUND

       A group of Kansas citizens (calling themselves the Summary Judgment Group)

wanted to oust from office several allegedly biased Kansas state judges, including

defendants–appellees Judge Lori B. Fleming and Judge Kurtis Loy. To that end, Kasey

King, on behalf of the group, contracted with My Town Media, Inc., which operates a

local radio station, to run an advertisement requesting signatures on a petition to

“summon a grand jury” and “remove sitting Crawford County District Judges.”

Appellees’ Suppl. App. at 22. My Town Media canceled the advertisement on the second

day it aired, which some Summary Judgment Group members blamed on Judges Fleming

and Loy. King, Eric Muathe, and sixteen others (collectively, the Plaintiffs) sued those

two judges, My Town Media, and its employee Joe Manns1 (collectively, the

Defendants).2 In this pursuit, the Plaintiffs retained Prince Adebayo Ogunmeno to

represent them.




       1
           The record doesn’t reveal Manns’s job at My Town Media.
       2
       When relevant, we refer to individual plaintiffs by name. And when
convenient we refer to Judges Fleming and Loy collectively as “the judges” and My
Town Media and Manns collectively as “the media defendants.”

                                              3
       The complaint contained seven claims, all centered on the judges’ alleged

interference with the advertisement: three federal claims under 42 U.S.C. §§ 1981,

1983, and 1985, as well as four state-law claims for breach of contract, fraud, tortious

interference with contractual relations, and defamation. The Plaintiffs alleged that

Judges “Fleming and/or Loy” had “prevailed on [My Town Media and Manns] to stop

running plaintiffs’ signature drive radio advertisement immediately.” Appellees’ Suppl.

App. at 23. The Plaintiffs also alleged that the judges had convinced My Town Media

“and/or” Manns “to join in the conspiracy.” 

       Three months after filing the initial complaint, the Plaintiffs filed their First

Amended Complaint, adding thirty more Summary Judgment Group members as

plaintiffs. First the judges, and then the media defendants, moved to dismiss the First

Amended Complaint. Before the media defendants filed their motion, the Plaintiffs

requested additional time to respond to the judges’ motion to dismiss, which they

later received.

       The Plaintiffs then filed, without obtaining leave, a Second Amended

Complaint (the unauthorized complaint). This unauthorized complaint included more

factual allegations and also named Bill Wachter, a lawyer and one of the owners of

My Town Media, as a defendant. Importantly, to support the Plaintiffs’ contention

that the judges had conspired with the media defendants, the Plaintiffs quoted from

what they represented was an “unofficial version” of an e-mail to Wachter. 

The unauthorized complaint asserted that Judge Fleming had written the email, and

“for maximum effects, [had] deliberately use[d] her [] official court assigned e-mail

                                             4
account.” 

the unauthorized complaint included this quote supposedly

from Judge Fleming’s e-mail:

       “Bill Wachter, is this your station? Kurt is saying Eric Muathe and posse
       cometaut (sic) have an ad on this station to oust all the judges. I would just
       like to know since my kids were listening when I heard the ad this morning
       on my way to work. If so, get it off.” (See Exhibit 2 – unofficial version of
       defendant Fleming email to defendant Wachter).

2” to the unauthorized complaint, the Plaintiffs attached a

picture of a crumpled print-out of an e-mail sent from Judge Fleming’s e-mail

address.3 

single line of the e-mail is visible in the attachment. But

someone had superimposed additional text on the image. The legible part of the

underlying text reads: “Is this your station? Kurt is saying Eric Muathe and posse

cometaut have an ad on this station to oust all the judges. I would just like to know

since my kids w . . . [.]” 

       But the superimposed text reads in full:

       [Email Subject Line: “100.7 ESPN”]
       [Thursday, February 19th, 2015 @ 1:43 PM]
       [From: Judge Lori A. Bolton Fleming ]
       [Bill Wachter] is this your station? Kurt [Judge Kurtis I. Loy] is saying Eric
       Muathe and posse cometaut [sp] have an ad on this station to oust all the
       judges. I would just like to know since my kids [were listening when I
       heard the ad this morning on my way to work. If so, get it off].
       [By:] LF

original).



       3
           We’ve attached Exhibit 2 to this opinion.

                                             5
       The day after the Plaintiffs filed the unauthorized complaint, the judges and

the media defendants moved to strike it, noting that the Plaintiffs had filed it without

the court’s leave or the parties’ consent. In response, the Plaintiffs asked the district

court for leave to amend their First Amended Complaint so they could properly file

the unauthorized complaint.

       Meanwhile, the extended deadline for the Plaintiffs to respond to the judges’

motion to dismiss had passed, so the Plaintiffs moved to file a response out of time—

a request the district court denied. The court noted that “[i]n light of the Court’s

previous extension of time, Plaintiffs’ failure to meet this extended deadline, and

Plaintiffs’ history of noncompliance with the Local Rules in relation to the filing of their

response, the Court denies Plaintiffs’ motion to file out of time.” 

       Addressing the Plaintiffs’ request for leave to amend in a separate order, the

district court noted that the “Plaintiffs in this case have fallen short of compliance

with the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and the Local Rules on several occasions”

and it expressed “concern[] regarding Plaintiffs’ ability to comply.” Muathe v.

Fleming, No. 16-CV-2108-JAR-GLR, 

, at *4 (D. Kan. Nov. 17,

2016). Even so, the district court granted in part and denied in part the Plaintiffs’

request.

       The court limited what the Plaintiffs could include in the yet-to-be-filed

Second Amended Complaint. In particular, it ruled that the amendments would be

futile for every plaintiff except King and that, even for him, the amendments would



                                              6
be futile as to multiple claims.4 Ultimately, the district court granted King (and only

King) leave to amend three claims.5 The claims left standing were (1) King’s 42

U.S.C. § 1983 claim asserting that the judges and Wachter had deprived him of his

First Amendment rights, (2) King’s state-law breach-of-contract claim against My

Town Media, and (3) King’s state-law claim for tortious interference with contractual

relations against the judges. 

