Filed: Apr. 12, 2016
Latest Update: Mar. 02, 2020
Summary: 14-4055 Halo v. Yale Health Plan UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT _ August Term, 2015 (Argued: September 11, 2015 Decided: April 12, 2016) Docket No. 14-4055 _ TIFFANY L. HALO, Plaintiff-Appellant, —v.— YALE HEALTH PLAN, DIRECTOR OF BENEFITS & RECORDS YALE UNIVERSITY, Defendant-Appellee. _ B e f o r e: KATZMANN, Chief Judge, LYNCH, Circuit Judge, and ARTERTON, District Judge.* _ Sections 503 and 505 of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, 29 U.S.C. §§ 1133, 1
Summary: 14-4055 Halo v. Yale Health Plan UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT _ August Term, 2015 (Argued: September 11, 2015 Decided: April 12, 2016) Docket No. 14-4055 _ TIFFANY L. HALO, Plaintiff-Appellant, —v.— YALE HEALTH PLAN, DIRECTOR OF BENEFITS & RECORDS YALE UNIVERSITY, Defendant-Appellee. _ B e f o r e: KATZMANN, Chief Judge, LYNCH, Circuit Judge, and ARTERTON, District Judge.* _ Sections 503 and 505 of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, 29 U.S.C. §§ 1133, 11..
More
14-4055
Halo v. Yale Health Plan
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
_______________
August Term, 2015
(Argued: September 11, 2015 Decided: April 12, 2016)
Docket No. 14‐4055
_______________
TIFFANY L. HALO,
Plaintiff‐Appellant,
—v.—
YALE HEALTH PLAN, DIRECTOR OF BENEFITS & RECORDS YALE UNIVERSITY,
Defendant‐Appellee.
_______________
B e f o r e:
KATZMANN, Chief Judge, LYNCH, Circuit Judge, and ARTERTON, District Judge.*
_______________
Sections 503 and 505 of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of
1974, 29 U.S.C. §§ 1133, 1135, authorize the Department of Labor to issue
The Honorable Janet Bond Arterton, of the United States District Court for the District
*
of Connecticut, sitting by designation.
regulations governing claims procedures for employee benefit plans. The United
States District Court for the District of Connecticut (Bryant, J.) held that, when
exercising discretionary authority to deny a claim for benefits, a plan’s failure to
comply with the Department’s claims‐procedure regulation entitles a participant
or beneficiary to de novo review of her claim for benefits in federal court, unless
the plan substantially complied with the regulation, in which case an arbitrary
and capricious standard of review applies. The district court also held that
claimants are entitled to unspecified civil penalties if the plan fails to comply with
the regulation. Because we conclude that these two holdings upset the
Department of Labor’s regulatory framework, we VACATE and REMAND.
_______________
TIFFANY L. HALO, pro se, Denville, New Jersey.
PATRICK MATTHEW NOONAN (Anthony Dexter Sutton, on the brief),
Donahue, Durham & Noonan, P.C., Guilford, Connecticut, for
Defendant‐Appellee.
_______________
KATZMANN, Chief Judge:
Under Sections 503 and 505 of the Employee Retirement Income Security
Act of 1974 (“ERISA”), 29 U.S.C. §§ 1133, 1135, Congress empowered the
Department of Labor to issue rules and regulations governing claims procedures
for employee benefit plans. This case calls upon us to interpret an agency
regulation in the context of the regulation’s purpose, as well as the purpose of the
regulation’s authorizing statute, as we address some of the consequences that
2
follow from a plan’s failure to comply with the Department’s claims‐procedure
regulation, 29 C.F.R. § 2560.503‐1.
The United States District Court for the District of Connecticut (Bryant, J.)
held that, when exercising discretionary authority to deny a claim for benefits, a
plan’s failure to establish or follow reasonable claims procedures in accordance
with the regulation entitles the claimant to de novo review of the claim in federal
court, unless the plan “substantially complied” with the regulation, in which case
an arbitrary and capricious standard applies to the federal court’s review of the
claim. The district court further held that a plan’s failure to follow the
Department’s regulation results in unspecified civil penalties.
