F I L E D
                                                                      United States Court of Appeals
                                                                              Tenth Circuit
                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                             OCT 15 2004
                                   TENTH CIRCUIT
                                                                         PATRICK FISHER
                                                                                  Clerk

 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

          Plaintiff-Appellee,

 v.                                                        No. 04-1021
                                                            (D. Colo.)
 JOSE DE JESUS LIMON-SOTO,                          (D.Ct. No. 03-CR-206-RB)

          Defendant-Appellant.


                                ORDER AND JUDGMENT *


Before TACHA, Chief Circuit Judge, and PORFILIO and BRORBY, Senior
Circuit Judges.



      After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined

unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of

this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1.9(G). The case is

therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.




      *
          This order and judgment is not binding precedent except under the doctrines of
law of the case, res judicata and collateral estoppel. The court generally disfavors the
citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under
the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
      Appellant Jose De Jesus Limon-Soto, a federal prisoner represented by

counsel, appeals his conviction for unlawful reentry by a previously-deported

alien, in violation of 8 U.S.C. §§ 1326(a) and 1326(b)(2). Mr. Limon-Soto

received a sentence of fifteen months imprisonment, followed by a two-year term

of supervised release. We exercise jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and

affirm Mr. Limon-Soto’s conviction and sentence.



                                   A. Background

      A Denver police officer pulled Mr. Limon-Soto over for an alleged “routine

traffic stop.” At a later suppression hearing, the officer failed to appear to testify

as to the circumstances of the alleged traffic stop, and no criminal charges were

filed against Mr. Limon-Soto for any traffic violation. Sometime during the stop,

Mr. Limon-Soto gave the officer a Mexican identification card. The officer then

contacted the Law Enforcement Support Center within the Bureau of Immigration

and Customs Enforcement, discovered Mr. Limon-Soto’s status as a deported

felon, and took him into custody. At some point during the stop, Mr. Limon-Soto

told the officer of his prior conviction for a felony. Local authorities released

him into the custody of Bureau of Immigration and Customs Enforcement agents

who interviewed him twice; during both interviews, Mr. Limon-Soto admitted

being previously deported and illegally reentering the country.


                                          -2-
      Following his indictment, Mr. Limon-Soto filed a motion to suppress all

evidence gained from the traffic stop and subsequent interviews. As previously

stated, the police officer who conducted the traffic stop failed to appear at the

suppression hearing to testify as to the reason or cause for the traffic stop. The

government called only one other witness: a special agent with the Bureau of

Immigration and Customs Enforcement. The agent did not possess an

independent recollection of what he advised Mr. Limon-Soto before interviewing

him, other than to state Mr. Limon-Soto read, said he understood, and signed

Form I-214, which advised him in Spanish of his Miranda rights. Because Form

I-214 was not admitted into evidence and the agent could not recall what he

discussed with Mr. Limon-Soto, the district court sustained Mr. Limon-Soto’s

objections to the agent’s testimony and dismissed him as a witness.



      Thereafter, the district court issued an order on Mr. Limon-Soto’s motion to

suppress, granting it in part. The district court noted “the government did not

present evidence about the circumstances of [Mr. Limon-Soto’s] detention and

arrest or about the statements made by the defendant to the Denver police or to

[the immigration] agent ....” Because the government failed to meet its burden of

establishing by a preponderance of the evidence that the traffic stop was

reasonable within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment, the district court


                                          -3-
determined it constituted an unreasonable seizure. Similarly, it determined the

government failed to meet its burden to establish by a preponderance of the

evidence that Mr. Limon-Soto’s statements to authorities were knowing and

voluntary, or not fruit of the poisonous tree. Accordingly, the district court

granted Mr. Limon-Soto’s motion to suppress his statements to the police officer

and the immigration agents.