       In partially granting the Plaintiffs’ motion for leave to amend, the district court

relied on the unauthorized complaint’s Exhibit 2, the “unofficial version” of Judge

Fleming’s e-mail. Appellees’ Suppl. App. at 88; see Muathe, 

, at

*9. Relying on that e-mail’s contents, the district court noted that “Judge Fleming

used her court e-mail address to tell Wachter—an attorney who practiced before

Judge Fleming and formerly worked at the same firm as her—to have the

advertisement taken down.” Muathe, 

, at *9. Giving the Plaintiffs

the benefit of this factual allegation, the district court concluded that they had “stated

a plausible claim of action under color of state law.” 

district court later entered an additional order, slightly altering which
claims could be amended.
       5
        King was the sole plaintiff who was a party to the radio contract and so was
the only one with standing for the majority of the claims. We will continue to use
“Plaintiffs” to refer to the group members who initially sued.


                                            7
      Having granted leave to amend, the court also granted the Defendants’ motions

to strike the unauthorized complaint. The district court’s grant of leave to amend

mooted the Defendants’ motions to dismiss the First Amended Complaint.

      King next filed the authorized Second Amended Complaint (the authorized

complaint).6 Soon after, the judges sent attorney Ogunmeno a safe-harbor letter7

explaining that the e-mail attached as Exhibit 2 had been “altered” and was

“misleading to the point of being fraudulent” and that the “quotation of the email

[was] likewise flawed.” Appellees’ Suppl. App. at 223 (describing Exhibit 2 as a

“complete fabrication”). The judges warned that unless King and Ogunmeno

“withdr[e]w or dismiss[ed]” the authorized complaint within 21 days, they would file

a motion for sanctions under Fed. R. Civ. P. 11. 

attached to the letter a

copy of the actual e-mail that Judge Fleming had sent to Wachter, as well as Judge

Fleming’s affidavit swearing to its accuracy.

      The copy of the actual e-mail included none of the language superimposed on

Exhibit 2. Instead, the e-mail read, “Is this your station? Kurt is saying Eric Muathe

      6
        The authorized complaint adhered to the district court’s order—King was the
only Plaintiff included and the complaint included only the three remaining claims.
      7
        Judges Fleming and Loy referred to this as a “‘Golden Rule’ letter.”
Appellees’ Suppl. App. at 189. But this type of letter is more commonly known as a
warning or safe-harbor letter. See Roth v. Green, 

, 1190–92 (10th Cir.
2006) (discussing such a letter as a warning or safe-harbor letter); see also
Fed. R. Civ. P. 11(c)(2) (creating a safe-harbor for parties who timely withdraw or
correct challenged pleadings). Such a letter advises the opposing party of the issue
and gives the party a chance to correct the offending conduct.




                                           8
and posse cometaut have an ad on this station to oust all the judges. I would just like

to know since my kids watch Colgan live through this station. Thanks.” 

      After King refused to withdraw or dismiss the authorized complaint, the

judges—true to their word––moved for Rule 11 sanctions. In their motion, they

explained that someone had altered the e-mail “to the point of being misleading and

fraudulent.” 

And they claimed that Ogunmeno had conducted “no

meaningful inquiry into the accuracy or validity of the email.” 

King and Ogunmeno asserted that they had a reasonable basis for

believing that they had accurately represented the e-mail’s contents to the court. For

support, they included affidavits from Travis Carlton, King, and Muathe. Carlton, a

member of the Summary Judgment Group, claimed that he had “gained knowledge”

that Judge Fleming sent Wachter an e-mail, and that he later “came into possession of

the email” but with “some portion of the email [] cut off.” Appellants’ App. at 86–87.

Later, while playing pick-up basketball at a YMCA, Carlton claimed to have

overheard Eric Lawson (an attorney of unspecified relevance to the case) “state[]

something to the effect” that Wachter had received an e-mail from Judge Fleming

asking Wachter to remove the advertisement. 

      In his affidavit, King claimed that after the advertisement was canceled he

learned that “Fleming sent an email to defendant Wachter . . . which triggered

Wachter to cancel [his] advertisement.” 

King referenced Carlton’s claim

that he obtained an incomplete copy of the e-mail. And King stated that he believed



                                           9
that Exhibit 2 is “closer to the truth of the matter than the alleged ‘original’ email

provided by defendant Fleming.” 

      In his affidavit, Muathe similarly referenced Carlton’s information. He then

admitted to preparing the “demonstrative overlay . . . as a proffer of what [he]

believe[d] the cut-off portion” of the e-mail contained. 

He described

Exhibit 2 as “just a demonstration of what [he] believe[d] was closer to the truth.” 

court granted the motion for Rule 11 sanctions. The court

determined that Ogunmeno had violated Rule 11 by presenting a “fraudulent version”

of the e-mail as the “unofficial version.” King v. Fleming (King I), No. 16-2108-JAR-

GLR, 

, at *5 (D. Kan. Jan. 27, 2017). The court concluded that

“Exhibit 2 contains at least two indicators of fraud—omitted language and language

inserted by a party.” 

court concluded that Ogunmeno had “fail[ed] to

make a reasonable inquiry into the manipulated document” and “also failed to

respond reasonably when confronted with the fact that Exhibit 2 had been altered.”

Based on those findings, the court struck the complaint (and thus dismissed

with prejudice all the claims) and awarded attorney’s fees and costs against King,

Muathe, and Ogunmeno.

      The district court directed the parties to consult regarding the amount of

attorney’s fees and costs to be awarded and, upon reaching agreement, to file a

stipulation and request for an order setting forth the amounts. The court further

directed that, if the parties couldn’t agree, then the Defendants should file a

memorandum establishing the amount of fees and costs sought.