We respectfully disagree with the district court’s holdings in light of the
careful balance struck by the Department’s regulation. Specifically, we hold that,
when denying a claim for benefits, a plan’s failure to comply with the Department
of Labor’s claims‐procedure regulation, 29 C.F.R. § 2560.503‐1, will result in that
claim being reviewed de novo in federal court, unless the plan has otherwise
established procedures in full conformity with the regulation and can show that
its failure to comply with the regulation in the processing of a particular claim
3
was inadvertent and harmless. We further hold that civil penalties are not
available to a participant or beneficiary for a plan’s failure to comply with the
claims‐procedure regulation. Finally, we hold that a plan’s failure to comply with
the claims‐procedure regulation may, in the district court’s discretion, constitute
good cause warranting the introduction of additional evidence outside the
administrative record. Accordingly, we VACATE and REMAND for further
proceedings consistent with this opinion.
Factual Background and Procedural History
A full discussion of the factual background of this case is set forth in the
district court’s memorandum of decision. See Halo v. Yale Health Plan (Halo II), 49
F. Supp. 3d 240, 244–53 (D. Conn. 2014). Because the district court’s conclusions
were premised on the incorrect standard (“substantial compliance”), the district
court did not make factual findings that would permit us to assess whether
Defendant‐Appellee Yale Health Plan, Director of Benefits & Records Yale
University (“Yale Health Plan”) established procedures in full conformity with
the regulation but inadvertently and harmlessly failed to comply with it in the
processing of a particular claim. We therefore do not delve deeply into the
4
specific facts of this case, because we leave it to the district court to apply the
correct standard in the first instance on remand. We summarize the factual
background and procedural history merely to provide context for the legal
discussion to follow.
Plaintiff‐Appellant Tiffany L. Halo was a student at Yale University and an
insured under the Yale Health Plan. When Halo began experiencing serious
problems with her left eye in 2008, she visited and underwent surgery with
doctors within the Yale Health Plan network. Dissatisfied with the results of her
treatment, she returned to her parents’ home, where she eventually underwent
further surgery with doctors who were not in the Plan’s network and whose
treatment therefore was covered only if the condition treated constituted an
emergency or urgent condition or if the treatment was approved in advance by
the Plan’s Care Coordination Department.
Yale Health Plan rejected Halo’s claims for coverage. Appearing pro se,
Halo filed a civil action against Yale Health Plan alleging, among other things,
that it violated the Department of Labor’s claims‐procedure regulation when it
denied a number of her claims for benefits. Halo contests both the timing and
5
content of the explanations concerning Yale Health Plan’s denials. For example,
the Department of Labor’s regulations require that notification of an adverse
benefit determination “shall set forth, in a manner calculated to be understood by
the claimant” a number of specific pieces of information, including: (1) “The
specific reason or reasons for the adverse determination;” (2) “[r]eference to the
specific plan provisions on which the determination is based;” (3) “[a] description
of any additional material or information necessary for the claimant to perfect the
claim and an explanation of why such material or information is necessary;” and
(4) “[a] description of the plan’s review procedures and the time limits applicable
to such procedures, including a statement of the claimant’s right to bring a civil
action under section 502(a) of the Act following an adverse benefit determination
on review.” 29 C.F.R. §§ 2560.503‐1(g)(i)–(iv). Yet, in at least one notification, the
only explanation Yale Health Plan provided to Halo was “SERVICE NOT
AUTHORIZED.” App. 160.
On August 19, 2011, Yale Health Plan filed a “motion for judgment on the
administrative record.” The district court granted the motion and Halo appealed.
On Halo’s first appeal, we held that the motion should have been treated as a
6
motion for summary judgment under Rule 56 of the Federal Rules of Civil
Procedure, which required that Halo should have received “notice ‘of the
consequences of failing to respond to [the] motion for summary judgment.’” Halo
v. Yale Health Plan (Halo I), 546 F. App’x 2, 3 (2d Cir. 2013) (quoting Vital v.
Interfaith Med. Ctr., 168 F.3d 615, 620 (2d Cir. 1999)). Because we concluded that
“Halo’s apparent ignorance of her Rule 56 burden may have hampered her ability
to oppose Yale[ Health Plan’s] summary judgment motion,” we vacated the
judgment. Id. at 4.
