FILED
                                                               United States Court of Appeals
                                                                       Tenth Circuit

                                      PUBLISH                         August 20, 2018
                                                                    Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                     Clerk of Court

                                  TENTH CIRCUIT



 F & H COATINGS, LLC,

              Petitioner,
 v.                                                         No. 17-9506
 R. ALEXANDER ACOSTA, Secretary of
 Labor; UNITED STATES
 DEPARTMENT OF LABOR,

              Respondents.


                      Petition for Review of a Final Order of the
                  Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission
                             (OSHRC Case No. 15-0558)


Gary W. Auman and Douglas Scott Jenks, Dunlevey, Mahan & Furry, Dayton, Ohio, for
Petitioner.

Brian A. Broecker, Attorney (Nicholas C. Geale, Acting Solicitor of Labor, Ann S.
Rosenthal, Associate Solicitor of Labor for Occupational Safety and Health, and Charles
F. James, Counsel for Appellate Litigation, with him on the brief), United States
Department of Labor, Washington, D.C., for Respondents.


Before TYMKOVICH, Chief Judge, HARTZ, and HOLMES, Circuit Judges.


HOLMES, Circuit Judge.


      F & H Coatings, L.L.C. (“F & H”) seeks review of a final order of the
Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission (“Commission”), and asks us to set

aside a $7,000 penalty imposed by an administrative law judge (“ALJ”). The ALJ

reviewed evidence presented by the Department of Labor (“DOL”) during a two-day

hearing, and held that the DOL had shown that F & H breached the General Duty Clause

of the Occupational Safety and Health Act (“OSH Act”), 29 U.S.C. § 654(a)(1).

         Upon review of the record, we conclude that the ALJ’s findings are supported by

substantial evidence, see 29 U.S.C. § 660(a), and therefore affirm the Commission’s final

order.

                                               I

         F & H is a commercial and industrial painting contractor. F & H contracted with

Boardman L.L.C. (“Boardman”), a manufacturer of steel pressure vessels and tanks, to

sandblast and paint a number of vessels at Boardman’s manufacturing facility in Wichita,

Kansas.

         During the performance of this contract, a fatal accident at the Boardman facility

took the life of Toney Losey, an employee of F & H. On September 23, 2014, Mr. Losey

and his F & H supervisor, Robert Patrick, were preparing a 12,000 pound vessel for

sandblasting when the vessel slipped from its support racks and crushed Mr. Losey.

F & H characterizes this event as a “freakish, unforeseeable, and still-unexplained

accident.” Pet.’s Opening Br. at 3.

         The vessel was about fifteen feet long and featured a number of irregular


                                               2
protrusions—including, notably, a manway1 weighing approximately 2,600 pounds. The

vessel was elevated on a set of pipe racks2 provided by F & H before it fell. Boardman

positioned the vessel on the pipe racks with a crane.

       Boardman did not use pipe racks while manufacturing the vessel. Instead,

Boardman used “rollers,” which, according to the ALJ, “cradle the vessel[] between two

sets of wheels. . . . As compared to [the] pipe racks, the rollers maintained four points of

contact with the vessel.”3 Pet.’s App. at 1002–03 (Decision & Order, dated Nov. 28,

2016) (citations and footnote omitted). F & H claims that it was impossible to place the

vessel in question in the rollers once legs were attached to the vessel at the end of the

manufacturing process.

       Mr. Patrick testified that a vessel “couldn’t be off-center” or “too far on one end”

of the pipe racks, and that an unstable vessel would “probably fall.” Pet.’s App. at

151–52, 159 (Tr. Hr’g, dated Mar. 29, 2016). To ensure that the vessel at issue was



       1
              A manway is a reinforced and sealable opening with a protruding lip, large
enough to allow an adult to access the interior of the tank.
       2
              Pipe racks are saw-horse shaped supports made from metal pipes. The pipe
racks used in this case were made of four-inch diameter steel pipe, and were
approximately twelve feet long by twenty-seven inches high. The pipe racks also featured
chains and pins at the ends of the cross beams, which were designed to prevent
smaller-gauge pipes placed on the racks from rolling off during painting.
       3
               Images of the vessel, the pipe racks, and the rollers—all of which the ALJ
considered—are reproduced in an appendix to this opinion. Perhaps most notable, the
pipe racks used to support the vessel appear in the images labeled R-4 and R-5 and the
vessel itself appears in the image labeled R-7.

                                              3
correctly placed on the pipe racks, Mr. Patrick performed a customary Pre-Work Job

Hazard Analysis before the other F & H employees began working on the vessel. Mr.

Patrick “visually check[ed] [the vessel] and then . . . purposely tr[ied] to move it” to

ensure it was centered and stable on the pipe racks. 

Mr. Patrick relied entirely

upon his experience to assess whether the vessel was safely supported by the pipe racks,

as he took no objective measurements.

       Mr. Patrick and Mr. Losey then began preparing the vessel for sand-blasting. Mr.

