F I L E D
                                                                   United States Court of Appeals
                                                                           Tenth Circuit

                                                                           AUG 4 2003
                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                                   TENTH CIRCUIT                      PATRICK FISHER
                                                                                  Clerk


 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

          Plaintiff - Appellee,

 v.                                                 No. 01-4132 & 01-4186
                                                            (Utah)
 JUAN ARNULFO-SANCHEZ,                            (D. Ct. No. 2:99-CR-641-J)

          Defendant - Appellant.


                             ORDER AND JUDGMENT *


Before HARTZ, McKAY and O’BRIEN, Circuit Judges.


O’BRIEN, Circuit Judge.



      Juan Arnulfo-Sanchez, along with a codefendant, Robert Escamilla, was

convicted by a jury in a joint trial of one count of possession of a controlled

substance with intent to distribute in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1). He

challenges his conviction on three grounds: 1) his Fourth Amendment rights were


      *
        This order and judgment is not binding precedent except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata and collateral estoppel. The court
generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order
and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
violated by an unlawful detention and an involuntary consent to search; 2) he was

prejudiced by prosecutorial misconduct; and 3) the evidence was insufficient to

prove he had constructive possession of the controlled substance. Exercising

jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we affirm.

                                 S TATEMENT OF F ACTS

      On November 3, 1999, Mr. Sanchez was driving on I-70 with Mr. Escamilla

in the passenger seat. A highway patrol trooper stopped the vehicle for two traffic

offenses. (ROA, Vol. IV at 4). Upon request from the trooper, Mr. Sanchez

produced a valid driver’s license, and Mr. Escamilla provided a California vehicle

registration showing David Guarcia to be the owner. (ROA, Vol. IV at 5-6).

When asked about their travel plans, Mr. Sanchez told the trooper they were en

route to Indiana to attend a family reunion, but could not say exactly where the

reunion was being held. (ROA, Vol. IV at 7; 41). Mr. Escamilla added that they

were to call a family member to confirm where they were headed once they

neared Indiana. (ROA, Vol. IV at 7). During this initial encounter, the trooper

detected an odor he believed to be indicative of methamphetamine. (ROA, Vol. IV

at 5,27,43). The trooper obtained written consent to search the vehicle from both

passengers. (ROA, Vol. IV at 8, 54). Following his nose, the trooper traced the

scent to the passenger compartment, then to the trunk, and finally to the back seat.

The trooper removed the seat, which revealed a hidden compartment under the


                                        -2-
floorboard where approximately twenty pounds of methamphetamine was

discovered wrapped in duct taped packages. 2 (ROA, Vol. IV at 8-10). After

arresting both Mr. Escamilla and Mr. Sanchez, the trooper conducted a thorough

search of the trunk and its contents. In the trunk, the trooper found a gas can, a

bag of dog food, and two bags of clothing. (ROA, Vol. V at 8). One of the

clothing bags carried a tag bearing Mr. Sanchez’s name, and inside that bag was a

day planner. (ROA, Vol. V at 8). A search of the passenger compartment

revealed another day planner with an airline ticket stub issued in Mr. Escamilla’s

name. (ROA, Vol. V at 9, 13). Both passengers’ wallets were seized. (ROA, Vol.

V at 10, 13). Mr. Escamilla was carrying $1,872 in cash along with a small

quantity of cocaine. (ROA, Vol IV at 11, 61). Mr. Sanchez was carrying $991 in

cash. (ROA, Vol. IV at 11).

                                I. F OURTH A MENDMENT

      Mr. Sanchez challenges the district court’s denial of his motion to suppress

the methamphetamine found hidden in the compartment under the rear floorboard,

as well as the day planner and its contents, which were found in the trunk. His

appeal presents two issues: 1) whether the officer had objectively reasonable and

articulable suspicion to justify further detention beyond the scope of the traffic


      2
        To access the compartment, the trooper testified he removed the rear seat.
Under the seat was an elaborately controlled access panel that opened the hidden
compartment. (ROA, Vol. IV, 8-9).

                                         -3-
stop; and 2) whether the consent to search the vehicle was voluntary.