In vacating the judgment, we expressly declined to reach Halo’s argument
that “civil penalties are available for violations of 29 C.F.R. § 2560.503‐1” or “that,
in light of Yale[ Health Plan’s] alleged violations of ERISA regulations, the court
should review Halo’s ERISA claims de novo.” Id. at 4–5. We instead left it to the
district court to address these issues in the first instance. Id. at 5.
On remand, and after Yale Health Plan again moved for summary
judgment, the district court concluded that “the plan clearly reserves discretion
for the plan administrator” and that, “[o]nce it is clear that the administrator has
discretionary authority, the standard of review ordinarily shifts from de novo to an
7
arbitrary and capricious standard of review.” Halo II, 49 F. Supp. 3d at 255–56.
The district court correctly recognized, however, that, “under certain
circumstances, a plan administrator’s failure to comply with the letter of the
claims procedures outlined in ERISA requires courts to eschew the more
deferential arbitrary and capricious review normally applied to an administrator’s
discretionary decisions in favor of a more searching de novo review.” Id. at 256.
The district court nonetheless applied the so‐called “substantial compliance
doctrine,” which excuses failures to comply with the Department’s claims‐
procedure regulation if the record otherwise shows that the plan “substantially
complied” with the regulation’s requirements. As the district court explained, a
plan substantially complies with the regulation “if the administrator made efforts
to keep the beneficiary apprised of the claim assessment process and delivered
reasonably timely and detailed decisions, which indicate that the administrator
validly exercised its discretion.” Id. at 256–57. Applying the substantial‐
compliance doctrine, the district court concluded that, “while YHP’s
communications of its claim denials were not ideal (and in some instances failed
to comply with ERISA regulations), the substance and timing of its denials of
8
Halo’s claims were sufficient to indicate that YHP had exercised its discretion,
such that [the district court] review[ed] its denials of Halo’s claims under an
arbitrary and capricious standard.” Id. at 257.
Despite the district court’s conclusion that Yale Health Plan substantially
complied with the Department of Labor’s claims‐procedure regulation and that it
was therefore entitled to have Halo’s claims reviewed under the more deferential
arbitrary and capricious standard of review, the district court went on to hold that
civil penalties are available to a claimant if a plan fails to (substantially) comply
with the regulation. Id. at 268–76.
Standard of Review
“We review a district court’s decision to grant summary judgment de novo,
construing the evidence in the light most favorable to the party against which
summary judgment was granted and drawing all reasonable inferences in its
favor.” Sec. Plans, Inc. v. CUNA Mut. Ins. Soc’y, 769 F.3d 807, 815 (2d Cir. 2014)
(quoting Wachovia Bank, N.A. v. VCG Special Opportunities Master Fund, Ltd., 661
F.3d 164, 171 (2d Cir. 2011)).
9
Background
Congress enacted ERISA “to promote the interests of employees and their
beneficiaries in employee benefit plans, and to protect contractually defined
benefits.” Firestone Tire & Rubber Co. v. Bruch, 489 U.S. 101, 113 (1989) (citations
and quotation marks omitted). A key component of ERISA’s statutory plan is
Section 503, which requires that, “[i]n accordance with regulations of the
[Department of Labor], every employee benefit plan shall” do two things: First,
“provide adequate notice in writing to any participant or beneficiary whose claim
for benefits under the plan has been denied, setting forth the specific reasons for
such denial, written in a manner calculated to be understood by the participant”;
and second, “afford a reasonable opportunity to any participant whose claim for
benefits has been denied for a full and fair review by the appropriate named
fiduciary of the decision denying the claim.” 29 U.S.C. § 1133.1
The Department of Labor first issued a regulation governing claims
procedures for employee benefit plans under its ERISA Section 503 authority in
May 1977. See Claims Procedures for Employee Benefit Plans, 42 Fed. Reg. 27,426
1 “The Secretary of Labor’s rulemaking power is contained in [ERISA] § 505.” Mass. Mut.
Life Ins. Co. v. Russell, 473 U.S. 134, 143 n.11 (1985) (citing 29 U.S.C. § 1135).
10
(May 27, 1977) (codified at 29 C.F.R. § 2560.503‐1). Two decades later, the
Department issued a request for information from the public concerning the
advisability of amending the regulation, noting that, in the years since the
Department had issued the regulation, “dramatic changes in health care delivery
[had] raised many issues concerning access, coverage, and quality of care.”
Claims Procedures for Employee Benefit Plans, 62 Fed. Reg. 47,262, 47,262 (Sept.
