This litigation between Felton D. Duncan, appellant-plaintiff, and the First National Bank of Cartersville and the United States of America, appellees-defendants, involves certain transfers of property between Duncan and Lamar B. Hill, which appellees argue were fraudulent transfers and therefore void. Duncan argues that he was entitled to a jury trial and that the district court erred in finding that the conveyances were fraudulent. Finding no merit to his argument, we affirm.

From January 1969 to February 1972, Lamar Hill was president of the First National Bank of Georgia during which time he embezzled approximately $4,700,000 from the bank. On June 2, 1972, assessments for unpaid federal income taxes were made against Hill for over $3,000,000 of which $3,621,511.04 remains outstanding. On June 6, 1972 and June 21, 1972, notices of tax liens were recorded in the Office of the Clerk of the Superior Court, Bartow County, Georgia. Notice of the levy was served upon Felton D. Duncan on June 8, 1972, demanding that he pay over all property and money of Lamar B. Hill in his possession to apply towards satisfaction of Hill's tax liabilities.

On June 30, 1975, in First National Bank of Cartersville v. Hill, Civil No. 2422 (N.D.Ga.) a judgment was entered in favor of the United States against Hill for the unpaid assessment in the amount of $4,052,842.60 plus interest from the day of judgment. On the same day, judgment was entered for the First National Bank of Cartersville for $4,601,546.33 for the embezzled funds.

The parties stipulated that around 1972 Hill transferred to Duncan 157 shares of First National Bank of Cartersville common stock owned by Hill. It was further stipulated that Hill was either insolvent at the time of the transfer or was rendered insolvent by the transfer. The dates of the transfers were left blank on the stock certificates as were the other spaces provided on the reverse side of the stock certificates.

At various times during 1972 Hill transferred to Duncan shares of stock and interests in real property. The district court found that at the time of these transfers Hill was insolvent or thereby rendered insolvent and that the United States was a creditor of Hill at the time of the transfers.

On June 1, 1969, a demand note for $30,000 was given Duncan by Lamar Hill for the purchase of a one-third interest in Duncan Credit, Inc. $3,000 was paid on the principal on April 30, 1970, and $2,000 was paid on the principal on December 30, 1971.

Three more demand notes in varying amounts were given to Duncan by Lamar Hill. A note for $74,115.77 is dated June 29, 1970. A note for $40,000 is dated March 5, 1970. Finally, a note for $47,500 is dated October 1, 1971. None of the four demand notes given Duncan by Hill was witnessed.

A final note payable in six months for $2,000 is dated May 10, 1972. This note, like the demand notes, was not witnessed. According to Duncan, this note represented part of the purchase price of the one-third interest in Duncan Credit, Inc.

Duncan's testimony indicated that the various stock transfers were collateral to secure indebtedness by Hill evidenced by the promissory notes; he testified that he made loans to Hill and never recorded the transactions but rather kept a running tab in his head until a figure built up to a certain amount, at which time he would then ask Hill for a note. These loans were never made by check but rather were made in cash.

Hill stated in his affidavit that he was indebted to Duncan as to a fluctuating margin account with Bache & Co. in Atlanta, Georgia, and that some of the transfers made were related to this indebtedness. Lamar Hill alleged that the account was jointly owned by Hill and Duncan. Schedule D of the 1969, 1970, and 1971 United States income tax returns of Felton Duncan and his wife show that Duncan reported the entire gains and losses of transactions in the Bache & Co. account GE-00263. The district court found that it was most unlikely that if the margin account were actually jointly owned, Duncan would have been willing to absorb the entire responsibility for the taxes on the transactions involved.

Duncan testified that he and Lamar Hill were "closer than brothers." The district court acknowledged that when dealing with close personal friends or relatives, one is unlikely to require the same formalities one would require in an ordinary business transaction. Duncan further testified that he wouldn't "even loan my brother any (money) without a note." The district court was unable to accept the fact that Duncan would have allowed Hill to borrow thousands of dollars with no record of the transaction other than the running tab Duncan kept in his head.