      We will uphold the district court’s denial of the motion to suppress unless

clearly erroneous. United States v. Gonzalez-Lerma, 

, 1483 (10th

Cir. 1994), cert. denied 

(1944) (citations omitted). But, the

ultimate determination of reasonableness under the Fourth Amendment is a

question of law, which we review de novo. 

routine traffic stop, an officer may request a driver's license and

vehicle registration, ask about travel plans and vehicle ownership, and may run a

computer check before issuing a citation. United States v. Williams, 

, 1267-68 (10th Cir. 2001), cert. denied 

(2002); United States

v. Zubia-Melendez, 

, 1161 (10th Cir. 2001). Once the driver has

produced a valid license and proof that he is entitled to operate the car, further

detention and questioning beyond that related to the initial stop is permissible

“only if there exists an objectively reasonable and articulable suspicion that

criminal activity has occurred or is occurring.” 

;

(internal quotations and citations omitted).

      Mr. Sanchez does not contend the initial traffic stop was improper. Instead,

he claims his constitutional rights were violated because the trooper fabricated his

justification for the subsequent detention and further questioning. Mr. Sanchez

challenges the trooper’s testimony that an odor of raw methamphetamine was


                                          -4-
detectable during the initial encounter. 3 As a result, we must determine whether

reasonable suspicion existed to support the detention of Mr. Sanchez beyond the

time required for the initial stop.

      Considering all the evidence, the district court believed the trooper’s

testimony that he detected an odor, which his training and experience indicated

was the scent of raw methamphetamine. The trooper testified the odor was

“distinct,” and he recognized the scent when he first approached the vehicle.

(ROA, Vol. IV at 5). Even though the odor testimony alone, if credible, could

satisfy the threshold test and justify further detention and questioning, the district

court also credited the testimony about inconsistent travel plans given by the two

defendants, as well as the dubious registration of the vehicle to a person they

could not readily identify. 4 Nothing suggests the district court’s finding of

reasonable and articulable suspicion was erroneous, so we turn to the question of


      3
         He discredits the trooper’s testimony that the odor of methamphetamine
was readily detectible by pointing out that a trained canine, released at the scene
sometime after the arrest and search, but before the drugs were removed from the
compartment, did not alert immediately to the presence of drugs. (ROA, Vol. V,
179-83). Instead, the canine alerted only when led to the back seat of the vehicle.
(Id. at 183). Mr. Sanchez’s argument, while plausible, did not persuade the trial
judge or the jury; perhaps because by the time the canine approached the vehicle,
the doors were open and the back seat removed, allowing the inference that the
odor was no longer concentrated inside the vehicle. (Id. at 180, ln. 17).
      4
         After handing the registration to the trooper, the Defendants were only
able to identify the registered owner as “David.” Neither could recall his last
name. (Vol. IV at 39, ln. 22).

                                          -5-
probable cause to search. 5

      “An officer has probable cause to search a car if, under totality of

circumstances, there is a fair probability the car contains contraband or evidence.”

United States v. Parker, 

, 1450 (10th Cir. 1995) (internal quotations

omitted). The scent of raw methamphetamine emanating from vehicle (as was the

case here) will suffice to provide probable cause for a search of the entire vehicle,

including the trunk. United States v. Wald, 

, 1228 (10th Cir. 2000)

(emphasis added). 6

      Additionally, the factors found to justify the detention and questioning also

support a probable cause determination. Still further, after discovering the secret

compartment and its contents (twenty pounds of methamphetamine), the trooper

had abundant reason to thoroughly search the trunk and its contents, which we


      5
        Mr. Sanchez contends that his motion to suppress should have been
granted because he did not voluntarily consent to a search of the vehicle. It might
be debatable whether continued detention became consensual when Mr. Sanchez
signed the consent form, but it is academic. Because we conclude that the
detention and the warrantless search were lawful, we do not reach the consent
issue.
      6
        The smell of raw or burnt drugs justifies a search of the passenger
compartment, but the smell of burnt marijuana does not justify the search of the
trunk. 

; 

. In Wald, we noted that
“the rule is premised on the common sense proposition that the smell of burnt
marijuana is indicative of drug usage rather than drug trafficking, and because it
is unreasonable to believe people smoke marijuana in the trunks of cars, the mere
smell of burnt marijuana does not create the fair probability that the trunk
contains marijuana.” 

.

                                         -6-
note was done post-arrest. There was no Fourth Amendment violation.

                        II. P ROSECUTORIAL M ISCONDUCT

      At the close of the government’s evidence, Mr. Sanchez’s counsel moved in

open court for a dismissal of the charges as a matter of law, and in the alternative,

he renewed a previous objection to discovery violations and asked for a mistrial.