Losey leaned into the manway to hang lights inside the vessel, positioning his body

halfway inside the vessel with his feet on the floor. Mr. Patrick testified that he heard a

loud noise, saw the racks “flip up,” and saw the vessel begin to roll off of the racks. 

Mr. Losey was partly inside the vessel when it fell, and was crushed by its

weight.

       The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (“OSHA”) learned of the

accident the same day, and sent a Compliance Safety and Health Officer to inspect the

scene. The OSHA officer also interviewed witnesses and employees of F & H and

Boardman. Upon the officer’s recommendation, OSHA issued a citation to F & H on

March 17, 2015, for a violation of the General Duty Clause, 29 U.S.C. § 654(a)(l),

because F & H’s employee was “exposed to struck-by hazards in that the pressure vessel

was not placed on a work rack which prevented unintentional movement.” Pet.’s App. at

623 (Citation & Notification of Penalty, dated Mar. 17, 2015).


                                              4
       F & H filed a Notice of Contest on March 23, 2015, challenging “the substance of

the citation alleged, the penalty assessed, and any abatement which might be required.”

(Letter re. Notice of Contest, dated Mar. 23, 2015). The DOL then filed a

complaint, seeking enforcement of the citation by the Commission. F & H responded to

the complaint, denying substantially all of the DOL’s allegations; it asserted twelve

affirmative defenses, including, as relevant on appeal: (1) that the alleged conditions did

not constitute a hazard; (2) that the alleged hazard was not recognized by the industry or

by F & H; and (3) that F & H had no actual or constructive knowledge of the alleged

hazard.

       A two-day hearing was held before an ALJ on March 29 and 30, 2016. The ALJ

heard extensive testimony from OSHA officials and individuals who were employees of

F & H and Boardman at the time of the accident. The ALJ also reviewed photos of the

accident scene. In addition, over F & H’s objections, the ALJ permitted the DOL to

introduce testimony by Brian Hope, an officer of a safety and health consulting company,

as “an expert in safety procedures used to support tanks and vessels during blasting and

painting.” 

(Tr. Hr.’g, dated Mar. 30, 2016). Among other things, Mr. Hope

testified that other industrial painting companies do not use pipe racks like those used by

F & H when working with tanks the size of the one that crushed Mr. Losey. Pipe racks

would ordinarily be used “[t]o support . . . small gauge, lightweight material” weighing

“less than . . . 2[,]000 pounds.” 

Mr. Hope testified that placing a 12,000


                                             5
pound tank on pipe racks like those used by F & H would pose a hazard recognized by the

industry of large-tank painters because the pipe racks would not prevent unintentional

lateral movement. Based upon his “personal view and . . . experience” as well as the

resting position of the fallen tank, Mr. Hope testified that the placement of the vertical

supports and the fact that the crossbeams were rounded caused the pipe racks to “[v]eer[]

up and . . . shoot[] out from underneath the tank,” as the tank rolled off the vertical

support, fell, and continued to roll over Mr. Losey. 

478–81.

       Mr. Hope further testified that several feasible methods for preventing

unintentional lateral movement of elevated tanks exist, including the use of rollers4 or

I-beam material stands.5

       Approximately eight months after the hearing, the ALJ issued a written order,

finding that the accident that killed Mr. Losey resulted from an obviously hazardous

       4
              The ALJ described rollers as “a set of tires or wheels that are spaced apart
such that a cylindrical object, such as a pressure vessel, can rest in between the tires and
rotate. Due to the cradle orientation of the tires, there is no opportunity for lateral
movement of the vessel.” Pet.’s App. at 1016. Images of examples of such rollers are
attached in the appendix to this opinion.
       5
                Mr. Hope described I-beam stands as similar to pipe racks but constructed
out of “8-inch wide . . . H-beams,” and featuring additional “vertical supports . . . [that]
would sit horizontal to the floor.” Pet.’s App. at 466. I-beam stands also feature “flat
steel or round disks that were wider than the I-beam itself[,] welded to the bottom” of the
vertical supports to “prevent the side-to-side lateral movement of the [I-beam] stand in
case it was . . . overloaded on one side.” 

Mr. Hope testified that I-beam
stands were “designed to handle the load off[-]center . . . because . . . we would never
want to . . . place someone in the position [where] they would have to dead[-]center an
object on a stand in order for it to be able to support the material that it’s trying to hold
up.” 

                                              6
condition of which F & H was aware. The ALJ entered a decision and order on

November 28, 2016, affirming the citation and the penalty of $7,000 assessed by OSHA.

The full Commission declined to undertake discretionary review, and the ALJ’s decision

thereafter became the final decision of the Commission. See Jake’s Fireworks Inc. v.

Acosta, 

, 1252 (10th Cir. 2018); Safeway, Inc. v. Occupational Safety &

Health Review Comm’n, 

, 1193 (10th Cir. 2004). F & H appealed directly

to this court.