8, 1997).
As the Department explained in its request for information, “[o]ne of the
most important changes [since 1977 was] the growth of managed health care
delivery systems,” which “adopt various measures to control costs and increase
efficiency,” including “impos[ing] limits or conditions on an individual’s choice
of physicians and often requir[ing] prior approval before an individual can
obtain, or obtain reimbursement for, hospital care or medical services provided
by a specialist.” Id. at 47,262. In light of these changes, “[t]he Department [sought]
comments concerning the nature of existing benefit determination and review
practices of plans and whether the Department’s [then existing] regulation [was]
adequate to protect the interests of both pension and welfare benefit plan
11
participants and beneficiaries.” Id. at 47,264. Among other things, the Department
asked whether it should “adopt minimum standards for filing claims and new
minimum standards for requesting review.” Id.
In September 1998, and in response to the comments it received, the
Department issued for public comment a “proposed regulation revising the
minimum requirements for benefit claims procedures of employee benefit plans
covered by Title I of [ERISA].” ERISA Rules and Regulations for Administration
and Enforcement; Claims Procedures, 63 Fed. Reg. 48,390, 48,390 (Sept. 9, 1998).
The Department explained that its “review of the comments received in response
to the [request for information had] led [it] to conclude that the procedural
standards set in the current regulation [were] no longer adequate to protect
participants and beneficiaries of employee benefit plans.” Id. at 48,390–91. This
inadequacy stemmed partly from the fact that the 1977 “regulation [had been]
adopted at a time when access to health services was controlled principally by the
independent judgments of physicians and other healthcare professionals,” but,
“[s]ince that time, the growth of managed care delivery systems ha[d] largely
transformed the relationship between patient and health care provider.” Id. at
12
48,391 (footnote omitted). Among other things, the growth of “managed care
delivery system[s] . . . heighten[ed] concern about the fair and expeditious
resolution of benefit disputes.” Id. Accordingly, the Department decided to
replace the 1977 regulation in its entirety. Id. at 48,392.
In a section of the proposed regulation’s supplementary information
entitled “Consequences of Failure to Establish and Follow Reasonable Claims
Procedures,” the Department noted that “[m]any of the comments that the
Department [had] received in response to the [request for information] asserted
that plans often fail to follow the minimum standards for procedural fairness set
by the [1977] regulation,” and that “[t]he Department believe[d] it [was]
important to make clear that the claims procedure regulation prescribes the
minimum standards for an administrative claims review process consistent with
ERISA.” Id. at 48,397. The Department further explained that “claimants should
not be required to continue to pursue claims through an administrative process
that fails to meet the minimum standards of the regulation.” Id.
The Department therefore proposed adding a new subsection providing
that “a claimant who attempts to pursue a claim is deemed to have exhausted the
13
administrative remedies available to him or her if the plan fails to provide or to
abide by procedures that meet the regulatory minimum standards required under
the proposal.” Id. Furthermore, the Department was of the “view that, in such a
case, any decision that may have been made by the plan with respect to the claim
is not entitled to the deference that would be accorded to a decision based upon a
full and fair review that comports with the requirements of section 503 of the
Act.” Id.
Following a notice‐and‐comment period, the Department issued its revised
claims‐procedure regulation in November 2000. See ERISA Rules and Regulations
for Administration and Enforcement; Claims Procedures, 65 Fed. Reg. 70,246
(Nov. 21, 2000). The regulation’s preamble, or statement of basis and purpose,
explains that “[t]he new standards are intended to ensure more timely benefit
determinations, to improve access to information on which a benefit
determination is made, and to assure that participants and beneficiaries will be
afforded a full and fair review of denied claims.” Id. at 70,246. Taking into
consideration “the purely voluntary nature of the system through which these
vital benefits are delivered,” the Department concluded “that the procedural
14
reforms contained in [the] regulation [were] necessary to guarantee procedural
rights to benefit claimants.” Id.
Among the many changes to the regulation, the most relevant for our
purposes was the addition of subsection (l), addressing the consequences for the
“[f]ailure to establish and follow reasonable claims procedures.” 29 C.F.R.