(Sanchez Appdx. Vol III., 457). The district court denied the motion to dismiss

and reserved ruling on the motion for a new trial. 7 (Id. at 467). Mr. Sanchez’s

trial motions attacked the chain of custody of evidence and accused the

government of intentionally delaying discovery of a handwriting analysis report.

(Sanchez. Appx. Vol. III, pp. 457-67). After trial, but before the district court

ruled on the motion for a new trial, Mr. Sanchez filed a Motion for Judgement of

Acquittal pursuant to Fed. R. Crim. P. 29, 8 requesting a mistrial and dismissal of

the indictment as a sanction for the government’s alleged violation of his

constitutional rights. (Vol.1, Doc. 158). In support of his motion, he filed a

supplemental memoranda containing a plethora of accusations of prosecutorial

misconduct. (Id.). At the post-trial hearing on his motion for acquittal, Mr.

Sanchez focused only on his claims that the prosecution falsely represented to the

      7
        While the record shows that Mr. Sanchez moved for a mistrial, the district
court interpreted the motion to be for a new trial. (Sanchez Appendx Vol. 467).
      8
        “Rule 29 provides a motion for judgment of acquittal as the substitute for
the former motions for a directed verdict and for dismissal.” United States v.
Parra, 

, 1069 n.8 (10th Cir. 1993), cert. denied 

(1993).

                                         -7-
defense the availability and substance of a report from the government’s

handwriting analyst, and that the government was under an obligation to, but did

not, disclose the findings of the report to the jury. 9 (Sanchez Vol. XXIII, 8-9).

The district court denied his motion for acquittal as well as his pending motion

for a new trial, concluding that the government did not misrepresent to the

defense or to the court either the availability of the report or its substance. (Id. at

26-28). The district court also discarded Mr. Sanchez’s claim that he was



      9
        At his post-trial motion hearing in April 2001, Mr. Sanchez accused the
government of misrepresenting the availability of the report during a pre-trial
hearing held on March 12, 2001. In arguing his motion in April, Mr. Sanchez
recalled that the government represented on March 12th that the report was
“unavailable” at that time, but the report itself indicates it was faxed to the
government from the expert on the 12th of March. (ROA, Vol. XXIII at 7). Our
review of the record proves more conclusive than defense counsel’s recollection.
On March 12, 2001, two days before trial began, the government represented to
the defense that the handwriting analysis report had been received in the
government’s office that day, but copies had not yet been made. (Sanchez, Vol
XIV, 9). The defense agreed to meet at the government’s office at five o’clock
that evening to get a copy of the report. (Sanchez Vol XIV, 11-13.) We agree
with the district court; the government did not misrepresent the availability of the
report.
       Also at the post-trial motion hearing in April 2001, Mr. Sanchez accused
the government of misrepresenting the substance of the report at the pre-trial
hearing on March 12, 2001. On March 12th, the government described the report
as “inconclusive.” (ROA, Vol. XIV at 13). But, Mr. Sanchez argued in April
that “inconclusive” was a misrepresentation of the report. The report reads, “ . . .
I could find no scientific evidence to support the belief that they [Defendants]
wrote any of the questioned writing.” (ROA, Appendix Vol I at 78; Gov.’s
Brief at Attch. B). The district court concluded the government did not
mischaracterize the contents of the report by referring to this language as
“inconclusive.” We agree.

                                          -8-
prejudiced by the government’s choice not to divulge the handwriting report to

the jury. (Id.).

       On appeal, Mr. Sanchez narrows the issues and now argues: 1) by failing

to disclose the handwriting report to the jury, the government deliberately

misrepresented the truth; and 2) the government intentionally withheld

information from the defense that might have been used to impeach the arresting

trooper. Nowhere in Mr. Sanchez’s briefs on appeal do we find any express

reference that he is appealing either the denial of his motion for acquittal or the

denial of his motion for a new trial. He simply requests that “[t]he conviction

should be reversed, and the case remanded for judgment of acquittal.” (Sanchez

Second Corrected Opening Brief at 29). In any event, the district court did not

err.

       Prosecutorial misconduct is not grounds for action under Rule 29. United

States v. Ellison, 

, 665 (10th Cir. 1982) vacated on other grounds,

(10th Cir. 1982). “The proper basis for a Rule 29(a) motion for

judgment of acquittal is a claim of insufficient evidence in light of the elements

of the offense charged.” United States v. Urena, 

, 1490 (10th Cir.

1994) cert. denied, 

(1994). Sufficient evidence was presented to

sustain Mr. Sanchez’s convictions. (See discussion infra).