       On appeal, F & H argues that the evidence did not support the ALJ’s conclusion

that F & H breached the General Duty Clause. F & H argues, in particular, that the

placement of the pressure vessel on pipe racks did not constitute a hazardous condition,

and that the occurrence of a “freakish and unforeseeable accident” is not evidence to the

contrary. Pet.’s Opening Br. at 10. Further, F & H argues (1) that the DOL did not

establish that either F & H or the industry recognized this condition as a hazard; (2) that

the alleged hazard was likely to cause death or serious physical harm; or (3) that feasible

means existed to abate the hazard.

       F & H also argues that “Mr. Hope’s testimony should have been excluded because

he was not qualified to testify as an expert in this case, and because his opinions were

untested, speculative, and, therefore, unreliable.” 

                                              II

       This Court has jurisdiction to review decisions of the Commission pursuant to


                                              7
§ 11(a) of the OSH Act, 29 U.S.C. § 660(a). Universal Constr. Co. v. Occupational

Safety & Health Review Comm’n, 

, 728 (10th Cir. 1999).

       Our review of a final decision of the Commission is governed by 29 U.S.C.

§ 660(a), which “mandates that the ‘findings of the Commission with respect to questions

of fact, if supported by substantial evidence on the record considered as a whole, shall be

conclusive.’” Slingluff v. Occupational Safety & Health Review Comm’n, 

,

866 (10th Cir. 2005) (quoting Interstate Erectors, Inc. v. Occupational Safety & Health

Review Comm’n, 

, 226 (10th Cir. 1996) (quoting § 660(a))); see also Tierdael

Constr. Co. v. Occupational Safety & Health Review Comm’n, 

, 1114 (10th

Cir. 2003) (“This court reviews the Commission’s findings of fact under a substantial

evidence standard upon consideration of the record as a whole.”). “Substantial evidence

is such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a

conclusion, and it must be enough to justify, if the trial were to a jury, a refusal to direct a

verdict when the conclusion sought to be drawn from it is one of fact for the jury.”

(quoting Kent Nowlin Constr. Co. v. Occupational Safety &

Health Review Comm’n, 

, 1279 (10th Cir. 1981)). “As for factual findings,

we do not reweigh the evidence, second-guess the factual inferences drawn therefrom, or

substitute our judgment on the credibility of witnesses.” Jake’s Fireworks 

.

       We will “affirm [the Commission’s] legal conclusions unless they are arbitrary,


                                               8
capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with the law.”

Safeway, 

; see also Jake’s Fireworks 

(“Our

review under this standard is narrow and highly deferential to the agency” (quoting

Compass Envtl., Inc. v. Occupational Safety & Health Review Comm’n, 

,

1167 (10th Cir. 2011))).

       Because the ALJ’s order in this case became the final order of the Commission

when the Commission declined to review it, we review the ALJ’s order on appeal under

the same standard of review as we would an order actually issued by the Commission.

Jake’s Fireworks 

n.8; Safeway, 

.

       We first address F & H’s contention that the ALJ should not have admitted Mr.

Hope’s testimony as an expert on safety procedures used to support tanks and vessels

during blasting and painting. We find no abuse of discretion in the ALJ’s conclusion that

Mr. Hope was qualified to offer such testimony or that his testimony was reliable. We

next review the ALJ’s conclusion that F & H violated the General Duty Clause. Finding

substantial evidence to support the ALJ’s factual findings, we affirm.

                                            III

       F & H argues on appeal that the ALJ erred by admitting Mr. Hope’s testimony as

that of an expert in violation of Federal Rule of Evidence 702 and Daubert v. Merrell




                                             9
Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 

(1993).6

       Under Federal Rule of Evidence 702,7 a tribunal may admit testimony from a

       6
               The parties agree that the Federal Rules of Evidence applied in proceedings
before the ALJ, and frame their arguments regarding the admission of Mr. Hope’s expert
testimony under the standards relevant to those rules. An OSHRC regulation provides
that “[t]he Federal Rules of Evidence are applicable,” 29 C.F.R. § 2200.71, in “all
proceedings before the Commission and its Judges,” 29 C.F.R. § 2200.2. It appears that
this regulation supplants the more flexible evidentiary standards generally applicable to
agency adjudication under the Administrative Procedures Act (“APA”), see 5 U.S.C.
§ 556(d). Compare Richardson v. Perales, 

, 410 (1971) (discussing the
allowance under the APA of hearsay evidence “up to the point of relevancy”); Gallagher
v. Nat’l Transp. Safety Bd., 

, 1218 (10th Cir. 1992) (noting that “[u]nder
this [APA] standard, in order to be admissible for consideration in an administrative
proceeding, the evidence need not be authenticated with the precision demanded by the
Federal Rules of Evidence”), with P. Gioioso & Sons, Inc. v. Occupational Safety &
Health Review Comm’n, 

, 74 (1st Cir. 2012) (citing § 2200.71, and noting that
the “Federal Rules of Evidence [are] applicable to [OSHA] ALJ hearings”); Chao v.
Gunite Corp., 