§ 2560.503‐1(l). That subsection provides:
In the case of the failure of a plan to establish or follow claims
procedures consistent with the requirements of this section, a
claimant shall be deemed to have exhausted the administrative
remedies available under the plan and shall be entitled to pursue
any available remedies under section 502(a) of the Act on the basis
that the plan has failed to provide a reasonable claims procedure
that would yield a decision on the merits of the claim.
Id.2 The Department explained in the regulation’s preamble that its “intentions in
including this provision in the proposal were to clarify that the procedural
2 Although there is a distinction to be drawn between the plan and its administrator for
some purposes, see, e.g., Krauss v. Oxford Health Plans, Inc., 517 F.3d 614, 631 (2d Cir.
2008), we use the terms interchangeably in this discussion. The quoted language here
suggests that subsection (l) applies to both the plan and its administrator, if a separate
entity, as it requires the plan to establish and follow reasonable claims procedures.
Indeed, it is unclear how it could be otherwise as subsection (l) would be a dead letter if
it did not apply to both the plan and the entity implementing it. Notably, Yale Health
Plan itself draws no distinction between the plan and its administrator for purposes of
applying subsection (l). See Appellee’s Br. at 18, 30–32.
15
minimums of the regulation are essential to procedural fairness and that a
decision made in the absence of the mandated procedural protections should not
be entitled to any judicial deference.” 65 Fed. Reg. at 70,255. The Department
further noted in the preamble that
[m]any commenters representing employers and plans argued that
this provision would impose unnecessarily harsh consequences on
plans that substantially fulfill the requirements of the regulation, but
fall short in minor respects. These commenters suggested that the
Department adopt instead a standard of good faith compliance as
the measure for requiring administrative exhaustion. Alternatively,
they suggested that the Department recognize the judicial doctrine
under which exhaustion is required unless the administrative
processes impose actual harm on the claimant.
Id. at 70,255–56. Rejecting these criticisms and suggestions, the Department
decided to retain the proposed provision in its entirety, noting: “Inasmuch as the
regulation makes substantial revisions in the severity of the standards imposed
on plans, we believe that plans should be held to the articulated standards as
16
representing the minimum procedural regularity that warrants imposing an
exhaustion requirement on claimants.” Id. at 70,256.3
Discussion
Under ERISA Section 502(a)(1)(B), “[a] civil action may be brought . . . by a
participant or beneficiary . . . to recover benefits due to him under the terms of his
plan, to enforce his rights under the terms of the plan, or to clarify his rights to
future benefits under the terms of the plan.” 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(1)(B). The issues
we address today concern some of the consequences that follow from a plan’s
failure to comply with the Department’s claims‐procedure regulation when a
participant or beneficiary brings a civil action under ERISA Section 502(a)(1)(B).
3 The regulation issued in 2000 governs this appeal, but it is worth noting that some or all
of our analysis may be affected by changes to claims procedures resulting from the
Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, Pub. L. No. 111‐148, 124 Stat. 119 (2010), as
amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act, Pub. L. No. 111‐152, 124
Stat. 1029 (2010) (collectively, the “ACA”). In November 2015, the Departments of Labor,
Treasury, and Health and Human Services, acting under authority granted by the ACA,
issued a new regulation governing internal claims, appeals, and external review
processes for certain employee benefit plans. See 29 C.F.R. § 2590.715‐2719; see generally
Final Rules for Grandfathered Plans, Preexisting Condition Exclusions, Lifetime and
Annual Limits, Rescissions, Dependent Coverage, Appeals, and Patient Protections
Under the Affordable Care Act, 80 Fed. Reg. 72,192 (Nov. 18, 2015). The new regulation
does not apply to “grandfathered” health plans that were in effect before the ACA’s
enactment and that have not significantly altered their terms of coverage or benefits
since then. See 80 Fed. Reg. at 72,192–94; see also 29 C.F.R. § 2590.715‐1251.
17
I. The Standard of Review Applied to Claims under ERISA Section
502(a)(1)(B)
We begin with the standard of review that courts should apply to a claim
under ERISA Section 502(a)(1)(B) when a plan fails to comply with the
Department of Labor’s claims‐procedure regulation. As discussed above, the
Department’s regulation imposes minimum requirements for benefit claims
procedures, and the Department’s preamble clarifies that, when a plan fails to
comply with those minimum requirements, the plan’s decision denying a claim
should not be entitled to deference in court. See 65 Fed. Reg. at 70,255. For the
reasons that follow, we agree.
