09-2965-cr
U nited States v. Levy



                                UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                    FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

                                               SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMM ARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A
SUM M ARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERM ITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY
FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN
CITING A SUM M ARY ORDER IN A DOCUM ENT FILED W ITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE
EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (W ITH THE NOTATION
“SUM M ARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING A SUM M ARY ORDER M UST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY
PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.

       At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held
at the Daniel Patrick Moynihan United States Courthouse, 500 Pearl Street, in the City of
New York, on the 14 th day of July, two thousand ten.

PRESENT:                 REENA RAGGI,
                         GERARD E. LYNCH,
                                   Circuit Judges,
                         NICHOLAS G. GARAUFIS,
                                   District Judge.*

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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
                        Appellee,

                               v.                                                      No. 09-2965-cr

STEPHEN MICHAEL LEVY, also known as
Reallybad@aol.com, also known as Steve Levy,
                               Defendant-Appellant.
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APPEARING FOR APPELLANT:                                   AVROM ROBIN (Ira D. London, Meredith S.
                                                           Heller, on the brief), Law Offices of London &
                                                           Robin, New York, New York.
APPEARING FOR APPELLEE:                                    ADAM S. HICKEY, Assistant United States


           *
        District Judge Nicholas G. Garaufis of the United States District Court for the
Eastern District of New York, sitting by designation.
                                            Attorney (Michael D. Maimin, Assistant United
                                            States Attorney, on the brief), for Preet Bharara,
                                            United States Attorney for the Southern District
                                            of New York, New York, New York.

       Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York

(Denny Chin, Judge).

       UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND

DECREED that the judgment entered on July 9, 2009, is AFFIRMED.

       Defendant Stephen Michael Levy was convicted, after a jury trial, of both producing

and distributing child pornography. See 18 U.S.C. §§ 2251(a), 2252A(a)(1). Sentenced

principally to 360 months’ imprisonment, Levy here challenges (1) the sufficiency of

evidence supporting conviction on the production count;1 (2) the government’s reliance on

a blurry image to support conviction; and (3) the reasonableness of his sentence. We assume

the parties’ familiarity with the facts and the record of prior proceedings, which we reference

only as necessary to explain our decision to affirm.

       1.       Sufficiency Challenge

       Levy contends that the evidence was insufficient to convict him of producing child

pornography because it could not establish beyond a reasonable doubt that he used his

cellular phone to photograph “a live visual depiction” of child sexual conduct, 18 U.S.C.




       1
           Levy does not challenge his conviction for distributing child pornography.

                                               2
§ 2251(a), rather than to photograph an image on his computer screen produced by someone

else, as he testified.

       “A defendant raising a sufficiency challenge . . . bears a heavy burden because a

reviewing court must consider the evidence ‘in the light most favorable to the prosecution’

and uphold the conviction if ‘any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements

of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.’” United States v. Aguilar, 

, 656 (2d

Cir. 2009) (quoting Jackson v. Virginia, 

, 319 (1979) (emphasis in Jackson)).

In an effort to carry his burden, Levy points to two isolated pieces of testimony: (1) the

government’s cellular phone expert was unable to rule out that the charged photographs were

taken of a computer screen, and (2) the victim’s mother could not, with certainty, identify the

images as depictions of her five-year-old daughter.2

       Levy’s argument merits little discussion in light of the compelling evidence against

him, including – but not limited to – his own admissions. In an online chat with an NYPD

detective posing as a pedophile, Levy detailed how, on the night of June 9, when the mother

of a five-year-old child “passed out” from wine coolers that Levy had purchased “to get [her]

drunk,” Levy was left alone with the victim. June 11, 2007 Chat Tr. at 9. Levy then boasted

as to how he molested the child and photographed these actions. Levy expressed annoyance

at not being able to perform all the actions he wanted to photograph: he explained that he had




       2
           This is hardly surprising given that the photographs focus on the girl’s genitals.

                                                3
only limited time alone with the child before the boyfriend of the mother returned downstairs

and, therefore, “took 3 pics really fast.” 

on the basis of which he was

convicted are entirely consistent with his account of what he did and with what such

photographs would look like.

