This appeal raises the question of what is constitutionally adequate notice to a prisoner of civil proceedings to forfeit assets related to federal drug crimes. The story begins with the indictment, on December 11, 1990, of Darryl Whiting for a series of drug-related offenses. Less than a year later, on July 24, 1991, Whiting was convicted of cocaine distribution, 21 U.S.C. 841(a)(1) (1994), conducting a continuing criminal enterprise, id. 848, and money laundering, 18 U.S.C. 1956(a)(1) (1994). This court affirmed Whiting's conviction and sentence on appeal. United States v. Whiting, 28 F.3d 1296, 1312 (1st Cir. 1994).1

On December 12, 1990, the day after Whiting's indictment, the United States filed a civil complaint for forfeiture in rem of a piece of real property--the so-called Crown Social and Recreation Hall--that Whiting (and two others) owned at 48 Geneva Avenue in Roxbury, Massachusetts. Federal law authorizes forfeiture of real property that is used or intended to be used to commit or facilitate the commission of drug offenses. 21 U.S.C. 881(a)(7) (1994).

The district court directed that notice of the forfeiture proceeding be published in a local newspaper and that the complaint and related papers be served upon Whiting by certified mail at his home address and at the Deer Island House of Correction, a Massachusetts state facility where Whiting was then being held. Notice was published in The Boston Globe three times within the next thirty days. The government mailed notices as directed, but the certified mailing to Whiting's home was returned unopened; the government now concedes that the Deer Island mailing was also sent but not delivered, and eventually returned by the Marshals Service.

Whiting having failed to object to the forfeiture, the government on March 28, 1991, moved for entry of default as to the 48 Geneva Avenue property. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 55(a). Notice of the default was sent shortly thereafter to Whiting by certified mail at the Plymouth County House of Correction to which Whiting had been transferred from Deer Island on December 21, 1990. A copy of the government's default motion was also sent to Whiting's counsel in his criminal case.

At Whiting's arraignment in the criminal case on April 24, 1991, multiple references to the civil forfeiture action were made in Whiting's presence by the court, the government, and Whiting's own counsel. At the request of Whiting's attorney, the government re-sent the original complaint and related papers by certified mail to the Plymouth County House of Correction. Although the government received a return receipt card postmarked May 9, 1991, signed by a prison official, Whiting denies ever having received the mailing and, while he admits he knew of the government's earlier motion for default and discussed it with his attorney, he says he thought that the default would be withdrawn until he had been served with a complaint and related papers.

Since Whiting took no action to challenge the default, a default judgment and order of forfeiture were entered against the property on July 8, 1991, during the course of Whiting's criminal trial. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 55(b). Many months later, on April 20, 1992, Whiting wrote to the U.S. Attorney who had handled the civil forfeiture proceeding, claiming to have seen a newspaper notice that the property was shortly to be auctioned. Whiting said that he had been "waiting for a date or notice from the court" to challenge the forfeiture and referred to a lawyer whom he had hired on the matter. Neither Whiting nor his lawyer took any further action, and the United States conveyed the property to purchasing mortgagees on October 14, 1992.

A second forfeiture proceeding is also at issue on this appeal. It concerns two gold and diamond rings allegedly belonging to Whiting that the Drug Enforcement Administration ("DEA") seized from Whiting's then-fiancee, Deirdre McGraw, on March 22, 1991. By statute, valuables obtained in exchange for, or traceable to, drug transactions are subject to forfeiture. 21 U.S.C. 881(a)(6) (1994). Because the value of the rings was thought to be $500,000 or less, DEA sought to forfeit the rings by administrative proceedings rather than through court process. 21 U.S.C. 881(d) (1994); 19 U.S.C. 1607(a), 1608, 1609 (1994); 21 C.F.R. 1316.75, 1316.77 (2000).