                                            10
      In response, King filed a motion for clarification, questioning whether the

order had indeed dismissed with prejudice the state-law claims or had instead simply

“decline[d] to exercise supplemental jurisdiction” over them. Appellants’ App. at

113. And in a separate motion to alter or amend the sanctions order, he requested,

through additional discovery, a forensic examination of the e-mail.8 The district court

reaffirmed that it intended to dismiss with prejudice all three remaining claims, state

and federal alike. The district court also denied the request for additional discovery.

King v. Fleming (King II), No. 16-2108-JAR-GLR, 

, at *1, *4 (D.

Kan. Mar. 27, 2017).

      After failing to agree with the Plaintiffs on the amount of attorney’s fees and

costs, Judge Fleming9 filed a motion for attorney’s fees. Judge Fleming sought

$6,150 in fees based on a $200-per-hour rate for Kansas Assistant Attorney General

Phillips. Because Phillips receives a salary for the Kansas Attorney General’s Office,

      8
         Judge Fleming’s attorney had provided Ogunmeno with a CD containing an
electronic copy of the e-mail. King claimed that forensic testing was needed because
Stephen Phillips, Judge Fleming’s lawyer, had “modified” the e-mail. Appellants’
App. at 120. To support his argument, King claimed that the e-mail’s time stamp had
been modified and that Phillips’s name appeared “in the metadata of the e-mail.” 

Defendants explained to the district court that the time stamp on the e-
mail had changed because Judge Fleming forwarded the original e-mail to Phillips.
See Appellees’ Suppl. App. at 257 (“What would be suspicious would be if this counsel
were somehow able to send Ogunmeno a CD of the forwarded email without data
showing that it had been forwarded, including a new time stamp.”). And they reasoned
that forwarding the e-mail to Phillips had simply included him in the e-mail chain. Even
so, the Plaintiffs continued to demand access to Fleming’s court-assigned computer to
resolve the dispute.
      9
          Judge Loy didn’t request attorney’s fees.


                                           11
he doesn’t bill by the hour. He based his hourly rate on his experience and his review

of billing statements for outside counsel the Kansas Attorney General’s Office

previously retained.

      The media defendants filed a separate motion requesting $15,262.50 in fees.

Their counsel, Bernard Rhodes, submitted an affidavit detailing his qualifications and

the hours that he’d worked. Rhodes requested an award based on an hourly rate of

$375—the rate he charged the media defendants—which he claimed was reasonable

based on his qualifications and experience.

      The district court granted Judge Fleming all of her requested fees and the

media defendants most of theirs—concluding that this amount sufficed to deter future

misconduct. King v. Fleming (King III), No. 16-2108-JAR-GLR, 

,

at *4, *5 (D. Kan. Mar. 27, 2017). King, Ogunmeno, and Muathe appealed, the latter

two having been made (and re-made) parties to the case through the imposition of

financial sanctions.

                                     DISCUSSION

      Contesting the denial of additional discovery and the imposition of sanctions,

King challenges: (1) the district court’s refusal to permit additional discovery, (2) the

district court’s decision to impose sanctions, and (3) the district court’s dismissal

with prejudice of the federal and state claims as a sanction, while King, Ogunmeno,

and Muathe challenge (4) the district court’s imposition of attorney’s fees as a

sanction. We address each in turn.



                                           12
       We review for an abuse of discretion the district court’s denial of additional

discovery and imposition of Rule 11 sanctions. See Cooter & Gell v. Hartmarx Corp.,

, 405 (1990) (“[A]n appellate court should apply an abuse-of-discretion

standard in reviewing all aspects of a district court’s Rule 11 determination.”);

Graham v. Gray, 

, 681 (10th Cir. 1987) (“[A] trial court’s decision to

allow or deny discovery is discretionary, and subject to review only for abuse of

discretion.”). Under this standard, we will reverse a district court only “if it based its

ruling on an erroneous view of the law or on a clearly erroneous assessment of the

evidence.” Cooter & 

.

   A. Denial of Additional Discovery

       King disputes the contents of Judge Fleming’s actual e-mail, contending (1)

that “the unauthenticated [] e-mail defendant produced in support of their [sic]

motion for sanctions” isn’t definitive and (2) that the ultimate result (that the

advertisement was pulled from the air) provides evidentiary support for his version of

the e-mail. Appellants’ Opening Br. at 34. He argues that the district court abused its

discretion by ruling on the sanctions motion before he could, as requested, “submit

the defendants’ purported ‘original’ e-mail to forensic test and examination.”

Appellants’ App. at 74.

       In response, the Defendants point to the district court’s statement that its

decision to impose sanctions “rested on a finding of willful conduct of [King] and his

counsel in incorporating a manipulated document into the [authorized complaint]

without performing a reasonable inquiry under the circumstances.” King II, 

1133731, at *4; see Appellees’ Response Br. at 51 (“[The Plaintiffs] knew the

version of Judge Fleming’s email [that they presented to the court] did not reflect the

actual text of the e-mail, yet they relied on it anyway.”). And in its order denying

additional discovery, the court reiterated that its sanctions order didn’t “rest on any

finding as to the authenticity or veracity of the email” provided to Ogunmeno by

Judge Fleming. King II, 

, at *4. Instead, the district court noted

that any “apparent inconsistencies” in the e-mail “do nothing to cure the conduct”

that led to the sanctions. 

conclusion that presenting the manipulated document is what

justified sanctions frustrates King’s arguments. The Plaintiffs (and, for the refiling,

King alone) presented the e-mail exhibit as accurate when it was merely “suggested

language.” Appellant’s Opening Br. at 15. No forensic analysis could justify that

decision. And so the district court acted well within its discretion in denying King’s

request for additional discovery.10

       B.     Rule 11 Sanctions

       King, Muathe, and Ogunmeno complain that the district court abused its

discretion by imposing Rule 11 sanctions.

       Under Rule 11(b), for every pleading, motion, or other paper presented to the

court, an attorney must certify, to the best of his knowledge, information, and belief,


       10
        Not to mention that access to the e-mail (in hard copy and electronic format)
coupled with an affidavit speaking to its veracity should suffice to authenticate it.