, 558 (7th Cir. 2006) (same); Am. Wrecking Corp. v. Sec’y of
Labor, 

, 1262 (D.C. Cir. 2003) (same). Although this circuit has not
previously addressed whether a violation of the Federal Rules of Evidence requires
reversal of an OSHRC decision pursuant to § 2200.71, we are content here to apply the
Federal Rules of Evidence based upon a facial reading of the regulation and the parties’
positions on the subject. We need not definitively decide, however, whether these rules
or the APA’s flexible evidentiary standards are controlling because Mr. Hope’s testimony
would have been admissible under either rubric. More specifically, as we hold infra,
viewed through the prism of the Federal Rules of Evidence, the ALJ did not abuse his
discretion in ruling that Mr. Hope’s testimony was admissible. And, if Mr. Hope’s
testimony could satisfy the criteria of these evidentiary rules, it could necessarily satisfy
the less stringent requirements of the APA’s evidentiary standards.
       7
              Rule 702 provides:

              A witness who is qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill,
              experience, training, or education may testify in the form of an opinion
              or otherwise if:

              (a) the expert’s scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge
              will help the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a

                                             10
qualified expert that is “relevan[t] and reliab[le].” See 

–95.

Under Rule 702, the tribunal must first decide whether the proferred expert is qualified

“by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education” to render an opinion. See FED.

R. EVID. 702. “Second, if the expert is sufficiently qualified, the [tribunal] must

determine whether the expert’s opinion is reliable by assessing the underlying reasoning

and methodology, as set forth in Daubert.” United States v. Nacchio, 

,

1241 (10th Cir. 2009) (en banc). Where an expert testifies based on experience, the

tribunal reviews the reliability of the testimony with reference to “the nature of the issue,

the expert’s particular expertise, and the subject of [the] testimony.” Kumho Tire Co.,

Ltd. v. Carmichael, 

, 148–50 (1999) (quoting the brief of the United States

as amicus curiae). “[T]he method employed by the expert . . . [must be] scientifically

sound and . . . the opinion [must be] based on facts which satisfy Rule 702’s reliability

requirements.” Dodge v. Cotter Corp., 

, 1222 (10th Cir. 2003).

       Under Rule 702, we review a decision to admit or exclude expert testimony for

abuse of discretion, and will find error only if the decision was “‘arbitrary, capricious,




              fact in issue;
              (b) the testimony is based on sufficient facts or data;
              (c) the testimony is the product of reliable principles and methods; and
              (d) the expert has reliably applied the principles and methods to the
              facts of the case.

FED R. EVID. 702.


                                             11
whimsical or manifestly unreasonable,’ or ‘we are convinced that the [tribunal] made a

clear error of judgment or exceeded the bounds of permissible choice in the

circumstances.’” 

(quoting 

).

       Applying this standard under Rule 702, we find no abuse of discretion in the ALJ’s

determination that Mr. Hope was qualified to testify as an expert in “safety procedures

used to support tanks and vessels during blasting and painting.” Pet.’s App. at 462.

       Mr. Hope testified that he was the vice president of a “national safety and health

consulting company,” and that his role involved “training, accident investigations, . . .

inspections,” and serving as an expert witness. 

Mr. Hope holds a

bachelor’s degree in industrial risk and safety, and certifications as an Associate’s Safety

Professional and a Certified Safety Professional from the Board of Certified Safety

Professionals. Mr. Hope testified that he was a certified crane operator and an advanced

rigger; as such, he had expertise in the secure placement of heavy loads upon various

support systems. Mr. Hope was also a member of the American Society of Safety

Engineers (Kentucky Chapter), a past member of the Georgia Safety Health and

Environmental Conference Advisory Board, and a former chairman of the Georgia

Department of Labor Safety Award Committee and the Steel Tank Institute Steel Plate

Fabricators Association Safety Committee.

       The ALJ permitted F & H to subject Mr. Hope to voir dire examination to test his

credentials. F & H clarified that Mr. Hope was not an engineer, and had never studied


                                             12
mechanical or civil engineering. Moreover, Mr. Hope had no expertise with regard to the

design or fabrication of pressure vessels.

       The ALJ also questioned Mr. Hope about his experience and expertise. Mr. Hope

testified to his “experience of working material stands” and his “experience with being

able to understand the accident scene.” 

Mr. Hope testified that his

responsibilities as a crane operator for sixteen years included “setting down [heavy]

loads” upon various support systems. 

In addition to his professional

experience as a crane operator, Mr. Hope testified to his knowledge of industry standards,

gleaned from performing audits of member companies of the professional organizations

to which he belonged.

       In light of this testimony regarding Mr. Hope’s professional experience,

certifications, and awareness of industry standards relating to the elevation and placement

of heavy objects on various support structures in industrial settings, we find no abuse of

discretion in the ALJ’s decision that Mr. Hope was qualified to offer expert testimony.

       Nor did the ALJ abuse his discretion in determining that Mr. Hope’s testimony

was based on reliable analytical methods under Daubert. To be sure, Mr. Hope was

provided with only an engineering drawing and the approximate weight of the tank. And

he had done no “calculations with regards to this case to determine the center of gravity

of [the] vessel.” 