On June 3, 1991, DEA sent notice of both the seizure and proposed administrative forfeiture of the rings to Whiting by certified mail at his home address and at the Plymouth County House of Correction. The DEA separately mailed notice to McGraw. The notices sent to the separate home addresses of Whiting and McGraw were returned unopened, but DEA received a certified mail receipt card postmarked June 11, 1991, signed by the "mail officer" at the Plymouth County House of Correction. Following the certified mailings, DEA also published notice of the proposed forfeiture in USA Today on three occasions in June 1991. See 19 U.S.C. 1607(a) (1994); 21 C.F.R. 1316.75 (2000).

An affidavit later supplied by the mail officer who signed for Whiting's certified mailing said that, under the officer's routine procedure, receipt of that mailing should have produced an acknowledgment form signed by Whiting, which should then have been kept in the jail's records. However, the officer did not recollect the particular delivery to Whiting, nor could prison officials later find the form that would normally be signed by the inmate. The affiant added that the prison official who searched for the form speculated that "the form may have been lost or misplaced" when the Plymouth County House of Correction was relocated around June 1994.

The notice prescribed a July 2, 1991, deadline for contesting the administrative forfeiture, and also allowed thirty days from receipt of the notice to request remission or mitigation. When both deadlines had apparently expired without any objection, DEA, on July 22, 1991, declared the rings forfeited to the United States. See 19 U.S.C. 1609 (1994); 21 C.F.R. 1316.77 (2000). Nearly a year later, on June 9, 1992, Whiting wrote to the U.S. Attorney's Office in Boston, asking about the forfeiture status of the rings. In response, he was advised to make inquiry of a named DEA agent, but Whiting then waited three years until November 1995 to write to the agent asking for return of the rings. In the meantime, on November 25, 1992, the rings had been sold by the United States for $4,000.

This brings us to the proceedings in the district court that led directly to this appeal. On March 6, 1996, Whiting filed in the district court a pro se motion for return of property. See Fed. R. Crim. P. 41(e). The clerk's office in the district court apparently filed the motion as part of Whiting's then-pending habeas action, Whiting v. United States, Civ. A. No. 95-11885-REK, which the district court dismissed on October 24, 1996. When this court affirmed the denial of Whiting's habeas petition, it remanded the matter to the district court to consider Whiting's motion for return of property. Whiting v. United States, 215 F.3d 1313, 1998 WL 1281294, at *2 (1st Cir. 1998) (per curiam) (unpublished table decision).

Although the motion for return of property was originally addressed to the rings, Whiting moved after our remand to include in his demand the return of the 48 Geneva Avenue property, as well as listed personal property which he alleged to have been located at that premises (the government denies ever having seized such property). Whiting v. United States, 29 F. Supp. 2d 25, 27-28 (D. Mass. 1998). On November 30, 1998, the district court allowed the motion to amend the complaint but denied the motion for return of property as amended. Id. at 27, 31-32.

In its decision, the district court denied Whiting's motion for an evidentiary hearing on the matter, because there was no adequate proffer of specific, material evidence or other reason to believe that anything material would be adduced. Whiting, 29 F. Supp. 2d at 27-28. Then, in an orderly fashion, the court found that Whiting was precluded from attacking the forfeiture of the rings because he had had sufficient notice of the forfeiture and, independently, because his claim to the rings was barred by laches. Id. at 30-31. As to the 48 Geneva Avenue property, the court found that adequate notice had been given and, independently, that Whiting had had "notice in fact" of the forfeiture proceeding. Id. at 31-32.

Whiting now appeals from the district court's judgment, and we affirm. The basis for our decision is that Whiting received constitutionally adequate notice of both forfeitures because notice was given by certified mail properly addressed to him at the prison in which he was actually being held, and the forfeitures therefore rested upon valid judicial or administrative rulings. We reach and decide this constitutional issue only because the alternative grounds (actual notice and laches) given by the district court do not themselves suffice to decide the entire case. To explain why this is so, we begin with the alternative grounds adopted by the district court.