                                           14
formed after a reasonable inquiry, (1) that he isn’t presenting the filing for any

improper purpose, (2) that the claims, defenses, and other legal contentions are

warranted by existing law or by a nonfrivolous argument for changing the law, (3)

that the factual contentions are warranted on the evidence or will likely have support

after further investigation, and (4) that the denials of factual contentions have similar

support. Fed. R. Civ. P. 11(b).

      When, after notice and an opportunity to respond, a court determines that an

attorney has violated Rule 11(b), it may impose sanctions under Rule 11(c). See

Cooter & 

(explaining that district courts have “broad discretion

to impose Rule 11 sanctions”). The court must consider the purposes to be served by

the imposition of sanctions and so limit its sanctions “to what suffices to deter

repetition of the conduct or comparable conduct by others similarly situated.”

Fed. R. Civ. P. 11(c)(4).

   1. Rule 11 Violation

      King argues that the district court “erred and abused its discretion when it

concluded [Ogunmeno] failed to conduct reasonable investigation” into Exhibit 2 and

that therefore sanctions weren’t justified. Appellants’ Opening Br. at 29.

      But the district court carefully analyzed whether “Ogunmeno’s conduct, in

light of what was known about Exhibit 2, constituted a Rule 11 violation.” King I,

, at *5. And the court concluded that Ogunmeno hadn’t “made any

inquiry, let alone a reasonable one, into the veracity of Exhibit 2, despite the strong



                                           15
indicators of fraud and his knowledge that the document did not represent the full

email.” 

conclusion, the court noted that Ogunmeno had submitted

Exhibit 2 twice––separately attaching it to the unauthorized and authorized

complaints. Id at *6. “Perhaps more troubling” to the district court was that both the

unauthorized and authorized complaints “quote[] directly from the superimposed text

that Mr. Muathe inserted into Exhibit 2.” 

court further observed that

“Ogunmeno’s inclusion of the superimposed text . . . without brackets or any other

qualifiers, masks the fact that the quoted text was created by Mr. Muathe.” 

district court noted that when confronted with the safe-harbor letter,

which included a copy of what appears to be the real e-mail Fleming sent to Wachter,

Ogunmeno “refused to dismiss the [authorized] Complaint,” and didn’t “consult with

any of the individuals that were supposedly the sources behind [the] inserted text.”

court pointed out, Ogunmeno “flatly asserted that Defendants’ claim

that he conducted no inquiry into the inserted text was ‘without merit.’” 

Response to Defendants Fleming & Loy’s Joint Motion for Rule 11

Sanctions & Memorandum in Support at 7, Muathe v. Fleming, 2:16-cv-02108-JAR-

GLR (D. Kan. Jan. 13, 2017), ECF No. 60).

      Finally, the district court referenced Ogunmeno’s “incredible request” that

King be allowed submit the e-mail to forensic testing. 

determined that

the “request demonstrate[d] that not only did Mr. Ogunmeno fail to make a

reasonable inquiry into the manipulated document, but he also failed to respond

                                          16
reasonably when confronted with the fact that Exhibit 2 had been altered.” 

of that overwhelming evidence, the district court concluded that “Rule 11 sanctions

[we]re warranted.” 

court acted within its discretion in finding a Rule 11 violation

based on Ogunmeno’s submitting to it a doctored document (and incorporating that

document into the unauthorized and authorized complaints). This is especially so

when Ogunmeno again and again clung to the falsified e-mail as true. Having

concluded that the court didn’t abuse its discretion in finding a Rule 11 violation, we

next address each specific sanction in turn.

   2. Dismissal of Federal and State-Law Claims

       King points out that we have repeatedly described dismissal with prejudice as

an “extreme sanction appropriate only in cases of willful misconduct.” Ehrenhaus v.

Reynolds, 

, 920 (10th Cir. 1992). And indeed, dismissing a case with

prejudice and thus denying a party adjudication on the merits isn’t a step to be taken

lightly.

       Even so, we do allow for dismissal with prejudice as a sanction.11 And we have

good reason for that—district court judges need to be able to control their


       11
         Cases involving dismissal with prejudice as a Rule 11 sanction are
uncommon. See Gatewood v. CCIA, 16 F. App’x 864, 865 (10th Cir. 2001)
(upholding dismissal with prejudice as a sanction under Rule 11 after party filed
claims lacking federal jurisdiction and failing to establish a claim on which relief
could be granted). But we have upheld dismissal with prejudice as a sanction in a
variety of other contexts. See, e.g., Xyngular v. Schenkel, 

, 875 (10th
Cir. 2018) (upholding dismissal with prejudice for bad-faith pre-litigation conduct);

                                           17
courtrooms. See Cooter & 

(“[A]ny interpretation [of Rule 11]

must give effect to the Rule’s central goal of deterrence.”). So dismissal with

prejudice is an essential tool in the sanction toolbox.

      To analyze dismissal, the district court used a five-factor test (taken from the

dismissal-as-a-sanction framework for discovery violations), noting that the “non-

exhaustive list of factors helps guide the determination of whether dismissal is an

appropriate sanction.” King I, 

, at *7. Those factors are (1) “the

degree of actual prejudice to the defendant” caused by the misconduct; (2) “the

amount of interference with the judicial process”; (3) “the culpability of the litigant”;

(4) “whether the court warned the [litigant] in advance that dismissal of the action

would be a likely sanction for noncompliance”; and (5) “the efficacy of lesser

sanctions.” 

v. City of Albuquerque, 

, 1044 (10th

Cir. 2005)).