“Although it is a comprehensive and reticulated statute, ERISA does not set
out the appropriate standard of review for actions under § 1132(a)(1)(B)
challenging benefit eligibility determinations.” Firestone Tire & Rubber Co. v. Bruch,
489 U.S. 101, 108–09 (1989) (citation and quotation marks omitted). Nonetheless,
the Supreme Court has observed that “ERISA abounds with the language and
terminology of trust law,” and, therefore, “[i]n determining the appropriate
standard of review for actions under § 1132(a)(1)(B), [courts] are guided by
principles of trust law.” Id. at 110–11; see also Metro. Life Ins. Co. v. Glenn, 554 U.S.
18
105, 110–11 (2008). Applying such trust law principles, the Firestone Court held
that “a denial of benefits challenged under § 1132(a)(1)(B) is to be reviewed under
a de novo standard unless the benefit plan gives the administrator or fiduciary
discretionary authority to determine eligibility for benefits or to construe the
terms of the plan,” in which case an arbitrary and capricious standard applies.
Firestone, 489 U.S. at 115. The district court concluded that Yale Health Plan gives
its claims administrator discretionary authority to determine eligibility for
benefits. Halo v. Yale Health Plan (Halo II), 49 F. Supp. 3d 240, 256 (D. Conn. 2014).
Trust law principles would therefore normally dictate that a federal court review
such eligibility determinations under the highly deferential arbitrary and
capricious standard.
But the Supreme Court has also recognized that “trust law does not tell the
entire story. After all, ERISA’s standards and procedural protections partly reflect
a congressional determination that the common law of trusts did not offer
completely satisfactory protection.” Varity Corp. v. Howe, 516 U.S. 489, 497 (1996).
Accordingly, “[a]lthough trust law may offer a ‘starting point’ for analysis in
some situations, it must give way if it is inconsistent with the ‘language of the
19
statute, its structure, or its purposes.’” Hughes Aircraft Co. v. Jacobson, 525 U.S. 432,
447 (1999) (quoting Varity, 516 U.S. at 497). In approaching this question,
courts may have to take account of competing congressional
purposes, such as Congress’ desire to offer employees enhanced
protection for their benefits, on the one hand, and, on the other, its
desire not to create a system that is so complex that administrative
costs, or litigation expenses, unduly discourage employers from
offering welfare benefit plans in the first place.
Varity, 516 U.S. at 497.
Moreover, “[n]ot only is there no ERISA provision directly providing a
lenient standard for judicial review of benefit denials, but there is no requirement
necessarily entailing such an effect even indirectly.” Rush Prudential HMO, Inc. v.
Moran, 536 U.S. 355, 385 (2002). Rather, the “general or default rule [is] de novo
review.” Id.
Bearing these principles in mind, we turn first to trust law and then to
regulatory and statutory purpose to determine the appropriate standard of
review to apply when a plan fails to comply with the Department of Labor’s
claims‐procedure regulation.
20
A. Trust Law Principles
Applying a de novo standard of review to claim denials that fail to comply
with the minimum regulatory requirements comports with trust law. The
Firestone Court accorded deference to an administrator’s discretionary
determinations based on the well‐established trust law principle that, “[w]hen a
trustee has discretion with respect to the exercise of a power, its exercise is subject
to supervision by a court only to prevent abuse of discretion.” 3 Restatement
(Third) of Trusts § 87 (Am. Law Inst. 2007); see also Firestone, 489 U.S. at 111 (citing
Restatement (Second) of Trusts § 187 (Am. Law Inst. 1959) for the same principle).
Equally well‐established, however, is the principle that “a court may properly
interpose if it finds that the trustee’s conduct, in exercising a discretionary power,
fails to satisfy the applicable standard of care, skill, and caution.” Restatement
(Third) of Trusts, § 87 cmt. c. Under ERISA, the Department of Labor’s claims‐
procedure regulation provides the applicable standard of care, skill, and caution
that plans must follow when exercising their discretion. Under trust law
principles, then, courts may “interpose”—i.e., review a claim de novo—if they fail
to do so.
