F I L E D
                                                                   United States Court of Appeals
                                                                           Tenth Circuit
                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                          June 17, 2005
                                   TENTH CIRCUIT
                                                                     PATRICK FISHER
                                                                               Clerk

 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

          Plaintiff - Appellee,
                                                        No. 04-8096
 v.                                                (D.C. No. 04-CV-70-B)
                                                         (D. Wyo.)
 RAUL MANZANO,

          Defendant - Appellant.


                             ORDER AND JUDGMENT *


Before KELLY, O’BRIEN, and TYMKOVICH, Circuit Judges. **


      Defendant-Appellant Raul Manzano appeals the district court's denial of his

motion to suppress evidence obtained during a search of his vehicle and his

subsequent conviction of possession of cocaine with intent to distribute in

violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and (b)(1)(B)(ii)(II). In a written order, the

district court held the search was lawful on two grounds. First, Mr. Manzano

      *
        This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. This court
generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order
and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
      **
         After examining the briefs and the appellate record, this three-judge
panel has determined unanimously that oral argument would not be of material
assistance in the determination of this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a); 10th
Cir. R. 34.1(G). The cause is therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.
voluntarily consented to the search, and second, the officer had reasonable

suspicion based on his observations of Mr. Manzano and the vehicle, which

ultimately developed into probable cause once a drug-sniffing dog alerted to the

outside of the vehicle. I R. Doc. 24. Our jurisdiction arises under 28 U.S.C. §

1291, and we affirm.



                                    Background

      At approximately 7:00 a.m. on January 17, 2004, Wyoming State Highway

Patrol Trooper Ben Peech was on patrol on I-80 near Cheyenne, Wyoming when

his radar detected Mr. Manzano driving 80 m.p.h. The officer stopped Mr.

Manzano, informed him he was speeding, and asked for his license and other

documentation. During this initial contact, the officer observed that Mr.

Manzano’s hands were shaking, he was fidgety, and his voice was stammering.

He also noticed a strong air freshener scent and that the vehicle, a Ford

Expedition, was missing a windshield wiper cover and that the wiper bolt was

scarred. II R. at 8. The officer testified that the Ford Expedition is a known drug

courier car as it has void space in the vicinity of the wiper housing commonly

used to hide contraband. II R. at 10-11.

      Mr. Manzano acknowledged he was speeding and produced the requested

documents. The officer then asked Mr. Manzano to accompany him to the patrol


                                           -2-
car so he could write a warning ticket. 

While in the patrol car, even

after being informed he was only getting a warning, Mr. Manzano remained

visibly nervous. The officer questioned him about his travel plans and he

explained that he was moving from California to Nebraska to start a business and

that he moved back and forth between the two states depending on work. He also

stated that even though he had an address in Nebraska, the address on the vehicle

registration belonged to his aunt. 

The officer then completed the

warning, handed back Mr. Manzano’s license and vehicle documentation, and told

him to “slow down” and “have a great one, ok,” Aplt. Br. at 8, and Mr. Manzano

exited the patrol car.

      However, before he reached his vehicle, the officer re-approached him and

asked if he would mind answering some additional questions. Mr. Manzano

agreed. 1 Again, the officer questioned him about his travel and business plans.

Mr. Manzano stated that he was starting a business with a friend but that he did



      1
        During the encounter the officer turned his body microphone on and off
several times, which Mr. Manzano suggests undermines the officer’s credibility.
Aplt. Br. at 18. However, the district court credited the officer’s explanation for
his actions–that because the body microphone and the patrol car microphone do
not work at the same time, he turned off the body microphone so the
conversations he had with Mr. Manzano in the patrol car and any comments Mr.
Manzano might make while sitting alone in the patrol car would be recorded(II R.
at 14, 20)–and we must accept the district court’s conclusion as it was not clearly
erroneous. United States v. Zabalza, 

, 1259 (10th Cir. 2003).


                                        -3-
not know his friend’s phone number or address. He also made inconsistent

statements about his travels, first stating that he had not been to Nebraska for six

months and then telling the officer that he had purchased and registered the

vehicle in Nebraska within the preceding month. Aplee. Br. at 5. The officer

noticed that Mr. Manzano was cold and invited him to sit inside the patrol car.

Mr. Manzano accepted the invitation, and after a few more minutes of questioning

the officer said, “Great, thank you very much, you have a good one.” Aplt. Br. at

10. Mr. Manzano asked, “we are finished?,” and the officer replied affirmatively.

then asked the officer’s name, shook his hand, and again exited

the patrol car. II R. at 19.

      The officer’s suspicions were not mollified by Mr. Manzano’s responses,

however, and again before Mr. Manzano could enter his vehicle the officer

reinitiated contact and asked whether there was anything in the vehicle he should

know about, including weapons, drugs, or large amounts of cash. 