       We review the district court’s denial of the motion for a new trial for abuse


                                          -9-
of discretion. Mr. Sanchez argues we should review de novo, ignoring what we

have said:

      [W]hen the district court has denied a defendant’s motion for a new
      trial or for a mistrial, the defendant may not ignore this determination
      and seek de novo appellate review of the court’s ruling on defense
      counsel’s prosecutorial misconduct objection. Rather, the proper course
      is for this court to review the denial of defendant’s motion [for a
      mistrial] under an abuse of discretion standard.
United States v. Gabaldon, 

, 94 (10th Cir. 1996).

      Mr. Sanchez first argues the prosecution was obligated, but failed, to reveal

results of a handwriting report to the jury—results he believes exonerate him. In

support of his argument, he calls our attention to Miller v. Pate, 

(1967), where the United States Supreme Court condemned the prosecutor’s

deliberate choice to refer to vital evidence as stained by blood when the

prosecutor knew the stains were actually caused by red paint. 

Finding

such deception a miscarriage of justice, the Court invalidated the defendant’s

conviction. 

would have us construe the government’s choice not

to call its handwriting expert as analogous to the situation in Miller. We cannot

make that leap. Significantly, the government did not argue to the jury that the

report conclusively identified Mr. Sanchez as the author of the incriminating

documents. Instead, the government’s case relied on other circumstantial

evidence to allow the jury to infer that Mr. Sanchez was the author. While the

government cannot deliberately present false evidence, the ends of justice do not


                                         -10-
obligate it to introduce that which is inconclusive or marginal. Mr. Sanchez even

concedes that the “[g]overnment’s handwriting analysis proved inconclusive. The

handwriting analyst could not say with any degree of certainty that the entries in

the diary were made by Arnulfo-Sanchez.” (Sanchez Reply Brief at 11).

Moreover, if the inconclusive report was so significant, as is now claimed, the

defense could have called the analyst to testify or offered the report into

evidence. 10 The record reveals no such attempt.

      Last, we address Mr. Sanchez’s contention that the government improperly

failed to provide the defense with information that possibly could have been used

to impeach the arresting trooper. The suspect information involves 1) the

trooper’s demotion from sergeant to trooper under circumstances unrelated to this

case; 2) information that the trooper was a defendant in a 43 U.S.C. § 1983 illegal

detention case that might reflect poorly on his credibility; 11 and 3) a collection of

five cases from this Circuit where the trooper, during the course of his patrol

duties, detected the odor of illegal drugs emanating from a suspect’s vehicle. 12


      10
          The defense physically received the report on March 13, 2001, the day
before trial. But according to the government, the report was ready to be picked
up at its office at five o’clock the evening of the 12th of March, as was agreed.
(Sanchez, XXIII, 24, 17).

       Mr. Sanchez directs our attention to Skultin v. Bushnell, 

1258 (D.Utah 2000).
      12
        Mr. Sanchez directs our attention to United States v. Parker, 

(10th Cir. 1995); United States v. Nielsen, 

(10th Cir. 1993);

                                         -11-
The district court’s order denying Mr. Sanchez’s motion did not address the issue

regarding disclosure of impeachment materials, presumably because it was not

discussed at the motion hearing and conceivably abandoned by the defense.

(Appl.App.Vol. I, Doc. 52). Regardless, to the extent Mr. Sanchez argues the

non-disclosure of impeachment evidence justifies a new trial, nothing in the

record suggests the district court abused its discretion in denying the motion sub

silentio.

       The government has an obligation to disclose both exculpatory evidence

and evidence that possibly could be used to impeach a government witness.

Brady v. Maryland, 

(1963); Giglo v. United States, 405 U.S.150

(1972). 13 There is ample evidence that the Defendant was informed prior to trial


United States v. Dennis, 

(10th Cir. 1997) (unpublished table
decision); United States v. Castine, 

(10th Cir. 1988) (unpublished
table decision); United States v. Anderson, 

(10th Cir. 1999)
(unpublished table decision).
       13
           In Giglio, the Supreme Court held that “suppression of material evidence
justifies a new trial irrespective of the good faith or bad faith of the prosecution. .
. . When the reliability of a given witness may well be determinative of guilt or
innocence, nondisclosure of evidence affecting credibility falls within this general
rule. 