      Though this test originated outside of Rule 11, we have used it in resolving a

variety of analogous violations—under Fed. R. Civ. P. 16(f), 37(b), and (41)(b), as

well as under the court’s inherent powers.12 And we have done so for good reason—


Fischer v. Dunning, 574 F. App’x 828, 832 (10th Cir. 2014) (upholding dismissal
with prejudice as a discovery sanction); Chavez v. City of Albuquerque, 

, 1046 (10th Cir. 2005) (upholding dismissal with prejudice as a sanction for
perjury); Jones v. Thompson, 

, 266 (10th Cir. 1993) (upholding
dismissal with prejudice for noncompliance with court orders).
      12
         See 

, 874–75 (applying the five-factor test in
evaluating a district court’s use of its inherent powers to dismiss as a sanction for
bad-faith pre-litigation conduct); Ecclesiastes 9:10-11-12, Inc. v. LMC Holding Co.,

                                           18
the non-exhaustive factors consider the damage done, the culpability for that damage,

and the impact of dismissing with prejudice. The factors give district courts a

roadmap to use in considering a dismissal-with-prejudice sanction.13 But they also

give those district courts leeway to apply on-the-ground knowledge to decide the

appropriateness of dismissal with prejudice. See 

(“This list

is not exhaustive, nor are the factors necessarily equiponderant.”); 

(“These factors do not constitute a rigid test; rather, they represent

criteria for the district court to consider prior to imposing dismissal as a sanction.”).

So we see no abuse of discretion in the district court’s choice of test.14

       Applying the five-factor test, the district court found that dismissal was

appropriate.15 King contests that conclusion. We address each of the five factors in

, 1143–44 (10th Cir. 2007) (applying the same factors to a dismissal
sanction under Fed. R. Civ. P. 41(b) for failure to prosecute); 

–
66 (applying the same factors to a dismissal sanction under Fed. R. Civ. P. 16(f) for
misconduct); 

–22 (applying the same factors to a
dismissal sanction under Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(b) for discovery misconduct).
       13
          As we have noted, “Dismissing a case with prejudice, however, is a [harsh]
remedy[—]the death penalty of pleading punishments . . . .” Nasious v. Two
Unknown B.I.C.E. Agents, 

, 1162 (10th Cir. 2007). Thus, we stated in
Nasious (under Fed. R. Civ. P. 41(b), where no “particular procedure[]”is normally
required) that “for a district court to exercise soundly its discretion in imposing such
a result, it must first consider certain criteria.” 

informs our decision
to approve the district court’s rigorous analysis here.
       14
            Indeed, no one contests that the test itself was inappropriate.
       15
         Before turning to the test’s application, we recognize that its first three
factors, which analyze the wrongdoing and its effects, inform the decision to apply
any sanction. Those factors are: the degree of prejudice to the defendant, the

                                              19
turn before turning to King’s separate objection to the dismissal of the state-law

claims.

          i.   Degree of Prejudice to the Defendant

      The more the misconduct prejudiced the opposing party, the more appropriate

dismissal becomes as a sanction. See 

.

      King argues that the Defendants had access to the “alleged original

unauthenticated secret email” all along and could have produced it earlier, so “[a]ny

degree of actual prejudice to the defendants was self imposed.” Appellants’ Opening

Br. at 18. Thus, he argues, even if the Defendants suffered prejudice, they “failed to

mitigate their damages by hiding the so-call [sic] original secret email until they

file[d] their motion for sanction[s].” 

argues that prejudice didn’t justify

dismissal.

      The procedural history contradicts King’s claim. The Defendants filed their

motions to dismiss before the Plaintiffs submitted the falsified e-mail with their

unauthorized complaint. So the Defendants couldn’t have addressed the falsified e-

mail in their motions to dismiss. And the judges sent the safe-harbor letter just three

days after King filed the authorized complaint (after given leave to do so). The




interference with the judicial process, and the culpability of the litigant. 

. By comparison, the next two factors—whether the court warned the
party in advance that dismissal of the action would be a likely sanction for
noncompliance and whether lesser sanctions would be effective, id.,—are dismissal-
specific.

                                           20
Defendants didn’t delay in notifying King of his misrepresentation. They acted

swiftly once presented with the authorized complaint’s manipulated e-mail.16

      We have no question that the complaint (and its Exhibit 2) prejudiced the

Defendants in a real way. As the district court concluded, “[s]ince the filing of

[King’s] Second Amended Complaint [(the unauthorized complaint)] on July 27,

2016, Defendants have been forced to litigate a case that would not have proceeded

without the presence of the manipulated document and the associated allegation.”

King I, 

, at *7. In addition, the court pointed out that the

“Defendants have also been required to spend time and resources attempting to

confer with [King’s] counsel [Ogunmeno] about this matter and filing the instant

motion.” 

district court noted that “the manipulated document had a

significant impact on the Court’s previous ruling granting [King] leave to amend.” 

district court’s order granting leave to amend discussed the e-mail at

length. See Muathe, 

, at *3.

      The complaint and accompanying manipulated e-mail prejudiced the

Defendants: The district court didn’t abuse its discretion in concluding that the

degree of prejudice suggested dismissal was appropriate.




      16
        And regardless of how long the Defendants waited, they were prejudiced by
King’s actions––their inaction wouldn’t justify King’s (and Muathe’s and
Ogunmeno’s) deception and the resulting prejudice.


                                           21
        ii.   Interference with the Judicial Process

       “The second factor . . . is the amount of interference with the judicial process.”

Jones v. Thompson, 

, 265 (10th Cir. 1993). Greater degrees of

obstruction help justify a dismissal sanction.

       King argues that because “the lower court did not make any findings that

plaintiff [sic] second amended complaint was frivolous,” no evidence of interference

with the judicial process exists. Appellants’ Opening Br. at 19. And he repeats his

argument that the Defendants share the blame because they didn’t provide the court

with the e-mail sooner.17

       It is hard to imagine how presenting falsified evidence to a federal district

court would not interfere with the judicial process. Neither of King’s arguments

justifies submitting materially altered evidence. By filing the e-mail, King and

Ogunmeno wasted the district court’s time. At the very least, the court spent time

reading and analyzing the unauthorized complaint and the attached e-mail. That alone

is interference. But here “the manipulated document had a significant impact on the

Court’s previous ruling granting [King] leave to amend.” King I, 

, at *7

(emphasis added). And the court had to “revisit that ruling, as well as devote finite time

and resources to deciding” the sanctions motion. 

court spent substantial

time and energy dealing with the unauthorized and authorized complaints (and their

       17
         King also claims that because he “was exercising his First Amendment right
to access to court” by filing the complaint, there was no interference with the judicial
process—but the First Amendment is in no way a defense to Rule 11 violations.
Appellants’ Opening Br. at 19.