      As to suppression of Mr. Limon-Soto’s identity, the district court pointed

out the parties conceded the Bureau of Immigration and Customs Enforcement

learned of Mr. Limon-Soto’s “immigration status and his concomitant criminal

history” only as a result of the identity information obtained from Mr. Limon-Soto

subsequent to the illegal traffic stop. Nevertheless, the district court denied the

motion to suppress his identity, relying on INS v. Lopez-Mendoza, 

,

1039 (1984), which states “the ‘body’ or identity of a defendant or respondent in

a criminal or civil proceeding is never itself suppressible as a fruit of an unlawful

arrest ....” With respect to Mr. Limon-Soto’s Mexican identification card and his

immigration file, the district court relied on United States v. Guzman-Bruno, 

(9th Cir. 1994), in determining Mr. Limon-Soto’s “illegal arrest would

not serve to suppress his identity since there is no sanction to be applied when an

illegal arrest only leads to discovery of the man’s identity and that merely leads to


                                          -4-
the official file or other independent evidence.” 

(quotation marks and

citations omitted). In addition, the district court concluded Mr. Limon-Soto

lacked standing to challenge the admissibility of his immigration file because he

possessed no legitimate expectation of privacy in the file. Following the

suppression hearing, Mr. Limon-Soto pled guilty to unlawful reentry by a

previously-deported alien, but reserved his right to appeal the denial of his motion

to suppress his identity and immigration file.



                                      Discussion

      Mr. Limon-Soto now appeals the district court’s decision denying his

motion to suppress his identity and immigration file, claiming the district court

improperly applied the disputed legal proposition in Lopez-Mendoza, which holds

“the ‘body’ or identity of a defendant or respondent in a criminal or civil

proceeding is never itself suppressible as a fruit of an unlawful arrest, even if it is

conceded that an unlawful arrest, search, or interrogation 

. Mr. Limon-Soto contends this proposition, as applied to the facts in Lopez-

Mendoza, only pertains to a jurisdictional objection when a defendant is

summoned to a deportation hearing following an unlawful arrest, and not to

evidence offered against him. 

With respect to the submission of

evidence obtained as a result of an unlawful arrest, Mr. Limon-Soto points out the


                                          -5-
Lopez-Mendoza decision specifically states such evidence is suppressible in a

criminal proceeding if the link between the evidence and the unlawful conduct is

“not too attenuated.” 

      In making this argument, Mr. Limon-Soto acknowledges the Fifth and

Ninth Circuits, like the district court here, extended or applied the Lopez-

Mendoza disputed identity proposition to identity evidence obtained during an

illegal stop. See United States v. Roque-Villanueva, 

, 346 (5th Cir.

1999) (relying on the Lopez-Mendoza identity proposition to conclude evidence of

a defendant’s identity is not suppressible in a criminal proceeding even if he was

illegally stopped); 

(same). In contrast, Mr.

Limon-Soto points out the Eighth Circuit recognizes the distinction in Lopez-

Mendoza between applying this proposition to a jurisdictional challenge, rather

than an evidentiary challenge, like the one presented here. See United States v.

Guevara-Martinez, 

, 753-54 (8th Cir. 2001) (explaining the Supreme

Court addressed the Lopez-Mendoza evidentiary challenge differently,

acknowledging the “‘general rule in a criminal proceeding ... that statements and

other evidence obtained as a result of an unlawful, warrantless arrest are

suppressible if the link between the evidence and the unlawful conduct is not too

attenuated’”).


                                         -6-
      In response, the government acknowledges Lopez-Mendoza does not stand

for the proposition “that all evidence of identity is beyond the reach of the

exclusionary rule in a criminal prosecution.” It recognizes the split in circuit

interpretation of Lopez-Mendoza and suggests we look at the evidence in terms of

the attenuation principle discussed in Lopez-Mendoza. In so doing, it claims the

path from the police officer’s apparent observation of a traffic impropriety to

federal files reflecting Mr. Limon-Soto’s criminal and immigration records is “too

long” and the connection “too attenuated” to justify application of the

exclusionary rule. Because both the government and Mr. Limon-Soto rely on the

attenuation factor applied in Lopez-Mendoza and we may resolve this case on that

basis, we need not address the issue of whether the disputed identity proposition

in Lopez-Mendoza applies to the identity evidence challenged here. 1



      Having reviewed the parties’ arguments, we turn to the appropriate standard

of review and applicable law. On appeal from a motion to suppress, we review de

novo the district court’s conclusions of law, see United States v. Minjares-

Alvarez, 

, 983 (10th Cir. 2001), and “may affirm [the district court]


      1
          Both parties correctly point out that this circuit, unlike the Fifth, Eighth and
Ninth Circuits, has not addressed whether the identity language in Lopez-Mendoza applies
beyond jurisdictional questions to identity evidence obtained from an illegal stop or
arrest. See, e.g., United States v. White, 

, 1137 n.1 (declining to address
this issue, and resolving case on other grounds).