(internal quotations and citations omitted). We have held that
“the prosecutor is not obliged to ferret out and present every bit of potentially
exculpatory evidence. But when substantial exculpatory evidence is discovered in
the course of an investigation, it must be revealed to the grand jury.” United
States v. Page, 

, 728 (10th Cir. 1987) cert. denied, 

(1987) (emphasis in original). Recognizing its obligation to disclose exculpatory
evidence, as well as evidence that may be used to impeach a government witness,
the government advised the defense on March 13, 2001, of facts it believed to fall

                                         -12-
of all the information he now asserts was concealed from him. During the motion

hearing on March 13, 2001, the day before trial, the government specifically

called attention to the arresting trooper’s demotion, stating that it was understood

to have been related to matters of insubordination. (Sanchez XV, 65). At that

same hearing, the government also disclosed a number cases involving the

arresting trooper, including a citation to Skultin v. Bushnell, 

(D.Utah 2000)—the civil case in which Trooper Bushnell was a defendant.

(Sanchez XV, 65-66; Vol. I, Doc. 162, Attachment A). At trial, Mr. Sanchez’s

attorney cross examined the arresting trooper about his recent demotion. That

attempt belies the present claim that the government failed to disclose the

information.

      Finding no abuse of discretion, we affirm the district’s denial of Mr.

Sanchez’s motion for a new trial.

                       III. S UFFICIENCY OF THE E VIDENCE

      When reviewing a sufficiency of the evidence claim in a criminal case, we

view the evidence de novo but in the light most favorable to the government, and

apply a single test. The evidence—both direct and circumstantial, together with

the reasonable inferences to be drawn therefrom—is sufficient if a reasonable jury


within this rule.



                                         -13-
could find the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. United States v.

Jones, 

, 631 (10th Cir. 1995) (citations omitted), reh’g denied (1995);

United States v. Hooks, 

, 1531 (10th Cir. 1986) cert. denied, 

(1986) (citing Jackson v. Virginia, 

(1979)). Mr.

Sanchez’s conviction may rest on a finding of constructive possession. 

. Constructive possession is established if a person “knowingly held

ownership dominion or control over the object and the premises where the

contraband was found.” United States v. Castorena-Jaime, 

, 933

(10th Cir. 2002) (internal quotations and citations omitted). However, where

there is more than one possibility as to who is in possession of the contraband,

proof of dominion over the vehicle and proximity to contraband is insufficient;

the government must also show a nexus between the defendant and the

contraband. United States v. Hishaw, 

, 572 (10th Cir. 2000) cert.

denied, 

(2001) (quoting United States v. Reece, 

, 996

(10th Cir. 1996)). “There must be some evidence ‘supporting at least a plausible

inference that the defendant had knowledge of and access to’” the controlled

substance. 

(quoting United States v. Mergerson, 

, 349 (5th Cir. 1993) cert. denied, 

(1994)).

      Citing Reece, 

(10th Cir. 1996), Mr. Sanchez argues that the

government failed to sufficiently link him to the illegal cargo in any way other


                                        -14-
than mere presence and proximity. As he does with his arguments regarding

reasonable suspicion and probable cause, he questions the credibility of the

arresting trooper, and suggests that the jury should not have relied on the

trooper’s testimony. Further, he questions whether the jury could reasonably infer

that he was the author of the incriminating documents found in the vehicle. Last,

he argues the government should have, but did not, investigate the culpability of

the person to whom the vehicle was registered.

      Because the methamphetamine was confined in a hidden compartment

under the floorboard of the rear seat of a vehicle that Mr. Sanchez did not own,

his mere presence in the vehicle cannot by itself sustain the jury’s finding that he

knowingly possessed a controlled substance. 

. Likewise,

because the government did not establish that he was familiar with the smell of

methamphetamine, the mere presence of the odor in the vehicle does not, by itself,

establish that he knew methamphetamine was concealed in the car. 

circumstantial evidence was presented to the jury.

      Testimony established that the arresting officer, utilizing his training and

experience, detected the “very distinct” odor of methamphetamine at the moment

he approached the vehicle. (ROA, Vol. IV at 5). Another officer also testified

that he could smell the odor from inside the vehicle. (V, 191). The jury heard

testimony that a trained canine alerted when it made its way to the back of the


                                         -15-
vehicle. (V, 183). From these facts, a jury could reasonably infer that as the

driver of the vehicle, Mr. Sanchez would have had to endure this odor whether or

not he could have identified it. 14 That might be sufficient to alert a reasonable

person that something was amiss, but there is more evidence, discussed below, to

support the jury’s conclusion that Mr. Sanchez knew he was transporting

methamphetamine.