The financial statement prepared by Felton Duncan stating his financial condition as of December 31, 1972, gave no indication that substantial sums were owed him by Hill or that he was holding stock as collateral.

In September, 1972 Duncan brought a suit in the Superior Court of Bartow County, Georgia to quiet title to the properties conveyed to him by Hill. Duncan named the First National Bank of Cartersville and the United States of America as defendants. The United States and the First National Bank petitioned for removal to the federal district court in October, 1972. On March 25, 1975, the government filed an amended answer and a counterclaim seeking to set aside the conveyances by Hill to Duncan as fraudulent and seeking the foreclosure to the government's tax liens. The First National Bank also counterclaimed for the assets and proceeds involved in the litigation.

In April, 1975, Duncan requested a jury trial in the federal district court relying on Fed.R.Civ.P. 38, 39 and 81(c) and relying also on Ga.Code Title 81A §§ 138, 139 and 140 arguing that although he had not previously requested a jury trial in either the state or federal court, the above cited rules gave him the right, upon removal of the action, to a jury trial. The district judge tried the case without a jury. The district court found that the conveyances were fraudulent transfers under Ga.Code Title 28 § 201. The federal district court did not recognize any debt owed by Hill to Duncan except a $25,000 balance remaining on the sale of a one-third interest in Duncan Credit, Inc. This appeal followed.

Although Duncan did not request a jury trial at the state level before the trial was removed to federal district court, he argues that he was entitled to a jury trial under Fed.R.Civ.P. 81(c). This Rule states in part that if at the time of removal all necessary pleadings have been served, a party entitled to trial by jury under Rule 38 shall be accorded it, if his demand is served within ten days after service on him of the notice of the filing of petition. Particularly, Rule 81(c) states in relevant part:

A party who, prior to removal, has made an express demand for trial by jury in accordance with state law, need not make a demand after removal. If state law applicable in the court from which the case is removed does not require the parties to make express demands in order to claim trial by jury, they need not make demands after removal unless the court directs that they do so within a specified time if they desire to claim trial by jury. The court may make this direction on its own motion and shall do so as a matter of course at the request of any party. The failure of a party to make demand as directed constitutes a waiver by him of trial by jury.

Appellant argues that Georgia law entitled him to a trial by jury without demand.1 The provisions of Georgia's code cited by appellant cannot be interpreted to mean that a person has a right to a trial by jury in all cases. It is clear that under Georgia law there is no constitutional right to a trial by jury in equity cases. Williams v. Overstreet, 230 Ga. 112, 114, 195 S.E.2d 906, 909 (1973). The provision in the Georgia Constitution stating that a trial by jury shall remain inviolate simply means that this right will not be taken away in cases where it existed when the instrument was adopted in 1798 and not that there must be a trial by jury in every case. 195 S.E.2d at 909. Since there is no constitutional right to a trial by jury in equitable proceedings, such a right can exist only in instances where it is conferred by statute.

Under Ga.Code Title 37, § 1416 a party may be entitled to a trial by jury in a quiet title suit Upon the party's demand or upon request of a master.2 However, even assuming that appellant's suit fell under § 1416, it is clear that appellant did not make such a demand at the state level. Rather, appellant would have us believe that a right to a jury trial in his case existed without demand under Title 81A § 138. Such an interpretation of § 138 is too strained. Even though Duncan's complaint filed in the state court specifically states that Duncan sought to quiet title, appellant now contends that he was not really seeking to quiet title and that such a suit was improper.3 If a suit to quiet title was indeed improper and if no jurisdiction existed in the state court, the federal court, nevertheless, had jurisdiction of the government's counterclaim for equitable relief.4 In our recent En banc decision of United States v. McMahan, 569 F.2d 889 (5th Cir. 1978) we stated that when a suit involves the issue of a person's liability for taxes and penalties imposed by the Internal Revenue Service, that person is entitled to a trial by jury even though there may be other issues in the case which are of an equitable nature. But McMahan involved a situation where both the legal issue of tax liability and penalties, and equitable claims were asserted. The clear implication of the language in McMahan, however, is that if a case involves Only equitable issues, a trial by jury is not guaranteed by the Seventh Amendment of the Constitution. In Dairy Queen v. Wood, 369 U.S. 469, 82 S. Ct. 894, 8 L. Ed. 2d 44 (1962) the Supreme Court quoted with approval this Court's opinion in Thermo-Stitch, Inc. v. Chemi-Cord Processing Corp., 294 F.2d 486 (5th Cir. 1961):