With respect to the 48 Geneva Avenue property, the district court held that--even if Whiting did not receive the mailed notice--it was legally sufficient that he had "notice in fact" of the forfeiture proceeding from other sources, Whiting, 29 F. Supp. 2d at 31-32. Cf. United States v. Approximately 2,538.85 Shares of Stock, 988 F.2d 1281, 1285 (1st Cir. 1993). The civil forfeiture was discussed in detail in Whiting's presence at his April 24, 1991, arraignment in the criminal case, see Whiting, 29 F. Supp. 2d at 31-32, and, as the district court might also have noted, Whiting has admitted that he and his attorney did receive notice of the government's March 28, 1991, motion for default judgment.

Whiting's response, that such informal notice was neither timely nor detailed enough to provide effective notice, is unpersuasive. Whiting had ample time after the April 24, 1991, hearing to contest the forfeiture before the entry of the default judgment on July 8, 1991; he could also have filed a motion to set aside the default judgment and vacate the order of forfeiture, Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(b), before the property was conveyed on October 14, 1992. If detail was lacking at the hearing, it was provided by Whiting's receipt of the motion for default judgment.

Arguing that post-default notice in fact is not enough, amicus curiae quotes Mullane v. Central Hanover Bank & Trust Co., 339 U.S. 306 (1950), for the proposition that a party must be able to "choose for himself whether to appear or default, acquiesce or contest," id. at 314 (emphasis added by amicus curiae). Yes, this is the Supreme Court's language, but the gist of Mullane is that due process is about notice sufficient to ensure a meaningful opportunity to be heard. Since Whiting had not received actual notice prior to entry of default, the district court would surely have given a motion to vacate the default as much consideration as a timely-filed answer to the original complaint. Thus, the district court's alternative ground would alone support the forfeiture of the Geneva Avenue property.

With the rings the district court's alternative ground (laches) is weaker. One might ask why laches is even a possible bar since there is a six-year statute of limitations, 28 U.S.C. 2401(a) (1994), which is arguably applicable, Boero v. DEA, 111 F.3d 301, 305 n.5 (2d Cir. 1997), and Whiting's motion for return of property was brought within six years of the seizure of the rings.2 But there is some precedent for the view that in dealing with motions to return property, equitable considerations are at play and a request to recover wrongly-seized property may be barred by laches even where a statute of limitations exists and has been satisfied.3

Assuming arguendo that a laches defense is permissible, it required a showing both of unreasonable delay by Whiting and prejudice to the government. Murphy v. Timberlane Reg'l Sch. Dist., 22 F.3d 1186, 1189 (1st Cir.), cert. denied, 513 U.S. 987 (1994). The district court held that it was unreasonable for Whiting to wait over three years after he had actual notice that a forfeiture proceeding was imminent before moving for return of the rings and that prejudice to the government was shown by the fact that records that might have shown his actual receipt of the certified mail notice at the Plymouth County House of Correction were no longer available. Whiting, 29 F. Supp. 2d at 31.

Whiting's explanation for his three-year delay is unconvincing, Whiting, 29 F. Supp. 2d at 31, but we are not persuaded that the government, which has the burden of proof on both elements, Ansin v. River Oaks Furniture, Inc., 105 F.3d 745, 757 (1st Cir.), cert. denied, 522 U.S. 818 (1997), has yet proved prejudice from the delay. Admittedly, the affidavit of the mail officer said that another prison official had searched for the form in question and had surmised that it had been lost when the jail was relocated in June 1994. But we think that, to prove prejudice, the government would have to show that its prisoner signatures cards were normally retained for at least five years and that the critical files were likely lost in the move.

Of course, on remand the government might still be able to give a firmer foundation to its claim of prejudice. Yet there are limits to how far courts need to strain to avoid facing a constitutional question, cf. Lowe v. SEC, 472 U.S. 181, 212 (1985) (White, J., concurring), and for us to remand for further proceedings, which might or might not moot the constitutional question, seems neither compulsory nor prudent. Since the question is a recurring one, we therefore turn to the constitutional issue: whether certified mail notice, sent to the prisoner at the proper address, affords due process in a civil forfeiture case.