                                           -7-
on any grounds supported by the record.” 

(quotation

marks and citation omitted). “In reviewing the denial of a motion to suppress, ....

[w]e view the evidence on appeal in the light most favorable to the government.”

United States v. Botero-Ospina, 

, 785-86 (10th Cir. 1995) (en banc).

The government bears the burden of showing by a preponderance of the evidence

that the traffic stop was reasonable within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment.

See United States v. Salzano, 

, 1111 (10th Cir. 1998). “[A] traffic

stop is valid under the Fourth Amendment if the stop is based on an observed

traffic violation or if the police officer has reasonable articulable suspicion that a

traffic or equipment violation has occurred or is occurring.” 

. While the Supreme Court has stated that “[i]n the ordinary course a

police officer is free to ask a person for identification without implicating the

Fourth Amendment,” it has limited this to situations where the police officer has a

“reasonable suspicion that a person may be involved in criminal activity.” Hiibel

v. Sixth Jud. Dist. Ct. of Nevada, ___ U.S. ___, 

, 2458 (June 21,

2004) (relying on INS v. Delgado, 

, 216 (1984); United States v.

Brignoni-Ponce, 

, 881 (1975)). Similarly, this court has held that

“[a]n officer conducting a routine traffic stop may request a driver’s license and

vehicle registration, run a computer check and issue a citation,” if the initial stop

was reasonable, as determined by whether: 1) “the officer’s action was justified


                                          -8-
at its inception,” and 2) “the action was reasonably related in scope to the

circumstances that first justified the interference.” United States v. Gonzalez-

Lerma, 

, 1483 (10th Cir. 1994) (quotation marks and citation

omitted).



      “To successfully suppress evidence as the fruit of an unlawful detention, a

defendant must first establish that the detention did violate his Fourth Amendment

rights” and then demonstrate “a factual nexus between the illegality and the

challenged evidence.” United States v. Nava-Ramirez, 

, 1131 (10th

Cir. 2000) (quotation marks and citation omitted). To establish that a factual

nexus exists, “[a]t a minimum, a defendant must adduce evidence at the

suppression hearing showing the evidence sought to be suppressed would not have

come to light but for the government’s unconstitutional conduct.” Id.; United

States v. DeLuca, 

, 1132 (10th Cir. 2001).



      Only if the defendant meets these burdens, “must the government prove that

the evidence sought to be suppressed is not fruit of the poisonous tree, either by

demonstrating the evidence would have been inevitably discovered, was

discovered through independent means, or was so attenuated from the illegality as

to dissipate the taint of the unlawful conduct.” 

                                         -9-
(quotation marks and citations omitted). With respect to these exclusionary

factors, the Supreme Court has said the question is whether “the evidence to

which instant objection is made has been come at by exploitation of that illegality

or instead by means sufficiently distinguishable to be purged of the primary

taint.” Brown v. Illinois, 

, 598-99 (1975) (quotation marks and

citation omitted).



      In addressing the issue of attenuation, the Supreme Court points out no

single fact is dispositive. 

A Miranda warning is an important factor,

along with other factors, such as the temporal proximity of the arrest and

statement, the presence of intervening circumstances, the purpose and flagrancy

of the official misconduct, and the voluntariness of the statement. 

Similarly, this court has used these factors to determine whether illegally seized

evidence has been purged of the primary taint in an illegal traffic stop situation.

See United States v. King, 

, 1563-64 (10th Cir. 1993) (explaining

the voluntariness of a defendant’s act is a “threshold requirement” when the

government asserts the taint of the illegality has been purged by that act).



      Relying on these principles in addressing the issues in this case, it is clear

the government did not meet its burden of showing by a preponderance of the


                                         -10-
evidence that the traffic stop was reasonable within the meaning of the Fourth

Amendment, because it failed to produce any evidence on the purpose or cause for

the stop. See 

. While the government correctly

contends a police officer is free to stop a person and ask for identification without

implicating the Fourth Amendment, this proposition is applicable where the police

officer has a “reasonable suspicion that a person may be involved in criminal

activity.” 