"It is therefore immaterial that the case at bar contains a stronger basis for equitable relief than was present in Beacon Theatres (Beacon Theatres v. Westover, 359 U.S. 500, 79 S. Ct. 948, 3 L. Ed. 2d 988). It would make no difference if the equitable cause clearly outweighed the legal cause so that the basic issue of the case taken as a whole is equitable. As long as any legal cause is involved the jury rights it creates control. This is the teaching of Beacon Theatres, as we construe it."

369 U.S. at 473 n.8, 82 S. Ct. at 897, Quoting 294 F.2d at 491 (emphasis added).

Duncan may have had a right to a jury trial for his quiet title suit at the state level if he requested it. See Ga.Code Title 37 § 1416. However, since such a request was not made, Fed.R.Civ.P. 81(c) does not give appellant the right to a jury trial. Under Rule 81(c), appellant was required to file a demand for jury trial within ten days after the petition for removal was filed because under state law a demand was required and had not been made prior to removal. Furthermore, if the quiet title suit was improperly brought and the state court had no jurisdiction, it is clear that the federal district court had jurisdiction of the government's counterclaim to set aside the fraudulent conveyance and foreclose the government's tax liens. The government's counterclaim is also equitable in nature and Duncan was therefore not entitled to a trial by jury. We are convinced that whether or not the quiet title suit was proper, the federal district court had jurisdiction and, in any event, appellant was not entitled to a jury trial under Fed.R.Civ.P. 81(c) or under McMahan.

Appellant argues that there was insufficient evidence from which the federal district court could have concluded that the conveyances from Hill to Duncan were fraudulent. Georgia law provides creditors with the right to set aside fraudulent transfers. See Ga.Code Title 28 § 201(2) and (3).5 There are certain "badges of fraud" which indicate that transfers were fraudulent. See United States v. Hickox, 356 F.2d 969 (5th Cir. 1966). The federal district court in the case before us found that these badges of fraud included the fact that the tax liability had occurred at the time of the transfers; that the parties to the transfers were, according to Duncan's testimony, "closer than brothers"; and that the transferor was insolvent at the time of the transfers. There was also strong indicia of fraud since appellant knew by February or March of 1972 that the transferor had embezzled funds from the First National Bank and that on June 8, 1972 notice of the federal tax lien was served on Duncan. All of the transfers of assets were made either around the time Duncan learned of the embezzlement or sometime thereafter. One stock transfer was made on or after the date that notice of the federal tax lien was served on Duncan. "The evidence before the district court was sufficient to make out a strong prima facie case of fraud, and the burden of showing good faith was shifted to the parties to such conveyances." 356 F.2d at 974 Citing 37 C.J.S. Fraudulent Conveyances § 382, p. 1211. The federal district court found that despite the close relationship between the transferor and Duncan, the failure to keep adequate records of the loans was not explained to the satisfaction of the court. Furthermore, the various notes supposedly documenting these loans were not witnessed and the district court found the notes were of dubious value in proving the existence of prior indebtedness by Duncan.

There was ample evidence from which the district court could have concluded that the transfers to Duncan were fraudulent under Ga.Code 28 § 201(2) and (3).

For the above mentioned reasons, the judgment of the federal district court is AFFIRMED.