                                            22
Exhibit 2). So King’s actions substantially interfered with the judicial process. See

(finding interference with the judicial process where a party’s

“lack of candor . . . was material to the determination of the central issue in the case”).

       This evidence shows that the court didn’t abuse its discretion in concluding that

King’s and Ogunmeno’s actions interfered with the judicial process, supporting

dismissal.

       iii.   Culpability of the Litigants

       “A litigant’s culpability is the third factor”––the greater the culpability, the

more appropriate a dismissal sanction becomes. 

. This factor is

key, as the question of whether the party’s conduct before the court was appropriate

controls the basis for applying Rule 11 sanctions in the first place. See Fed. R. Civ. P.

Section B.1.

       Disclaiming culpability for submitting the falsified e-mail, King argues that

though he, Muathe, and Ogunmeno “were aware of the graphic overlay on the

email . . . . [T]hey reasonably held the belief that discovery w[ould] reveal the true

content of the original email.” Appellants’ Opening Br. at 19. So King stands by the

past behavior, claiming that because he didn’t have access to the “secret email” and

because conspiracy allegations, by their nature, require guessing at facts, he acted

reasonably.18 

He concludes that “a reasonable person could infer defendant


       18
         King, in an attempt at misdirection, points to this court’s past statements
noting the difficulty of proving conspiracy allegations before discovery. But the
caution needed in pre-trial disposition of conspiracy claims has no bearing on

                                             23
Fleming urged or ordered defendant Wachter to cancel plaintiff’s radio advertisement

contract” and therefore, that he isn’t culpable for presenting the doctored e-mail. 

         The district court disagreed. It concluded that “despite knowing that his clients

had tampered with Exhibit 2, Mr. Ogunmeno employed a ‘full speed ahead’—rather

than a ‘stop and think’—approach.” King I, 

, at *5. King claims that

individuals with “personal knowledge of the secret email” were unwilling to come

forward publically due to fear of reprisal, Appellants’ Opening Br. at 25. But no

hunch or surmise justified submitting a “demonstrative overlay” on the e-mail.

Appellants’ App. at 93. Even if King, Muathe, and Ogunmeno had been justified in

thinking that the e-mail really said what they allege, they weren’t justified in

presenting as truth what was really a hopeful guess. And it’s hard to see how their

scant evidence suggests any certainty about the e-mail’s contents. On top of that,

when presented with the safe-harbor letter, King and Ogunmeno doubled down and

demanded forensic testing rather than withdrawing the forged document. King,

Muathe, and Ogunmeno were all culpable for slightly different behavior—Muathe




whether submitting a falsified document violates Rule 11. And the difficulty of
“unravel[ing] a well planned conspiracy” doesn’t justify fabricating documents.
Appellants’ Opening Br. at 29.


                                             24
created the demonstrative overlay, King was the plaintiff who submitted it, and

Ogunmeno was the lawyer behind it all.19

      Submitting an altered document to a court is deceitful. And not retracting that

manipulation when presented with evidence of its falsehood is doubly so. Thus the

district court didn’t abuse its discretion in finding King’s, Muathe’s, and

Ogunmeno’s conduct culpable, bolstering its decision to apply a dismissal sanction.

       iv.   Warning

      “The fourth factor asks ‘whether the litigant was warned in advance that

dismissal was a likely sanction.’” Xyngular v. Schenkel, 

, 874 (10th Cir.

2018) (quoting LaFleur v. Teen Help, 

, 1151 (10th Cir. 2003)). Where

the court had warned of dismissal, a dismissal sanction is more appropriate. See 

(holding that dismissal for pre-litigation misconduct doesn’t necessarily

require prior warning).

      King is right that the district court “dismissed [the] case without warning.”

Appellants’ Opening Br. at 20. But Rule 11 has its own notice requirement, rendering

this factor (which the district court took from the discovery-sanctions context)

superfluous. Complying with Rule 11’s safe-harbor provision, the “Defendants

served a copy of their motion, which sought dismissal as a sanction, on” King. King

I, 

, at *7; see Fed. R. Civ. P. 11(c). That notice was sufficient both


      19
        No plaintiff argues that his culpability ought be analyzed separately. So we
don’t consider any such argument.


                                           25
for purposes of Rule 11 and the five-factor dismissal-as-a-sanction test. Hence the

district court acted within its discretion when it concluded that the lack of official

warning didn’t weigh against dismissal.

        v.    Efficacy of a Lesser Sanction

       Because “dismissal is a severe sanction and is not ordinarily warranted if

lesser sanctions would be effective,” we require courts to consider, as the fifth and

final factor, the potential efficacy of lesser sanctions. 

(citing

). Where lesser sanctions would be effective, a dismissal

sanction is less likely to be justified.

       King accuses the district court of going “for the most extreme sanctions”

rather than something more tempered. Appellants’ Opening Br. at 20. “For example,”

he suggests, the district court could have struck “the offending exhibit,” prohibited its

use, or merely reprimanded him for proffering it to the court. 

district court had good reason to choose dismissal with prejudice over

lesser sanctions. The court acknowledged that dismissal is harsh but determined that

it is “warranted where, as here, a party manipulates evidence that is central to the

case, counsel fails to make a reasonable inquiry into such evidence, and counsel

promotes the manipulated evidence with knowledge of the manipulation.” King I,

, at *8. The court also expressed concern that without dismissal,

Ogunmeno would “continue to abuse the judicial process by using altered evidence”

and thus continue to drain judicial resources. 