Mr. Manzano immediately replied he did not have any of these items and gestured

toward the vehicle saying, “Go ahead.” 

43-44. The officer then

specifically asked if he could search the vehicle, and Mr. Manzano replied, “No

problem.” 

At the officer’s suggestion, Mr. Manzano got back into the

patrol car to stay warm during the search. 

began searching the exterior front passenger area of the vehicle,


                                         -4-
looking down the venting near the windshield at an area he knew was commonly

used to hide contraband, and immediately he noticed a thin metal plate, Bondo, 2

and some paint that did not match the rest of the vehicle. 

He also

observed tampering and tool marks on the front fender, which he knew to be

commonly used as an access route to the suspected compartment area. 

30. Upon seeing this, the officer radioed for a canine unit, 

and while

waiting for it to arrive, the officer informed Mr. Manzano that he had found a

compartment on the vehicle and asked whether Mr. Manzano wanted to cooperate,

but Mr. Manzano replied that he did not know about the compartment or whether

there was anything in it. 

The officer then asked for permission to

continue searching the car and again Mr. Manzano consented. 

drug dog arrived, it alerted to one spot on the exterior of the

vehicle and three spots on the interior. 

After being told of the dog’s

alerts, two officers removed some molding on the vehicle and punctured the

modified area to access the suspected compartment. 

63. Inside, they

found a “vacuum-sealed, brick-shaped package that was white in color.” 

see also 

Mr. Manzano was subsequently arrested and read his

Miranda rights, and the vehicle was towed to the Wyoming Department of


      2
         The officer testified that Bondo is a “putty-like substance . . . use[d] to fix
crashed cars, to make dents go away on crashed cars. They put it on there, let it
dry . . . and sand it down real fine and paint back over it.” 

                                          -5-
Transportation where a total of 10.9 pounds of cocaine was recovered. 

Aplee. Br. at 8.

      In a written order after the suppression hearing, the district court held that

the search was lawful based on Mr. Manzano consent to answer the officer’s

questions and the search of his vehicle. The court also found that aside from Mr.

Manzano’s consent, the officer had reasonable suspicion based on his

observations of Mr. Manzano and the vehicle, which ultimately developed into

probable cause once the drug dog alerted to the vehicle.



                                     Discussion

      On appeal, Mr. Manzano does not challenge the initial traffic stop. Instead,

he argues that (1) he was unlawfully detained after the traffic stop had ended, and

(2) the vehicle was unlawfully searched. In reviewing the denial of a motion to

suppress, we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the government.

United States v. Rosborough, 

, 1148 (10th Cir. 2004). Determining

credibility of witnesses and assigning the weight to be given to evidence is the

province of the district court, and we accept the district court’s factual findings

unless they are clearly erroneous. 

de novo the “‘ultimate

determination of reasonableness under the Fourth Amendment.’” 

Unlawful detention

      Generally, a traffic stop may last only as long as is “necessary to effectuate

the purpose of the stop.” United States v. Manjarrez, 

, 885 (10th

Cir. 2003) (quoting United States v. Hunnicutt, 

, 1349 (10th Cir.

1998)). However, additional questioning unrelated to the purpose of the stop is

permissible if (1) the officer has reasonable suspicion that the driver is involved

in illegal activity, or (2) the driver voluntarily consents. United States v.

Taverna, 

, 877-78 (10th Cir. 2003). Voluntariness is a question of

fact determined by considering the totality of the circumstances. 

. Consent is given voluntarily when a reasonable person would feel

free to leave or disregard the officer’s request. 

It is the

government’s burden to show the absence of “duress or coercion, express or

implied.” 

      Here, Mr. Manzano was detained until the officer returned his license and

documentation and told him he was free to go. However, at that point, Mr.

Manzano felt free to go, as evidenced by that fact that he got out of the patrol car

and walked towards his vehicle. See 

; United States v.

Garcia-Rodriguez, No. 04-8047, 

, at *4 (10th Cir. Apr. 4, 2005).

Thus, when the officer reinitiated contact and asked if he would answer some

questions, Mr. Manzano voluntarily consented when he replied, “sure” “no


                                          -7-
problem.” Aplee. Br. at 4. The videotape clearly shows the officer’s demeanor

throughout the encounter was calm and conversational. He did not raise his

voice, touch Mr. Manzano, or display his weapon. See 

(listing factors tending to show coercion). Indeed, when the officer

indicated he was finished asking questions, Mr. Manzano asked the officer’s name

and shook his hand before proceeding to his vehicle, suggesting he did not feel

coerced or threatened.