       Levy’s online confession is further corroborated by the testimony of the victim’s

mother and her boyfriend that, on the night of June 9, 2007, he was alone with the victim for

several minutes, during which time he used his cellular phone camera to take three

photographs of her engaged in sexual conduct with him. For example, the victim’s mother

and her boyfriend testified – and bank records and a cell tower analysis corroborated – that

at 11:30 p.m., the time the photographs were taken, Levy was not at his home in Maryland,

but rather was visiting their family in Virginia. The same two witnesses testified that, for

several minutes during that night, Levy was alone with the victim, who was asleep on the

living room couch, while the rest of the victim’s family was upstairs.

       Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the government and crediting all

inferences that could be drawn in its favor, we conclude that a reasonable jury certainly could

have found that Levy produced “a live visual depiction” of sexually explicit activity

involving a child victim and, thus, was guilty of production in violation of 18 U.S.C.

§ 2251(a).




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       2.     Blurry Image Challenge

       Levy submits that the jury should not have been permitted to consider Government

Exhibit 6 (“GX6”),3 his self-described “blurry” image that was indiscernible save for Levy’s

online statement that he attempted to photograph the victim’s hand on his penis. Since Levy

did not object to the admission of these photographs, our review is for plain error, see United

States v. Edwards, 

, 179 (2d Cir. 2003), and we identify none here because, as

one of three photographs Levy admitted taking of the victim, GX6 was plainly relevant and

not unduly prejudicial.

       Levy nonetheless submits that the jury should not have been permitted to find

“lascivious exhibition,” 18 U.S.C. § 2256(2)(A)(v), based on the blurry photograph. Levy

cites no authority suggesting that the district court erred in charging the jury as to the law

applicable to the production count.        Rather, Levy asserts that the jury must have

misunderstood the court’s instructions because it returned a guilty verdict on the blurry

image. This is more akin to a sufficiency challenge, which we need not pursue as the jury

returned a special verdict indicating that it found Levy guilty of producing child pornography

based on each of the three charged photographs. Either of the other two photographs all too

clearly depicted the live molestation supporting Levy’s production conviction. Further, the




       3
       The blurry image was also introduced as Government Exhibits 12 and 80.2. Like
Levy, we refer to it only as GX6 for clarity.

                                              5
district court itself vacated the guilty verdict to the extent it was based on GX6. See United

States v. Levy, 

, 441-42 (S.D.N.Y. 2009).4

       3.     Sentence Challenge

       We review Levy’s sentence for reasonableness, see Kimbrough v. United States, 

, 90-91 (2007), “a particularly deferential form of abuse-of-discretion review,” United

States v. Cavera, 

, 188 n.5 (2d Cir. 2008) (en banc).

              a.     Procedural Error

       Levy asserts that procedural error in his Guidelines calculation renders his sentence

unreasonable. See United States v. Jones, 

, 170 (2d Cir. 2008) (noting that

improper Guidelines calculation is procedural error). Specifically, he faults the district

court’s application of a two-level obstruction enhancement based on findings that Levy (1)

committed perjury by testifying falsely that he was not in Virginia when the charged

photographs were taken, that he did not engage in the molestation depicted in the

photographs, and that he was himself molested as a child; and (2) coached his brother to lie

that Levy was sexually abused as a child. See U.S.S.G. § 3C1.1.




       4
         Because the government has not cross-appealed from the district court’s partial
vacatur of the jury verdict, we have no occasion to decide whether a blurry image can support
a conviction for producing child pornography when, as in this case, other evidence indicates
that defendant intended to produce a visual depiction of sexually explicit conduct. Cf. United
States v. Buculei, 

, 328 (4th Cir. 2001) (holding that § 2251(a) crime “was
complete when [defendant] induced [victim] into sexually explicit conduct for the purpose
of producing a visual depiction thereof”).

                                              6
       First, Levy contends that the enhancement was unwarranted because any intentional

false testimony regarding his childhood abuse was not material to the present charges. See

United States v. Salim, 

, 73 (2d Cir. 2008). Whether or not false testimony

regarding Levy’s childhood abuse was material, false testimony insisting that the

photographs were taken at Levy’s home in Maryland and denying participation in the

depicted molestation certainly was material. See 

standard);

U.S.S.G. § 3C1.1 cmt. n.6 (defining “material” evidence as any “evidence, fact, statement,

or information that, if believed, would tend to influence or affect the issue under

determination”).