However, there were sufficient indicia of reliability for us to

conclude that the ALJ did not abuse his discretion in admitting Mr. Hope’s testimony.


                                             13
       When expert testimony is based on the experience of the expert, a tribunal

determines the reliability of that testimony with reference to “the nature of the issue, the

expert’s particular expertise, and the subject of [the] testimony.” Kumho Tire Co., 

–50 (emphasis added) (quoting the brief of the United States as amicus

curiae). The ALJ would not have abused its discretion in effectively reasoning that, as to

the general subjects as to which Mr. Hope testified, the reliability of his testimony was

not significantly undercut by the fact that he had not considered the details regarding

engineering specifications for the particular tank at issue or done “calculations with

regards to this case to determine the center of gravity of [the] vessel.” Pet.’s App. at 456.

Notably, in this regard, Mr. Hope testified that other employers used alternate methods of

support for similar vessels, including I-beams, which provide additional features to ensure

that loads do not fall. And he also testified generally to the considerations that go into

designing support systems, including the need to accommodate some human error in

centering the weight of the load. Mr. Hope’s experience and industry knowledge were

sufficient for the ALJ to find that his expert conclusions with regard to these general

subjects were reliable.

       We will find error in the admission of expert testimony only if the tribunal’s

decision was “‘arbitrary, capricious, whimsical or manifestly unreasonable,’ or ‘we are

convinced that the district court made a clear error of judgment or exceeded the bounds of

permissible choice in the circumstances.’” 

(quoting Dodge,


                                             

). The admission of Mr. Hope’s testimony was not arbitrary or based on

a clear error of judgment.

                                            IV

       Upon review of the evidence, we conclude that the record contains substantial

evidence supporting the findings of the ALJ. We further conclude that the ALJ’s

determination that F & H violated the General Duty Clause was not arbitrary or an abuse

of discretion. We deny F & H’s petition for review, and affirm the decision of the

Commission.

                                             A

       The General Duty Clause, § 654(a)(1) of the OSH Act provides: “Each employer

[] shall furnish to each of his employees employment and a place of employment which

are free from recognized hazards that are causing or are likely to cause death or serious

physical harm to his employees.” 29 U.S.C. § 654(a)(1).

       “The Secretary [of Labor] has the burden of establishing a violation; the employer

has no need to defend until a violation is established by evidence.” Austin Bldg. Co. v.

Occupational Safety & Health Review Comm’n, 

, 1069 (10th Cir. 1981).

To establish a violation of the General Duty Clause, the Secretary of Labor must prove:

“(1) that the employer failed to render its workplace free of an obvious and recognized

hazard, (2) the hazard was causing or likely to cause death or serious physical harm, and

(3) there was a feasible method by which the employer could have abated the hazard.”


                                            15
Safeway, 

; accord Baroid Div. of NL Indus., Inc. v. Occupational

Safety & Health Review Comm’n, 

, 444 (10th Cir. 1981).

       We review the evidence supporting the ALJ’s findings with respect to each

element of the offense in turn. We find substantial evidence supporting the ALJ’s

conclusion that each element was present here.

                                              1

                                              a

       “A safety hazard at the worksite is a condition that creates or contributes to an

increased risk that an event causing death or serious bodily harm to employees will

occur.” Baroid Div. of NL Indus., 

. The Commission need not prove

that a condition was the proximate cause of the specific accident in question to show that

it was a hazardous condition:

              This is not a tort action designed to affix civil liability for injuries
              sustained in the accident. Rather, it is an action to determine whether
              certain safety regulations were violated and, if so, whether a [] fine is
              appropriate. The relevant inquiry is not the proximate cause of [a]
              particular accident but the risk of accident or injury as a result of the
              alleged violations and the seriousness of the potential injuries.

Dye Constr. Co. v. Occupational Safety & Health Review Comm’n, 

, 426

(10th Cir. 1983) (emphasis added); cf. Jake’s Fireworks 

(“The ALJ

found that Jake’s violated the [explosives regulatory] standard because its storage and

handling of fireworks at the Old Facility were an undue hazard. . . . The resulting fire was

probative that Jake’s storage and handling of fireworks was in fact a hazard.” (citations

                                             16
omitted)).