As bases underlying its

concern, the court pointed to “Ogunmeno’s history of non-compliance” with

                                           26
procedural rules, “his insistence on advancing this case despite his knowledge that a

document central to the litigation was manipulated, and his failure to perform a

reasonable inquiry into” the e-mail. 

that this evidence supported the need for an unforgiving sanction to

deter future misconduct by King and Ogunmeno and to issue a clear statement to

potential imitators. See 

(“Dismissing a case with prejudice

serves at least two purposes. It penalizes the party whose conduct warrants the

sanction and discourages ‘those who might be tempted to such conduct in the absence

of such a deterrent.’” (quoting Nat’l Hockey League v. Metro. Hockey Club, Inc., 

, 643 (1976) (per curiam)). The district court didn’t abuse its “broad

discretion” in determining that dismissal, rather than a lesser sanction, was appropriate.

.

                                      *       *      *

       The district court carefully analyzed the evidence and the parties’ arguments in the

context of these five factors. We see no abuse of discretion in that analysis.

       But King separately contests the dismissal with prejudice of the state-law claims,

arguing that after dismissing the federal claims the district court should have declined to

exercise jurisdiction over the state-law ones. We now turn to that argument.

       vi.    Dismissal of State-Law Claims

       King argues that after the district court dismissed all the federal claims, it

abused its discretion by dismissing with prejudice the state-law claims. He submits



                                             27
that the district court should instead have declined to exercise jurisdiction over those

claims.

       True, federal judges rarely dismiss state-law claims with prejudice as a

sanction; having resolved all the federal claims, they tend to redirect the lingering

state-law claims to state court. See Koch v. City of Del City, 

, 1248

(10th Cir. 2011) (“When all federal claims have been dismissed, the court may, and

usually should, decline to exercise jurisdiction over any remaining state claims.”

(quoting Smith v. City of Enid ex rel. Enid City Comm’n, 

, 1156 (10th

Cir. 1998))). King argues that the district court here should have done exactly that,

leaving the Plaintiffs free to pursue their state-law claims in state court.

       We aren’t persuaded. The Supreme Court has established that generally when a

district court dismisses all federal claims before trial, it should dismiss any remaining

state-law claims without prejudice. United Mine Workers of Am. v. Gibbs, 

, 726 (1966). But this general practice “does not establish a mandatory rule to be

applied inflexibly in all cases.” Carnegie-Mellon Univ. v. Cohill, 

, 350

n.7 (1988); see, e.g., Yeyille v. Miami Dade Cty. Pub. Sch., 643 F. App’x 882, 885

n.2 (11th Cir. 2016) (“The district court was not required to dismiss Yeyille’s two

state-law claims without prejudice.”). Instead, district courts need to “consider and

weigh in each case, and at every stage of the litigation, the values of judicial

economy, convenience, fairness, and comity in order to decide whether to exercise

jurisdiction over a case brought in that court involving pendent state-law claims.”



                                            28


(“[T]he doctrine of pendent jurisdiction thus is a doctrine of

flexibility . . . .”).

        Here, the district court dismissed with prejudice all the claims (state and

federal) as a sanction for submitting the materially altered e-mail. That’s within the

district court’s discretion.

    3. Attorney’s Fees

        King, Muathe, and Ogunmeno contest the district court’s fee awards: They

claim that the award to Judge Fleming wasn’t reasonable and that absent the media

defendants filing a Rule 11 sanctions motion, they weren’t entitled to a fee award.

We address each objection in turn.

          i.    Judge Fleming’s Fee Award

        When imposing attorney’s fees as a sanction under Rule 11, we have

highlighted four factors for a district court to consider. Those are (1) the

reasonableness of the proposed fees, (2) the minimum amount required to deter

misconduct, (3) the offender’s ability to pay, and (4) “other factors” as the court sees

fit, such as the offending party’s history, experience, and ability; the severity of the

violation; and the risk of chilling zealous advocacy. See White v. Gen. Motors Corp.,

, 684–85 (10th Cir. 1990).

        King, Muathe, and Ogunmeno argue that the district court’s award of fees to

Judge Fleming was an abuse of discretion, taking issue with the district court’s

analysis of each factor.



                                            29
                         1. Reasonableness of Proposed Fees

       “The plain language of [Rule 11] requires that the [district] court

independently analyze the reasonableness of the requested fees and expenses.” 

(citing Doering v. Union Cty. Bd. of Chosen Freeholders, 

, 195 (3d

Cir. 1988)). When reviewing the reasonableness of a request, a reviewing court looks

at both the amount of time spent and whether the hourly rate for that time was

reasonable. See 

v. Lamm, 

, 553–55 (10th Cir. 1983),

overruled on other grounds by Pennsylvania v. Del. Valley Citizens’ Council for

Clean Air, 

, 717 n.4, 728 (1987)). “The injured party has a duty to

mitigate costs by not overstaffing, overresearching or overdiscovering clearly

meritless claims.” 

and Ogunmeno contest the reasonableness of the district court’s

award to Judge Fleming on two grounds. First, they reiterate their argument that

because the Defendants possessed the “purported original secret email” all along,

they exacerbated the problem. Appellants’ Opening Br. at 37. We have already dealt

with this argument—the Defendants didn’t inappropriately withhold the e-mail from

the Plaintiffs. 

Section B.2.iii.

       Second, King, Muathe, and Ogunmeno argue that because Judge Fleming’s

attorney, Phillips, was a salaried state employee, his $200 hourly rate was excessive.

They argue that he should have measured his fees by prorating his salary, not by

looking at prevailing market rates. This argument also fails.



                                             30
      As the district court explained, King, Muathe and Ogunmeno “provide[d] no

good reason, and the Court c[ould] find none, in support of their request to tie the

hourly rate to Mr. Phillips’ salary.” King III, 

, at *2. We regularly

uphold market-rate fee awards for salaried attorneys who don’t bill by the hour. See,

e.g., Lippoldt v. Cole, 

, 1224–26 (10th Cir. 2006) (upholding a market-

rate award); Praseuth v. Rubbermaid, Inc., 

, 1257 (10th Cir. 2005)

(“The proper procedure for determining a reasonable attorneys’ fee is to arrive at a

lodestar figure by multiplying the hours plaintiff’s counsel reasonably spent on the

litigation by a reasonable hourly rate.”).