Due process requires the government to afford an owner "notice and an opportunity to be heard" before civilly forfeiting his property, United States v. James Daniel Good Real Prop., 510 U.S. 43, 46 (1993), but actual receipt of notice by the defendant is not automatically required. Mullane v. Central Hanover Bank & Trust Co., 339 U.S. 306, 314 (1950). Rather, Mullane said that due process requires the provision of "notice reasonably calculated, under all the circumstances, to apprise interested parties of the pendency of the action and afford them an opportunity to present their objections." Id. "Reasonably calculated" means likelihood, not certainty.4

If the Supreme Court's language is taken literally, then the Mullane test is satisfied here. The government sent a certified letter to Whiting at the prison facility in which Whiting was actually being held. The mail is a well-recognized means of communicating important information, see, e.g., Mennonite Bd. of Missions v. Adams, 462 U.S. 791, 799-800 (1983), and certified mail has further safeguards (i.e., signature of recipient upon delivery and return of the signed receipt card). Absent proof to the contrary, it is a fair assumption that properly addressed certified letters to prisoners are ordinarily delivered.

If the question were solely one of best practices, the right answer would likely be for the government to furnish evidence of actual delivery to an inmate. Even though certified mail is presumptively well calculated to supply notice, proof of actual delivery would give better assurance and is arguably quite feasible. Cf. Mennonite Bd. of Missions, 462 U.S. at 799-800. Where the claimant is being held in a federal facility, the federal government has control of the prisoner. And, where as here, the inmate is being held in a state facility by arrangement with federal authorities, the latter can presumably stipulate that forfeiture notices are to be delivered to the inmate and a signature secured from the inmate or the delivering guard attesting to delivery.

However, there is daylight between desirable policy and the bare minimum required by the Constitution. Mullane's "reasonably calculated" standard, with its emphasis on reliability rather than certainty, has been consistently reaffirmed by the court.5 The only arguable exception--Covey v. Town of Somers, 351 U.S. 141, 146-47 (1956), in which the Supreme Court found that mailed notice to a known "unprotected incompetent" was insufficient--involved a clearly distinguishable situation. And, if it is somewhat mechanical, the Mullane formula is also easy to apply. In all events, it is for the Supreme Court to alter or depart from longstanding precedent. State Oil Co. v. Khan, 522 U.S. 3, 20 (1997).

Among circuits that have considered the issue, a clear plurality--the Sixth, Seventh, Ninth, and Tenth Circuits--hold that certified mail to a prisoner is presumptively sufficient.6 Respected judges in other circuits have taken a different view, but these circuits themselves have not coalesced around a single alternative. The Second Circuit has held that prisoner receipt of notice is required, if a federal criminal case is pending against a federal inmate; the Third Circuit says mailing is adequate if the government offers proof that prison internal-delivery procedures are adequate; and the Eighth Circuit seemingly goes furthest to adopt Whiting's position.7

Needless to say, the government must show, if the issue is contested, that the notice was mailed to the prison in which the claimant was in fact being held. See Giraldo, 45 F.3d at 511; Krecioch, 221 F.3d at 980; cf. Robinson, 409 U.S. at 40; Sarit v. DEA, 987 F.2d 10, 14-15 (1st Cir.), cert. denied, 510 U.S. 888 (1993). Similarly, if the government knew that mail delivery in a particular prison was unreliable but sent the notice by this means without any other precaution, mail delivery would not satisfy due process. Here, there are no allegations of this kind nor of any other special circumstance that might warrant a departure from Mullane's general rule.

It is well to be realistic about the situation: given the incentives, inmate denials that mailed notice was actually received are doubtless much more common than misdelivery, and knowledge is probably widespread among defendants in drug cases that the government does look to harvest assets from drug dealers incident to criminal cases. Still, it would be more comforting to see the government turn square corners and secure notice of actual receipt. At oral argument, we were encouraged to think that the government may be moving in this direction.

Affirmed.