       Here, the ALJ determined that the placement of the vessel on the pipe racks

constituted a hazard. “At its most basic, the condition involved elevating an incredibly

heavy object, placing it on a set of racks, allowing work to be performed on it” “without

securing it against unexpected movement.” Pet.’s App. at 1006 (citations omitted). The

likelihood of the vessel falling was exacerbated by the uneven weight of the protruding

manway, and the placement of the vessel “on rounded crossbeams, which meant that the

point of contact between the cylindrical body of the vessel and the cylindrical crossbeam

was quite small.”8 

this conclusion, the ALJ relied upon testimony: (1) by F & H’s Safety

Director, Mike Emmett, and by the city police officer who responded to the accident

regarding the dimensions of the vessel; (2) by the OSHA investigator regarding the

dimensions of the pipe racks; and (3) by Mr. Patrick, the F & H supervisor, regarding the

orientation of the vessel in the pipe stands. The ALJ also reviewed photographs of the

vessel and the pipe racks. The ALJ inferred from this evidence that placing the vessel on



       8
              F & H argues that the ALJ incorrectly characterized the vessel as
“cylindrical” because it featured four square legs that lay “flat on the pipe rack.” Pet.’s
Opening Br. at 14–15. The ALJ recognized that the legs created a flat surface against the
pipe rack supporting one end of the vessel. The ALJ’s conclusions did not rest upon an
assumption of a perfectly cylindrical shape, however, but upon the convex shape of one
end of the vessel against the convex shape of the pipe rack’s crossbeam. Thus, F & H’s
argument that the ALJ’s common-sense inference rested upon a faulty assumption (that
the vessel was perfectly cylindrical) misinterprets the factual basis for the inference.

                                            17
the pipe racks created a risk of accident and injury because the vessel was likely to fall.

       The ALJ took into consideration Mr. Patrick’s testimony that he had “assessed

whether the vessel was placed ‘dead center’ of the crossbeams by looking at it and made

sure it would not move by pushing on it.” 

Mr. Patrick testified that the

angled legs of the vessel would ensure it did not roll along the pipe racks. The ALJ

discounted Mr. Patrick’s conclusion that the vessel was stable, however, noting Mr.

Patrick’s further testimony that he relied solely upon his experience to assess the stability

of the vessel’s position, but had never personally observed an improperly placed vessel.

“The placement of a six-ton, cylindrical object on top of round metal pipes, with only

visual observation and a shove to ensure stability, certainly increased the risk of serious

harm to those employees assigned to perform work on the elevated object.” 

In light of the foregoing, we have little difficulty concluding that the ALJ’s determination

was based on substantial evidence.

       In Safeway, Inc., for example, this court relied, in part, upon the physical

characteristics of a gas tank and a grill to affirm the Commission’s finding, under the

General Duty Clause, that the use of a forty-pound tank with a grill designed for a

twenty-pound tank created a hazard; but these physical characteristics were not the

exclusive grounds for the court’s decision. 

. Furthermore, the DOL

cites two cases in which the Eighth Circuit held that physical characteristics of a hazard

were sufficient to support a finding of hazard: in McKie Ford, Inc. v. Secretary of Labor,


                                             18
the Eight Circuit affirmed a Commission finding that an elevator without a door, which

was controlled by an apparatus outside of the elevator, constituted a hazard based upon

those characteristics and common sense, 

, 855–56 (8th Cir. 1999); and in

Donovan v. Missouri Farmers Ass’n, the Eighth Circuit reversed a Commission decision

in favor of an employer, finding that lowering an employee into a confined space without

a safety belt or lifeline created an “obvious [hazard] even in the absence of expert

opinion,” 

, 693 (8th Cir. 1982).

       The physical characteristics of the pipe racks and the vessel, moreover, were not

the only evidence relied upon by the ALJ to conclude that the placement of the vessel on

the racks created a hazard, as noted above. The ALJ also weighed the evidence of Mr.

Patrick’s inspection and his testimony that an incorrectly placed vessel might roll to find

that a hazard existed.9 F & H urges the court to instead take Mr. Patrick’s inspection as

evidence that there was no hazard, but “[w]e do not sit as a super trial examiner” on

review of the Commission’s decision, 

(quoting Ready Mixed



       9
              Although in the context of reviewing a violation of a specific regulation
governing the storage and handling of explosives, the reasoning of our recent decision,
Jake’s Fireworks Inc., is instructive. There, we approved a finding of an “explosion
hazard which presented an undue hazard to life” based upon the storage of damaged
fireworks in cracked containers in a derelict facility, where explosive powder and grass
had accumulated on the 

(quoting Jake’s Fireworks, Inc., 26 BNA
OSHC 1738, 

, at *11 (No. 15-0260, 2017)). The court accepted the
ALJ’s reliance upon testimony by a Commission officer and a fire investigator as to the
physical conditions at the facility and the witnesses’ analysis in concluding that the
conditions constituted an undue hazard. 

& n.12.

                                             19
Concrete Co. v. Nat’l Labor Relations Bd., 

, 1551 (10th Cir. 1996)), nor do

we “reweigh the evidence[ or] second-guess the factual inferences drawn therefrom,”

Jake’s Fireworks 

.

                                               b

       The presence of a hazard gives rise to a violation of the General Duty Clause only

if that hazard was “recognized” either by the employer or by the industry, or was so

obvious as to put the employer on constructive notice. See Safeway, 

& n.4; Austin Bldg. 

. “Whether a condition at the worksite

constitutes a ‘recognized hazard’ is a question of fact as to which the findings of the

Commission that are supported by substantial evidence on the record are conclusive.”

