F I L E D
                                                                   United States Court of Appeals
                                                                           Tenth Circuit
                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                          MAY 12 2004
                            FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT
                                                                      PATRICK FISHER
                                                                               Clerk


    JEANNE ROBERSON,

                Plaintiff-Appellant,

    v.                                                   No. 03-1182
                                                  (D.C. No. 02-D-1309 (OES))
    PINNACOL ASSURANCE, formerly                           (D. Colo.)
    known as Colorado Compensation
    Insurance Authority, formerly known
    as State Compensation Insurance
    Fund; HUGH MACAULAY, M.D.;
    DR. MICHAEL COOPER, M.D.;
    MEDICAL OPS MANAGEMENT,
    INC.; DOES I THROUGH XX,

                Defendants-Appellees.


                            ORDER AND JUDGMENT            *




Before EBEL , HENRY , and MURPHY , Circuit Judges.



         After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined

unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of



*
      This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court
generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order
and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is

therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.

      Plaintiff/Appellant Jeanne Roberson, appearing pro se, appeals from the

district court’s order granting defendants’ motions to dismiss her claims pursuant

to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). Ms. Roberson’s complaint included requests for:

(1) monetary damages against defendant Pinnacol Assurance for unlawful

deprivation of medical benefits previously awarded to her under the Colorado

Workers’ Compensation Act, Colo. Rev. Stat. § 8-40-101 to § 8-47-209, in

violation of the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment; (2) a

declaratory judgment to “eliminate never-ending enforcement proceedings”

required to force Pinnacol to pay benefits as ordered in her worker’s

compensation case; (3) monetary damages against Pinnacol and the two physician

defendants and defendant Medical OPS Management for allegedly conspiring to

deprive her of medical benefits; and (4) punitive damages. R., Doc. 1 at 8-10.

We conclude that the district court improperly dismissed Ms. Roberson’s first

claim for relief against Pinnacol. Exercising our jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.

§ 1291, we affirm in part and reverse in part.


                               I. Standard of Review

      Our review is de novo.    See Sutton v. Utah State Sch. for Deaf & Blind,

, 1236 (10th Cir. 1999). A Rule 12(b)(6) dismissal will be upheld

                                         -2-
only if, accepting the facts pleaded in the complaint as true, it appears “beyond

doubt that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of his claim which

would entitle [her] to relief.”     

                                     II. Relevant Facts

       Pinnacol, formerly known as “the Colorado compensation insurance

authority,”   1
                  is a statutorily-created insurance company designated as a “political

subdivision of the state.” Colo. Rev. Stat. § 8-45-101(1) & Historical and

Statutory notes. It is “the equivalent of a private insurance company” in

operation, providing workers’ compensation insurance and employer’s liability

insurance for Colorado employers.         Simon v. State Comp. Ins. Auth.   , 

, 1309 (Colo. 1997); § 8-45-101(5)(f). Thus, participating “[e]mployers pay

premiums to the [workers’ compensation] Fund, [Pinnacol] receives and processes

claims, and then makes disbursements to claimants out of the Fund.”           Simon ,

946 P.2d at 1310. “[Pinnacol] clearly was structured so that it would be more

responsive and efficient than a state agency. . . .”     

alleges that, after she was injured while employed by

Goodwill Industries, a workers’ compensation administrative law judge (ALJ)


1
      We refer to Pinnacol and its predecessor as “Pinnacol” for clarity
throughout this order even though the Colorado Compensation Insurance
Authority was not renamed until July 1, 2002. 2002 Colo. Legis. Serv. Ch. 341
§ 1 (West).

                                              -3-
found her to be totally and permanently disabled, found Pinnacol to be liable for

an “aortic injury” and injuries to her thoracic spine, and ordered Pinnacol to pay

for curing and relieving the effects of the injury in 1991. R., Doc. 1 at 3;        

Ex. 1 at 1 (ALJ order dated 5/8/2002). After Pinnacol refused to pay for

complications arising from the aortic injury, Ms. Roberson requested an

enforcement hearing in 1997. R., Doc. 1 at 4. Consequently, another ALJ

ordered Pinnacol to pay for medical care for those complications, including

myelopathy, neuropathy, bowel and bladder incontinence, and for monitoring the

effects of Ms. Roberson’s various medications.        

ignored bills

submitted by three medical providers, Ms. Roberson again requested enforcement

of the order. 