      First, the jury was informed that the value of twenty pounds of

methamphetamine might reach a wholesale price of $150,000 or retail at

$900,000. The high value of controlled substances may be used to infer

constructive possession based on the logic that it is unlikely that the true owner of

the vehicle or the substance would leave such a valuable commodity unattended

or in possession of a stranger, “especially a substance whose odor clearly revealed

its location.” 

; United States v. Rodriguez, 

,

949 (10th Cir. 1999). Additionally, there was testimony that Mr. Sanchez was

unable to name the owner of the vehicle he was driving.

      Second, the jury heard testimony generally describing “pay-owe sheets,”

i.e., slips of paper where drug deals are documented with names, amounts of


      14
        Mr. Sanchez believes the jury relied on the trooper’s testimony even
though incredible. The law is clear that in reviewing the evidence, we do not
weigh conflicting evidence or consider witness credibility, as that duty is
delegated exclusively to the jury. United States v. Sanders, 

, 1281
(10th Cir. 2001).

                                         -16-
money paid and owed, and the amount of drugs distributed. It also heard that

evidence retrieved from Mr. Sanchez’s day planner resembled pay-owe sheets. 15

For instance, Government’s Exhibit 3A, which is a piece of a paper identical to

those in Mr. Sanchez’s day planner, reflects handwritten notations of names and

numbers, e.g., “Boby 1000” and “John 4000.” Mr. Sanchez contends that even if

the documents obtained from his day planner are indicative of drug activity, the

government failed to present evidence sufficient to allow a jury to infer that he

was the author. We disagree. The trooper found one day planner in the trunk of

the car inside a bag that was tagged with Mr. Sanchez’s name and Tucson

address. (vol. V at 8, 13). Mr. Sanchez’s wallet contained a handwritten tag with

his name and California address. (vol.V,13). From the perspective most

favorable to the government, it is reasonable for the jury to have concluded the

sheets were authored by Mr. Sanchez and were pay-owe sheets.

      Last, several tangential facts could support the jury’s conclusion that Mr.

Sanchez possessed methamphetamine with intent to deliver. Some are innocent

considered in isolation but part of a damning mosaic when considered in context.


      15
        An agent for the Drug Enforcement Agency testified as to what
professionals in his field refer to as pay-owe sheets. Contrary to Mr. Sanchez’s
argument, the agent was not asked to and did not give his opinion as to whether
the exhibits offered by the government were indeed pay-owe sheets. That
conclusion was appropriately left in the jury’s province. We find no merit to Mr.
Sanchez’s position that the jury inappropriately considered the agent’s testimony.
(Sanchez Vol. XIX, 105-108, App’t Br. at 21).

                                        -17-
Mr. Sanchez claimed he was traveling to Indiana to attend a family reunion but

was unable to articulate a specific destination, which may suggest falsification of

travel plans. Neither he nor Mr. Escamilla could reasonably identify the owner of

the vehicle. Dog food hidden in the trunk of the car, without any evidence that

either passenger owned a dog, may indicate the hope of distracting a dog trained

to detect illicit drugs. A gas can also found in the trunk of the car could evidence

knowledge that the car’s gas tank had been altered to a diminished capacity in

order to hold and conceal drugs. Last, the jury watched a video tape, recorded as

a training video for the highway patrol, which documented the sophistication of

this particular hidden compartment. (Gov. Exhibit 4). To access the secret

compartment, it was necessary to turn on the ignition key and the lights so as to

enable a magnetic switch hidden in the console. (Vol. IV, 16). To open the

compartment, it was necessary to pass a magnet, which was found in the console,

over a certain point inside the console. (Id.). The magnetic “key” activated a

solenoid, which opened the door to the compartment. (Exhibit 4). The

compartment was created by altering the gas tank, which is located under the back

seat. (Exhibit 4). From the ready availability of an object as uncommon as a

magnet—in effect a key to the compartment—a reasonable jury could infer




                                         -18-
knowledge of the secret compartment, as well as its contents. 16 The evidence

presented to the jury was sufficient to support Mr. Sanchez’s conviction.

      Accordingly, the findings and holdings of the district court are

AFFIRMED.

                                      Entered by the Court:

                                      TERRENCE L. O’BRIEN
                                      United States Circuit Judge




      16
          If Mr. Sanchez had been duped into transporting drugs, as his arguments
suggest, it is unlikely the owner of illegal drugs worth nearly a million dollars
would leave a magnetic “key” in the vehicle allowing access to the drugs by
virtual strangers.

                                       -19-