      We find no abuse of discretion in the district court’s conclusion that the $200

hourly fee was “exceedingly reasonable” for an attorney with Phillips’s experience.20

King III, 

, at *2.

                        2. Minimum Required to Deter

      “[T]he primary purpose of sanctions is to deter attorney and litigant

misconduct, not to compensate the opposing party for its costs in defending a

frivolous suit.” 

. Therefore, otherwise “reasonable” fees are

excessive if they are greater than “that amount reasonably necessary to deter the

wrongdoer.” 

      20
         And, as the court pointed out, the fee request (and resulting award) didn’t
include any work from before the falsified e-mail, nor did it include any “work by
paralegals or support staff, work by counsel for Judge Loy, or any ‘costs’ associated
with the litigation.” King III, 

, at *2.


                                             31
       King, Muathe, and Ogunmeno argue that the district court needed go no further

than striking the e-mail exhibit, prohibiting its use, warning them, or giving them a “hard-

nosed reprimand.” Appellants’ Opening Br. at 39. But the district court concluded that

$6,150 was the minimum amount necessary to deter misconduct based on the

seriousness of King’s, Muathe’s, and Ogunmeno’s transgressions, their history of

noncompliance, and King’s and Ogunmeno’s failure to withdraw the authorized

complaint after receiving the safe-harbor letter. King III, 

, at *2. In

light of their conduct, we see no abuse of discretion in the district court’s conclusion.

                         3. Ability to Pay

       “[B]ecause the purpose of monetary sanctions is to deter attorney and litigant

misconduct,” district courts must consider the offender’s ability to pay. 

. The sanctioned party bears the burden to prove its inability to pay an

otherwise-appropriate sanction. 

and Ogunmeno admit that there is not “much evidence in the

record as to their ability to pay.” Appellants’ Opening Br. at 39. But they claim that

introducing such evidence would have been fruitless because “[a]ny evidence of

inability to pay would probably [have] be[en] ignored.” 

the district

court of treating them unfairly by “overlook[ing] [their] pleas that the court temper[]

justice with mercy.” 

This accusation doesn’t influence whether King,

Muathe, and Ogunmeno showed that the suggested fee was beyond their means.

       The district court was “unwilling to speculate as to a party’s ability to pay, or

lack thereof, without any information from the sanctioned party.” King III, 

1135579, at *2. So it didn’t consider this factor. And rightly so. It was King’s,

Muathe’s, and Ogunmeno’s burden to show inability to pay. Because they failed to

do so, the court didn’t abuse its discretion by not weighing this factor in their favor.

                        4. “Other” Factors

      “In addition, the court may consider factors such as the offending party’s

history, experience, and ability, the severity of the violation, the degree to which

malice or bad faith contributed to the violation, the risk of chilling the type of

litigation involved, and other factors as deemed appropriate in individual

circumstances.” 

. This catch-all overlaps substantially with the

dismissal-as-sanction factors discussed above: King’s, Muathe’s, and Ogunmeno’s

culpability, the degree of prejudice to the Defendants, and the interference with the

judicial process.

      King, Muathe, and Ogunmeno argue that “there is no evidence of malice, or

bad faith” and that “the imposition of this type of severe sanctions will discourage

litigation of civil rights conspiracy cases and it also risks chilling zealous advocacy.”

Appellants’ Opening Br. at 40.

      The district court analyzed these other factors again in calculating Judge

Fleming’s fee award, reiterating (1) that King, Muathe, and Ogunmeno had engaged

in severe misconduct, (2) that they had filing restrictions against them in state court

for similar conduct, and (3) that the court had previously admonished Ogunmeno for

violations of the local rules. King III, 

, at *3. The court also noted

that Ogunmeno has other pending cases in federal court, bolstering the need to deter

                                           33
him from future misconduct. 

an abundance of caution, the court also

analyzed whether the sanctions would indeed chill advocacy. 

court

concluded that the sanctions were “intended to ensure more effective advocacy by

encouraging counsel to inquire reasonably into the factual circumstances of a case

before filing papers with the Court in the future, as Rule 11 contemplates.” 

R. Civ. P. 11(b)).

      “[G]uided by the severity and willful nature of the Rule 11 violations at issue

here,” the district court concluded that these other factors also supported an award of

attorney’s fees and costs. 

no abuse of discretion in that conclusion.

                                    *      *      *

      The district court’s analysis of the four-factor test supported the award of

$6,150 in attorney’s fees to Judge Fleming. Thus the fee award wasn’t an abuse of

discretion.

                ii.   The Media Defendants’ Fee Award

      On appeal, King, Muathe, and Ogunmeno argue that the district court abused

its discretion by awarding fees to the media defendants even though they hadn’t filed

their own motion for sanctions. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 11(c)(2) (requiring that a “motion

for sanctions [] be made separately from any other motion”); Fed. R. Civ. P. 11(c)(4)

(“The sanction may include . . . an order directing payment to the movant of part or

all of the reasonable attorney’s fees and other expenses directly resulting from the

violation.” (emphasis added)).



                                          34
      In the district court, King, Muathe, and Ogunmeno didn’t object to the award

of fees to the media defendants. Thus, at most, we would review the district court’s

decision for plain error. But despite disputing the fee award before this court, they

fail to argue for plain-error review, so they have waived the issue. See Richison v.

Ernest Grp., Inc., 

, 1128, 1130–31 (10th Cir. 2011) (explaining that the

failure to argue plain error “marks the end of the road” for an argument presented for

the first time on appeal). Because they don’t object to the size of the award on

appeal, our inquiry ends here. The award of $12,000 to the media defendants stands.

                                    CONCLUSION

      For the above reasons, we affirm.




                                           35