Baroid Div. of NL Indus., 

; accord Dep’t of Labor v. Occupational

Safety & Health Review Comm’n, 

, 1117–18 (10th Cir. 1991).

       The ALJ concluded that the hazard was obvious and, moreover, that F & H

recognized the hazard. The ALJ noted the obviousness of the “increased risk” created by

“placing an awkwardly shaped, incredibly heavy object on elevated crossbeams” as

evidence of hazard recognition. Pet.’s App. at 1010. The ALJ further noted that:

              [The pipe racks featured] chains and pins . . . . attached to the end of the
              pipe racks . . . to prevent smaller-gauge pipe . . . from rolling off . . . .
              Although the risk of injury was significantly reduced when sandblasting
              or painting smaller diameter pipe, the recognized hazard is still the
              same: round objects placed on convex, round surfaces have a tendency
              to move.

(footnote and citations to the record omitted).

                                               20
       The ALJ also took Mr. Patrick’s visual inspection and his assertion that the vessel

needed to be “dead center” on the pipe racks as evidence that F & H recognized the

hazard presented by an improperly placed vessel.10 While the ALJ recognized that “an

employer’s safety precautions alone do not establish that the employer believed that those

precautions were necessary,” the Commission considers that precautions “can be used to

establish hazard recognition in conjunction with other evidence.” Beverly Enters., Inc.,

19 BNA OSHC 1161, 

, at *28 (Nos. 91-3144 et al., 2000).11

       To be sure, in its decision and order, the ALJ did not refer to Mr. Emmett’s

testimony that other companies in the industry place similar vessels on pipe racks without

incident, and that industry associations do not recognize the hazard. But the ALJ did not

       10
             “[T]he actual or constructive knowledge of a foreman . . . can be imputed to
the employer.” Jake’s Fireworks 

(omission in original) (quoting
Tampa Shipyards, Inc., 15 BNA OSHC 1533, 

, at *6 (Nos. 86-360 & 86-
469, 1992)).
       11
                In a brief paragraph in its opening brief, F & H objects to the ALJ’s reliance
upon Mr. Patrick’s pre-work inspection as evidence of hazard recognition, arguing that
allowing such evidence “would . . . discourage employers from conducting” safety
checks. Pet.’s Opening Br. at 20. F & H apparently raises this objection for the first time
in this petition, offers no authority to support the position, and does not repeat it. We note
support for the ALJ’s use of this evidence in administrative decisions of the Commission,
see Beverly Enters., Inc., 

, at *28; Waldon Health Care Ctr., 16 BNA
OSHC 1052, 

, at *12 (Nos. 89-2804 & 89-3097, 1993); Trinity Indus.,
Inc., 15 BNA OSHC 1481, 

, at *5 n.8 (No. 88-2691, 1992), but we
apparently have not definitively opined on the issue. And we need not do so here.
F & H’s late-blooming, skeletal argument is inadequately developed to warrant review.
Consequently, we deem the ALJ’s approach without meaningful challenge in this case
and, for purposes of resolving this dispute, consider it appropriate to factor into the
substantial-evidence analysis the evidence of Mr. Patrick’s inspection. We leave for
another day the ultimate resolution of this legal issue.

                                             21
abuse his discretion by focusing the inquiry upon F & H’s recognition of the hazard and

the obviousness of the hazard to it, rather than whether the condition was recognized as

hazardous by the industry overall. See Safeway, 

n.4 (“[An

employer] cannot ignore the presence of an obviously hazardous condition by asserting

that its industry is ignorant of such hazards.”); cf. Jake’s Fireworks 

(“Mr. Moutz, a Jake’s supervisor, testified that, before the fire occurred, he had an

opportunity to observe the contents of the container that [the injured Jake’s employees]

worked in on the day of the fire. It is reasonable to infer that he saw the damaged

fireworks, debris, and vegetation before the fire and possessed actual knowledge of the

hazardous circumstances. . . . This testimony [inter alia] showed Jake’s knew or should

have known the Old Facility [where the fire occurred] was not safe.”).

       F & H claims that the hazard was not obvious, and, in fact, that the direct cause of

this “freakish and unforeseeable accident” remains unexplained. Pet.’s Opening Br. at

10, 13. As the ALJ recognized, however, “[w]hile no definitive answer was given as to

how the vessel came off the racks, [the DOL] does not have to prove the cause of a

particular accident in order to establish that a condition violated the [OSH] Act.” Pet.’s

App. at 1008. “The relevant inquiry is not the proximate cause of [a] particular accident

but the risk of accident or injury as a result of the alleged violations and the seriousness of

the potential injuries.” Dye Constr. 

. “[W]hether the vessel rolled,

slipped, or slid off the racks” is irrelevant, because the DOL is required to show only that


                                              22
the condition “contributes to an increased risk” of injury or death. Pet.’s App. at 1008

(quoting Baroid Div. of NL Indus., 

); cf. Jake’s Fireworks 

(to establish a violation of a specific regulation, “the Secretary . . . must

show only that the employer was aware that ‘the physical conditions that constitute a

violation’ existed” (quoting Boh Bros. Constr. Co., 24 BNA OSHC 1067, 

, at *8 (No. 09-1072, 2013))).