While exchanging exhibits at the beginning of the

hearing, Pinnacol agreed to pay the bills, so Ms. Roberson cancelled the hearing.

       In 2000, Pinnacol asked defendant Medical OPS Management to

schedule independent medical examinations for Ms. Roberson with defendants

Dr. Macaulay and Dr. Cooper. Both doctors concluded that Ms. Roberson’s aortic

occlusion was not caused by her work-related accident.         

these two

reports, Pinnacol unilaterally discontinued paying all medical benefits associated

with the aortic occlusion (90% of Ms. Roberson’s medical benefits),            

                                             -4-
reopening the 1991 award, and in violation of the 1991 order awarding medical

benefits for the injury,    

       Ms. Roberson made claims for additional medical benefits to pay for

a vitamin B-12 deficiency arising from complications from the aortic injury in

2000, but Pinnacol denied liability on the claims.      

In 2001, she requested

another hearing for enforcement and to impose penalties on Pinnacol for violating

the 1991 order, but she later withdrew her request for penalties out of fear that it

would open the door for Pinnacol to relitigate all of her previously-awarded

benefits. 

At the enforcement hearing held in 2002, an ALJ entered yet

another order requiring Pinnacol to pay for the medical costs to treat the vitamin

deficiency, and Pinnacol appealed from that order.        

Ms. Roberson claims

that Pinnacol continues to refuse to pay for medical benefits for costs associated

with her injuries, and complications from those injuries, that have already been

awarded. See 

First Claim for Relief

       Ms. Roberson alleged federal-question jurisdiction in part under 42 U.S.C.

§§ 1983 & 1985(3).         

In her first claim for relief, Ms. Roberson

essentially alleged that, by terminating or discontinuing her medical benefits and

refusing to comply with lawful binding orders, Pinnacol has deprived her of

property without due process in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment. The

                                              -5-
magistrate judge construed these allegations as a claim brought pursuant to

§ 1983. 2 

at 6. “To state a cause of action under section 1983 for

a deprivation of property in violation of the fourteenth amendment, [the plaintiff]

must allege that he was deprived of property through state action without

due process.”    Williams v. Morris , 

, 1350-51 (10th Cir. 1982).

       In recommending dismissal of her claims, the magistrate judge observed

that Pinnacol has admitted that it is a state actor. R., Doc. 36 at 6. But the

magistrate judge concluded that Ms. Roberson failed to state a cause of action

against Pinnacol because Pinnacol could be held liable under § 1983 “only when

an injury was inflicted through a policy or custom that was implemented by the

entity,” and only if a “direct causal link [exists] between that policy or custom

and the injury alleged,” and Ms. Roberson “has alleged nothing in regard to

either of these factors.”   

       After Ms. Roberson objected to these findings and conclusions, the district

court did not specifically adopt the magistrate’s analysis for this claim for relief,


2
       Ms. Roberson asserts that, even though she expressly based the district
court’s jurisdiction over her complaint in part § 1983 and argued below that she
had satisfied all of § 1983’s requirements,  see R., Doc. 17 at 2, the district court
generally erred by applying § 1983’s limitations to her first claim for relief. But
Ms. Roberson fails to understand that, to the extent she seeks damages and costs
for constitutional deprivations against a state actor, she is in fact seeking relief
under § 1983. See Davis v. Passman , 

, 248 (1979) (noting that
§ 1983 provides the damages remedy for alleged constitutional violations
occurring under color of state law).

                                          -6-
although the court did adopt the analysis in dismissing her third claim for relief.         3



Instead, the district court dismissed Ms. Roberson’s first claim for relief because

the court failed “to find anything in her Complaint that adequately sets forth the

basis for a cognizable due process claim under either [a procedural or substantive

due process] theory.” R., Doc. 42 at 7. The court concluded that, because the

complaint was “replete with references to hearings, orders, appeals and other

procedural processes,” she had not been denied procedural due process.                