       Second, Levy argues that his “phone conversation with his brother was hardly

conclusive proof that he encouraged his brother to lie for him.” Appellant’s Br. at 34. This

argument misperceives the standard of proof required for a Guidelines enhancement:

preponderance of the evidence. See United States v. Khedr, 

, 102 (2d Cir. 2003);

United States v. Ben-Shimon, 

, 102 (2d Cir. 2001). Thus, even if, as the district

court suggested, reasonable minds might disagree as to Levy’s obstructive intent in speaking

with his brother, we will identify error only if no reasonable sentencing judge could have

found it more likely than not that Levy was attempting to suborn perjury. See United States

v. Agudelo, 

, 348 (2d Cir. 2005) (accepting sentencing judge’s findings of fact

unless clearly erroneous); cf. DeCarlo v. Fry, 

, 62 (2d Cir. 1998) (holding that

jury verdict must be upheld unless no reasonable factfinder could reach conclusion).

                                             7
Because the record does not compel that conclusion and adequately supports a finding of

obstructive intent, we must respect the inference drawn by the district court. See generally

Anderson v. City of Bessemer City, N.C., 

, 574 (1985) (“Where there are two

permissible views of the evidence, the factfinder’s choice between them cannot be clearly

erroneous.”).

       Finally, Levy submits that the district court’s imposition of a Guidelines sentence

indicates procedural error in failing adequately to consider other sentencing factors.5 We

presume that a sentencing judge understood his discretion under United States v. Booker, 

(2005), and faithfully discharged his duty to consider the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)

factors, see United States v. Legros, 

, 478 (2d Cir. 2008); see also United States

v. Keller, 

, 101 (2d Cir. 2008) (disavowing “formulaic requirements” or “robotic

incantations” to discharge § 3553(a) duty). The record in this case provides no reason to

question these presumptions.

       Accordingly, we identify no procedural unreasonableness in Levy’s sentence.




       5
         Levy incorrectly asserts that he was sentenced at the top of the appropriate
Guidelines range. To the contrary, accounting for the fifty-year statutory maximum, the
district court calculated the applicable Guidelines range to be 360 to 600 months’
imprisonment (rather than 360 months’ to life imprisonment), and imposed a sentence of 360
months, the bottom of that range.

                                              8
              b.     Substantive Reasonableness

       Levy urges us to conclude that his sentence is substantively unreasonable based

largely on general criticism of the severe Guidelines applicable to child pornography

offenses.   In reviewing a sentence for substantive reasonableness, we note that “[a]

sentencing judge has very wide latitude to decide the proper degree of punishment for an

individual offender and a particular crime,” and we will “set aside a district court’s

substantive determination only in exceptional cases where the trial court’s decision cannot

be located within the range of permissible decisions.” United States v. 

(emphasis in original) (internal quotation marks omitted). “The fact that the appellate

court might reasonably have concluded that a different sentence was appropriate is

insufficient to justify reversal of the district court.” Gall v. United States, 

, 51

(2007). Further, “in the overwhelming majority of cases, a Guidelines sentence will fall

comfortably within the broad range of sentences that would be reasonable in the particular

circumstances.” United States v. Fernandez, 

, 27 (2d Cir. 2006); accord Rita v.

United States, 

, 347 (2007). With these principles in mind, we cannot conclude

that Levy’s sentence is substantively unreasonable.

       We recognize that this court recently expressed concern regarding the substantive

reasonableness of a child pornography sentence. See United States v. Dorvee, 

(2d Cir. 2010). This case does not present the same issues, specifically whether the

defendant was likely sexually to assault a child. See 

Here, Levy actually molested

                                              9
a five-year-old girl, bragged about his conduct online, and thereafter not only failed to accept

responsibility, but lied under oath about his culpability.       In these circumstances, the

challenged sentence falls within the wide range available to the district court to address the

factors specified in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), particularly the seriousness of the crime and the

need for deterrence. See United States v. 

; United States v. 

. We have no occasion to second guess the substantive reasonableness

of the district court’s sentencing choice within this range, particularly where informed, as

here, by insight gained through a full trial. See generally Gall v. United 

(discussing institutional advantages of district court); accord United States v. 

.

       We have considered Levy’s other arguments on appeal and conclude that they are

without merit. Accordingly, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.

                             FOR THE COURT:
                             CATHERINE O’HAGAN WOLFE, Clerk of Court




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