. This is not the situation here, and therefore,

the government’s argument cannot be successfully advanced.



      Next, for the purpose of suppressing evidence from the illegal stop, it is

clear from the record Mr. Limon-Soto met his necessary burdens. First, because

“[a] traffic stop is a seizure within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment,”

, and the government failed to present any evidence

on the reasonableness of the stop, it was not difficult for Mr. Limon-Soto to show

the traffic stop violated his Fourth Amendment rights. Second, because the

parties conceded the Bureau of Immigration and Customs Enforcement learned of

Mr. Limon-Soto’s immigration status and criminal history only as a result of the

identity information obtained from him after the illegal traffic stop, Mr. Limon-

Soto clearly met his burden of showing a factual nexus existed between the

illegality of the stop and the challenged evidence. See Nava-Ramirez, 210 F.3d at


                                         -11-
1131. In other words, the parties conceded the evidence sought to be suppressed

would not have come to light but for the government’s unconstitutional conduct.

Id.; 

.



      However, as previously noted, this does not conclude our inquiry. The

burden next rests on the government to show the evidence sought to be suppressed

is not fruit of the poisonous tree, either by demonstrating the evidence would

have been inevitably discovered, was discovered through independent means, or

was so attenuated from the illegality as to dissipate the taint of the unlawful

conduct. 

. Because both parties rely on

attenuation to support their arguments, we focus on that factor and consider

whether evidence of Mr. Limon-Soto’s identity, through his identification card,

came from exploitation of the illegality of the stop, or instead by means

sufficiently distinguishable to be purged of the primary taint. See 

; 

.



      In this case, if we look at the attenuation factors considered in determining

whether illegally seized evidence has been purged of the primary taint, see 

; 

, and view the evidence on appeal

in the light most favorable to the government, it appears evidence of Mr. Limon-


                                         -12-
Soto’s identity came by means sufficiently distinguishable to be purged of the

primary taint. First, while it is unclear whether the officer first asked Mr. Limon-

Soto for his identification before he voluntarily submitted it, or if Mr. Limon-Soto

offered it himself without being asked, nothing in the record or the arguments on

appeal establishes it was involuntary, regardless of whether the police officer had

reasonable suspicion to make the stop and thereby request identification. In

addition, while arguably no intervening circumstance or temporal proximity

occurred between the illegal stop, his identification, and the subsequent arrest, the

record is void of any exploitation of the illegality of the stop or flagrancy of

official misconduct in obtaining Mr. Limon-Soto’s identity. See 

-40 (finding the police did not exploit an illegal search to obtain the

defendant’s identity).



      Having determined, under the circumstances presented, that evidence of

Mr. Limon-Soto’s identity came by means sufficiently distinguishable to be

purged of the primary taint, we turn to his request to suppress his immigration

record or file. With respect to public records, we have said that while “[t]he

exclusionary rule enjoins the Government from benefitting from evidence it has

unlawfully obtained[,] it does not reach backward to taint information that was in

official hands prior to any illegality.” 

. Similarly, the


                                         -13-
Supreme Court has said “the illegality of [a defendant’s] detention cannot deprive

the Government of the opportunity to prove his guilt through the introduction of

evidence wholly untainted by the police misconduct.” United States v. Crews,

, 474 (1980). Thus, in this case, the illegality of Mr. Limon-Soto’s

traffic stop did not deprive the government of the opportunity to prove his guilt

for unlawful reentry into the United States after deportation by the introduction of

evidence wholly untainted by the illegal traffic stop, which consisted of his pre-

existing immigration record showing deportation for a felony conviction. 2



                                       Conclusion

       Under the applicable law and the circumstances presented in this case, we

conclude the district court did not err in denying Mr. Limon-Soto’s motion to

suppress his identity and his immigration file. Accordingly, we AFFIRM Mr.

Limon-Soto’s conviction and sentence.



                                          Entered by the Court:

                                          WADE BRORBY
                                          United States Circuit Judge


       2
         Because we may resolve the suppression issue on these grounds, we do not
address the government’s argument, in reliance on Fifth Circuit precedent, that Mr.
Limon-Soto lacks a possessory or proprietary interest in his pre-existing immigration file.
See United States v. Pineda-Chinchilla, 

, 943-44 (5th Cir. 1983).

                                           -14-