And because nothing in her complaint demonstrated “a degree of

outrageousness and a magnitude of potential or actual harm that is truly

conscience shocking,” the court concluded that she had failed to allege

a substantive due process violation.      

(quotation omitted).

       1. The complaint states a claim for deprivation of a constitutional

right. Ms. Roberson argues that the district court (1) erred in holding that

her complaint demonstrates she has been afforded sufficient due process and

(2) improperly ignored her claim that Pinnacol, as a state actor, unconstitutionally

deprived her of a property interest (her right to medical benefits as determined in

binding agency orders) by discontinuing her medical benefits without affording

her the state-required due process of a pre-deprivation hearing. We agree.


3
      The district court entitled its order as one “Affirming and Adopting
Magistrate Judge’s Recommendations,” but nowhere in the order does the court
adopt the magistrate judge’s whole report or analysis. R., Doc. 42 at 1, 8.

                                             -7-
      When a state agency has finally ruled that an individual qualifies to receive

a benefit, the benefit may not be terminated without due process.    See, e.g.,

Cleveland Bd. of Educ. v. Loudermill, 

, 542 (1985) ( “[T]he root

requirement of the Due Process Clause” is “that an individual be given an

opportunity for a hearing   before he is deprived of any significant protected

interest”) (internal quotations omitted); Goldberg v. Kelly , 

, 264

(1970) (holding that a hearing is required before termination of welfare benefits).

Here, Ms. Roberson claims that her medical benefits were terminated by Pinnacol,

a state actor, without a pre-termination hearing. She contends that, under state

law, if Pinnacol desires to terminate or discontinue benefits previously awarded,

it must first establish its right to reopen the judgment and obtain a new order

terminating the benefits before it unilaterally deprives her of those benefits.

Although her pro se arguments are less than artful, she implicitly argues that the

fact she has had due process in   obtaining her medical benefits and in attempting

to enforce that right in prior hearings is irrelevant to her claim that Pinnacol did

not provide her with due process before it terminated her benefits. We agree.

      Ms. Roberson’s right to pre-deprivation due process comes from the

workers’ compensation statutory scheme under which she was awarded benefits.

Section 8-47-103 of the Colorado Revised Statutes provides that

      [a]ll orders of the director . . . shall be valid and in force and
      prima facie reasonable and lawful until found otherwise in an action

                                           -8-
      brought for that purpose, pursuant to the provisions of articles 40 to
      47 of this title, or until altered or revoked by the director or
      industrial claim appeals office, as the case may be.

Section 8-43-303 of the Act provides, in part:

      (b) At any time within two years after the date the last medical
      benefits become due and payable, the director or an [ALJ] may, after
      notice to all parties, review and reopen an award only as to medical
      benefits on the ground of an error, a mistake, or a change in
      condition. . . . If an award is reopened under this paragraph (b),
      medical benefits previously ordered may be ended, diminished,
      maintained, or increased. No such reopening shall affect the earlier
      award as to moneys already paid.

      (3) In cases where a claimant is determined to be permanently totally
      disabled, any such case may be reopened at any time to determine if
      the claimant has returned to employment. . . .

Colo. Rev. Stat. § 8-43-303(2)(b) & (3). Further, under section 8-43-401(2)(a), if

appeals have been exhausted or no appeals have been taken, “all insurers . . . shall

pay benefits within thirty days of when any benefits are due,” and if the insurer

willfully delays or stops paying benefits, it must pay a penalty to the workers’

compensation division, which is deposited in the division’s cash fund. Our

review of the workers’ compensation statutes indicates that the Colorado

legislature has not given an insurer the unilateral right to stop or delay payment

of medical benefits absent the procedures for reopening set forth in section

8-4-303(2)(b). Thus, Pinnacol must abide by the final administrative agency

orders awarding benefits unless it reopens a prior award on the basis of specific

grounds provided in section 8-43-303.   See Renz v. Larimer County Sch. Dist.