      Mr. Manzano further argues, without citation to any authority, that even if

the initial questioning was consensual, he was unlawfully detained when the

officer began questioning him the third time without again getting consent. We

disagree. Where someone voluntarily consents to questioning and does not

revoke that consent while the questioning is continuing, it is not necessary for the

officer to continually renew consent with each new inquiry. Regardless, Mr.

Manzano’s behavior demonstrates he willingly answered these questions as well.

As stated above, he was again walking towards his vehicle to leave when the

officer approached him and he answered the officer’s questions without

hesitation, and under these circumstances, the nature of the officer’s questions is

not sufficient to render the encounter non-consensual. See Garcia-Rodriguez,

, at * 4 (holding key is whether person feels free to leave when

they consent to answer officer’s questions, not whether the officer would have


                                         -8-
actually allowed the person to leave).

      B.) Unlawful search

      Mr. Manzano also argues that his vehicle was unlawfully searched. First,

he again asserts that his consent to search was involuntary; and second, he argues

that even if his consent was voluntary, the officer exceeded the scope of his

consent by “dismantl[ing] the front vent, windshield wipers and air bag

compartments.” Aplt. Br. at 28.

      A warrantless search of a vehicle is proper under the Fourth Amendment

when the person in control of the vehicle gives voluntary consent to search.

. In establishing the voluntariness of consent to search,

“the Government must: (1) proffer clear and positive testimony that consent was

unequivocal and specific and freely and intelligently given; and (2) prove that this

consent was given without implied or express duress or coercion.” 

and citation omitted). The scope of consent is a question of fact based

on what a reasonable person would have understood the scope to be under the

circumstances. 

(citing Florida v. Jimeno, 

, 251 (1991)). “A general grant of permission to search an automobile

typically extends to the entire car, absent an objection or an express limitation by

the grantee.” 

failure to object suggests the search was within

permissible bounds. United States v. McRae, 

, 1538 (10th Cir. 1996)


                                         -9-
(citations omitted). However, a search can become “so invasive or destructive” as

to exceed the bounds of consent even without an objection. United States v.

Osage, 

, 520 (10th Cir. 2000) (internal quotations and citation

omitted).

      As noted above, Mr. Manzano felt free to leave when he told the officer he

did not have any contraband in the vehicle and gestured toward the vehicle

stating, “go ahead.” The officer then specifically asked if he could search the

vehicle and Mr. Manzano replied, “No problem.” II R. at 20. Regarding the

scope of Mr. Manzano’s consent, based on his response to the officer’s request, it

is clear he did not expressly limit where the officer could search. Further, Mr.

Manzano gave his consent immediately after the officer had asked whether there

were any drugs in the vehicle. Thus, a reasonable person would understand that

by consenting to the officer’s request he would be allowing a search of places

where drugs might be found. See United States v. Marquez, 

, 1209

(10th Cir. 2003); United States v. Pena, 

, 1368 (10th Cir. 1998).

      Upon receiving permission to search, the officer examined an area known

to be used as a compartment to hide contraband in the exterior front passenger

area of the vehicle, and looking down the venting near the windshield, he noticed

a non-factory modification, including Bondo and non-matching paint. But rather

than immediately dismantling the vehicle to access the suspected compartment, he


                                        - 10 -
called for a canine unit and waited for the dog to alert. II R. at 20-24. By this

point, the officer had probable cause to search for drugs and was no longer

relying solely on consent. 

(holding dog alert on

vehicle creates probable cause to search the vehicle for drugs); United States v.

Anderson, 

, 1066 (10th Cir. 1997) (holding that suspicious

circumstances coupled with evidence of hidden compartment creates probable

cause to search for drugs). Thus, even assuming dismantling the area around the

secret compartment went beyond the scope of consent, 3 the officer’s actions were

not unreasonable under the Fourth Amendment.

      We hold that Mr. Manzano was not unlawfully detained as he voluntarily

consented to answer the officer’s questions, and the vehicle search was lawful as

Mr. Manzano voluntarily gave general consent and it was ultimately supported by

probable cause. 4




      3
        This assumption is far from clear as this court has repeatedly held that an
officer can partially disassemble a vehicle based on consent when the driver fails
to object. See United States v. McRae, 

, 1537-38 (10th Cir. 1996);
United States v. Santurio, 

, 553 (10th Cir. 1994); United States v.
Pena, 

, 1514-15 (10th Cir. 1990); United States v. Espinoza, 

, 892-93 (10th Cir. 1986).
      4
       Because we hold that Mr. Manzano voluntarily consented to the extended
detention and vehicle search, we decline to address whether the officer’s actions
were supported by reasonable suspicion. See United States v. Sandoval, 

, 542 n.6 (10th Cir. 1994) (“We are free to affirm a district court on any
grounds” supported by the record.)

                                        - 11 -
AFFIRMED.

            Entered for the Court


            Paul J. Kelly, Jr.
            Circuit Judge




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