       F & H argues, further, that it did not in fact recognize the hazard, citing Mr.

Patrick’s conclusion, after his inspection, that the pressure vessel was correctly placed,

and testimony by Boardman employees that they noticed no indication that the pressure

vessel would fall. While F & H’s arguments convey that it provided evidence conflicting

with the DOL’s evidentiary narrative, “[w]e do not sit as a super trial examiner [on

review of the Commission’s decision], and do not weigh the credibility of one witness

against another, nor do we search for contradictory inferences.” 

(quoting Ready Mixed Concrete 

); accord Jake’s Fireworks 

. The ALJ’s factual finding that F & H recognized the obvious hazard

created by placing the vessel on the pipe racks is supported by substantial evidence, and

is, therefore, conclusive. See Baroid Div. of NL Indus., 

.

                                               2

       The ALJ further found that the hazard was likely to cause death or serious physical

harm, relying upon the facts of this case and Mr. Losey’s death, as well as the weight of


                                              23
the vessel and the “rounded, elevated” character of the pipe-rack crossbeam. Pet.’s App.

at 1014. In Dye Construction Co., we approved similar reliance upon the facts of the

accident giving rise to the citation as evidence of the seriousness of the 

(“[T]he employee’s injuries attest to the seriousness of the potential harm.”). The

fact of Mr. Losey’s death combined with the physical characteristics of the vessel provide

substantial evidence supporting the factual finding of the ALJ that placement of the vessel

on the pipe racks was likely to result in death or serious injury.

                                              3

       The Commission also bears the burden of proving the “availability of feasible

measures that would have significantly reduced the likelihood of the accident.” Marshall

v. Cities Serv. Oil Co., 

, 133 (10th Cir. 1978) (Holloway, J., dissenting);

accord Safeway, 

. “‘[F]easible’ for purposes of [the OSH Act]

means economically and technologically capable of being done.” Baroid Div. of NL

Indus., 

(citing Am. Textile Mfrs. Inst., Inc. v. Donovan, 

, 509 (1981)).

       The ALJ concluded that a feasible and effective means existed to materially reduce

the hazard. The ALJ found that using rollers to support the vessel, as Boardman had done

during fabrication, would be one feasible means of abating the hazard. In this regard, the

ALJ heard testimony from Mr. Emmett, F & H’s Safety Director, and others from which

it could reasonably find that F & H and other contractors had successfully used rollers to


                                              24
secure large pressure vessels when working on site at Boardman. The ALJ discounted

Mr. Patrick’s testimony that the rollers sat too close to the ground for painting, and

credited testimony of Boardman’s employee, Max McMillan, that the vessel had been

manufactured “almost entirely” while supported by rollers, including while the angled

legs were welded into place. Pet.’s App. at 1016–17. Mr. McMillan, who was involved

in the entirety of the fabrication process, testified that the rollers could support the vessel

when they were positioned “in front of the legs,” and Keith Farish, another Boardman

employee, testified that the vessel could be partly rotated with the legs attached. 

394–95, 400–01.

       The ALJ recognized that “rotating the vessel bec[ame] more difficult with each

additional valve, but . . . the crane could be used to assist in the rotation.” 

The vessel would need to be repositioned to complete touch-up painting, regardless of

whether rollers or pipe racks were used. While use of rollers might require more frequent

repositioning than use of pipe racks, the ALJ found that “just because an additional step

or two is required does not mean that a particular course of action is infeasible.” 

weighed conflicting testimony and found that the rollers presented a

feasible means of abating the hazard. “[C]redibility determinations are particularly the

province of the ALJ. . . . We refuse to substitute our judgment on the credibility of

witnesses for that of the ALJ, absent extraordinary circumstances.” 

(omission in original) (quoting Ready Mixed Concrete 

).


                                              25
       Furthermore, the ALJ relied on Mr. Hope’s testimony that F & H “could have

implemented any number of alternatives for supporting the vessel while sandblasting and

coating,” including rollers and I-beams. Pet.’s App. at 1018. In particular, as to the

latter, “[Mr.] Hope testified that another employer used a rack constructed out of I-beams,

similar to those available at Boardman.” 

noted safety features of I-beam

supports “designed to prevent both movement of the vessel/tank and to prevent movement

of the racks themselves,” including “vertical members [welded] to the ends of the

crossbeam” and “round, steel discs, which were attached to the bottom of the stands to

stabilize the racks.” 

We have already held that the ALJ did not abuse his

discretion by admitting this testimony by Mr. Hope; we now find that this testimony,

combined with the other evidence in the record, provides substantial evidence to support

the ALJ’s conclusion that alternate—and safer—means of supporting the vessel were

available.

                                             V

       Based on the foregoing, we conclude that the judgment of the Commission is

supported by substantial evidence. F & H’s petition for review is DENIED and the order

of the Commission is AFFIRMED.




                                            26
APPENDIX




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