                                         -9-
Poudre R-1 , 

, 1180 (Colo. Ct. App. 1996) (affirming reopening of

prior final award on basis of “applicable statutory criteria”). In         Renz , the court

noted that the ALJ properly allowed Pinnacol’s predecessor to offset part of the

previously-awarded benefits     after a hearing, and that “no retroactivity issues are

raised” because the ALJ allowed the offset only against “future benefit payments

following reopening.”     

Thus, a workers’ compensation benefit

recipient in Colorado is entitled to pre-deprivation hearings.       4



       2. Ms. Roberson stated facts supporting a claim that Pinnacol’s direct

acts inflicted her constitutional injury.        Even though the district court did not

dismiss Ms. Roberson’s first action against Pinnacol on the same grounds

recommended by the magistrate judge, Pinnacol argues that we should uphold the

dismissal on those grounds. We disagree. The magistrate judge held that alleging

that Pinnacol terminated Ms. Roberson’s benefits without notice and hearing

failed to state a claim because its “actions with regard to one claimant . . . do

not constitute evidence of the existence of a company-wide policy or custom.”

R., Doc. 36 at 7. In doing so, the court cited a district court case and          Cannon v.

City & County of Denver , 

, 877 (10th Cir. 1993), which both



4
       The fact that Ms. Roberson may be able, in future enforcement proceedings,
eventually to force Pinnacol to reimburse her for substantive medical costs that it
allegedly refused to pay would not preclude a § 1983 award if a jury found that Pinnacol
flaunted prior final administrative rulings and violated her rights to due process. See
Wolfenbarger v. Williams, 

, 362 (10th Cir. 1985).

                                             -10-
concerned municipality liability for the acts of police officers. But in its analysis

(and in the district court’s analysis dismissing the third claim for relief on the

same basis), the court confused direct and derivative liability under § 1983.

       The Supreme Court fully explained the difference between the two concepts

in Board of County Commissioners v. Brown        , 

(1997). There,

the court recognized that   Monell v. Department of Social Services of City of

New York , 

(1978), requires proof that the municipality itself, and

not just a person employed by the municipality, deliberately committed the act

causing the injury to the plaintiff through execution of the municipality’s “policy”

or “custom.” Brown , 520 U.S. at 403-04. But the Court also explained that

       [w]here a plaintiff claims that a particular municipal action itself
       violates federal law, or directs an employee to do so, resolving these
       issues of fault and causation is straightforward. . . . [P]roof that a
       municipality’s legislative body or authorized decisionmaker has
       intentionally deprived a plaintiff of a federally protected right
       necessarily establishes that the municipality acted culpably.
       Similarly, the conclusion that the action taken or directed by the
       municipality or its authorized decisionmaker itself violates federal
       law will also determine that the municipal action was the moving
       force behind the injury of which the plaintiff complains.

       . . . . Where a plaintiff claims that the municipality has not directly
       inflicted an injury, but nonetheless has caused an employee to do so,
       rigorous standards of culpability and causation must be applied to
       ensure that the municipality is not held liable solely for the actions of
       its employee.




                                          -11-


The Court then gave examples of where a single decision

attributable to a municipality (or similar political entity) gives rise to liability

under § 1983:

      Owen v. Independence, 

, 

, 

(1980), and Newport v. Fact Concerts, Inc., 

, 

, 

(1981), involved formal decisions of
      municipal legislative bodies. In Owen, the city council allegedly
      censured and discharged an employee without a hearing. In Fact
      Concerts, the city council canceled a license permitting a concert
      following a dispute over the performance’s content. Neither decision
      reflected implementation of a generally applicable rule. But we did
      not question that each decision, duly promulgated by city lawmakers,
      could trigger municipal liability if the decision itself were found to
      be unconstitutional. Because fault and causation were obvious in
      each case, proof that the municipality’s decision was unconstitutional
      would suffice to establish that the municipality itself was liable for
      the plaintiff’s constitutional injury.

      Similarly, Pembaur v. Cincinnati [, 

(1986),] concerned
      a decision by a county prosecutor, acting as the county’s final
      decisionmaker, to direct county deputies to forcibly enter petitioner’s
      place of business to serve capiases upon third parties. Relying on
      Owen and Newport, we concluded that a final decisionmaker’s
      adoption of a course of action “tailored to a particular situation and
      not intended to control decisions in later situations” may, in some
      circumstances, give rise to municipal liability under  § 1983. In
      Pembaur, it was not disputed that the prosecutor had specifically
      directed the action resulting in the deprivation of petitioner’s rights.
      The conclusion that the decision was that of a final municipal
      decisionmaker and was therefore properly attributable to the
      municipality established municipal liability. No questions of fault or
      causation arose.

(citations omitted). The Court then distinguished these direct

liability cases from those derivative or vicarious liability cases in which the


                                           -12-
plaintiff has suffered a deprivation of rights at the hands of a municipal

employee. 

The Court cautioned against “blur[ring] the distinction”

between the two types of cases.     

       Ms. Roberson has alleged facts indicating that Pinnacol itself directly

violated her constitutional rights through the acts of its authorized agents who

carried out Pinnacol’s decision to terminate or refuse to pay her benefits. Thus,

this case is similar to   Pembaur and Owen . Although we express no opinion

regarding the ultimate success of Ms. Roberson’s claims, the court must reinstate

her § 1983 claims against Pinnacol.


                               IV. Third Claim for Relief

       We agree with the district court that Ms. Roberson failed to state facts

sufficient to support a claim for damages against Pinnacol, the independent

medical examiners, and Medical OPS Management for alleged conspiracy to

violate her constitutional rights to due process. Although “[a] § 1983 conspiracy

claim may arise when a private actor conspires with [a] state actor to deprive a

person of a constitutional right under color of state law,”    Dixon v. City of Lawton ,

, 1449 n.6 (10th Cir. 1990), “the pleadings must specifically present

facts tending to show agreement and concerted action,”        Hunt v. Bennett, 

, 1268 (10th Cir. 1994) (quotation omitted), and must demonstrate “a single

plan, the essential nature and general scope of which [was] known to each person

                                            -13-
who is to be held responsible for its consequences.”   Snell v. Tunnell , 

, 702 (10th Cir. 1990) (quotation omitted). To state that defendant Medical

OPS Management scheduled an appointment states no facts indicating its

agreement and concerted action to deprive Ms. Roberson of medical benefits by

terminating those benefits without reopening her case. And despite the fact that

she alleges that both independent medical examiners “falsif[ied] data” in their

reports and reached conclusions that Ms. Roberson’s aortic occlusion was not

caused by her work-related injury, R., Doc. 1 at 5, Ms. Roberson similarly failed

to state facts indicating that Pinnacol had a plan to terminate her benefits without

reopening the award when it scheduled the IMEs or that the doctors were aware of

such a plan and conspired with Pinnacol to reach that end.

      Ms. Roberson’s attempt on appeal to characterize her conspiracy claims as

falling under 42 U.S.C. § 1985(3) is unavailing, as she has not stated facts

demonstrating § 1985(3)’s “requirement of class-based, discriminatory animus.”

Dixon , 898 F.2d at 1449 n.6.


                      V. Second and Fourth Claim for Relief

      After review of the relevant law as it applies to Ms. Roberson’s claims for

declaratory relief prohibiting the need for future enforcement actions through

workers’ compensation proceedings and for punitive damages as a separate claim

for relief, we conclude that the district court properly dismissed these claims.

                                           -14-
We agree with the district court that there simply is no federal or constitutional

right to be free from a state administrative requirement providing for enforcement

hearings as the method of obtaining denied or delayed medical benefits, and no

recognized claim for relief from “endless litigation.” And even if there was, the

federal district courts would be required to abstain from interfering with the

ongoing agency proceedings under the Younger abstention doctrine. See Joseph

A. ex rel. Corrine Wolfe v. Ingram, 

, 1267 (10th Cir. 2002).

      The judgment of the district court is REVERSED in part and AFFIRMED

in part and REMANDED to the district court for further proceedings consistent

with this order and judgment.


                                                     Entered for the Court



                                                     David M. Ebel
                                                     Circuit Judge




                                         -15-