21
B. Regulatory and Statutory Purpose
Regardless of whether trust law would accord deference to an otherwise
discretionary decision that failed to comply with the Department’s claims‐
procedure regulation, we must consider whether such deference conflicts with the
“language of the statute, its structure, or its purpose,” bearing in mind
“competing congressional purposes.” Varity, 516 U.S. at 497. Foremost among our
considerations is that Congress entrusted the Department of Labor, not the courts,
to issue a claims‐procedure regulation that appropriately addresses ERISA’s
competing purposes. Our duty today, then, is to interpret that regulation, a task
that requires us to examine the regulation’s text in light of its purpose, as stated in
the regulation’s preamble, see generally Kevin M. Stack, Interpreting Regulations,
111 Mich. L. Rev. 355 (2012), as well as the purpose of the regulation’s authorizing
statute, ERISA, see Varity, 516 U.S. at 497.
1. The Regulation and Its Preamble
When issuing regulations, the Administrative Procedure Act requires
agencies to “incorporate in the rules adopted a concise general statement of their
basis and purpose,” 5 U.S.C. § 553(c), a statement that is commonly known as the
22
regulation’s preamble. Based on this congressional command, “it does not make
sense to interpret the text of a regulation independently from its” preamble. Stack,
supra, at 361; see also Fid. Fed. Sav. & Loan Ass’n v. de la Cuesta, 458 U.S. 141, 158
n.13 (1982) (“[W]e look to the preamble . . . for the administrative construction of
the regulation, to which ‘deference is . . . clearly in order.’”(quoting Udall v.
Tallman, 380 U.S. 1, 16 (1965))); Wyo. Outdoor Council v. U.S. Forest Serv., 165 F.3d
43, 53 (D.C. Cir. 1999) (“While language in the preamble of a regulation is not
controlling over the regulation itself, we have often recognized that the preamble
to a regulation is evidence of an agency’s contemporaneous understanding of its
proposed rules.” (citation omitted)). Accordingly, we begin with the regulation’s
text and its preamble.
As noted above, in 2000, the Department added to the regulation a
subsection addressing the consequences for “[f]ail[ing] to establish and follow
reasonable claims procedures,” which provides:
In the case of the failure of a plan to establish or follow claims
procedures consistent with the requirements of this section, a
claimant shall be deemed to have exhausted the administrative
remedies available under the plan and shall be entitled to pursue
any available remedies under section 502(a) of the Act on the basis
23
that the plan has failed to provide a reasonable claims procedure
that would yield a decision on the merits of the claim.
29 C.F.R. § 2560.503‐1(l). The preamble to the regulation explains that the
“Department’s intentions in including this provision in the proposal were to
clarify that the procedural minimums of the regulation are essential to procedural
fairness and that a decision made in the absence of the mandated procedural
protections should not be entitled to any judicial deference.” 65 Fed. Reg. at 70,255
(emphasis added). In other words, a plan’s failure to establish or follow the
claims‐procedure regulation entitles the claimant to have his or her claim
reviewed de novo in federal court.
We conclude that the Department’s interpretation of its own regulation as
contained in the regulation’s preamble is entitled to substantial deference based
on the regulation’s ambiguity and the timing, formality, and history of the
preamble’s interpretation.
a. The Regulation’s Ambiguity
In Auer v. Robbins, the Supreme Court held that a Department’s
interpretation of its own regulation is “controlling unless ‘plainly erroneous or
inconsistent with the regulation.’” 519 U.S. 452, 461 (1997) (quoting Robertson v.
24
Methow Valley Citizens Council, 490 U.S. 332, 359 (1989)). But in Christensen v.
Harris County, the Supreme Court clarified that “Auer deference is warranted only
when the language of the regulation is ambiguous.” 529 U.S. 576, 588 (2000).
Subsection (l) of the regulation admittedly says nothing about standards of
review. Some district courts have read the absence of any reference to the
standard of review in subsection (l) as unambiguously indicating that the
arbitrary and capricious standard of review continues to apply to discretionary
decisions even if the plan fails to follow the Department’s claims‐procedure
regulation; based on this purported lack of ambiguity, these courts have declined
to accord any deference to the regulation’s preamble. See, e.g., Kohut v. Hartford
Life & Accident Ins. Co., 710 F. Supp. 2d 1139, 1144–45 (D. Colo. 2008); Goldman v.
Hartford Life & Accident Ins. Co., 417 F. Supp. 2d 788, 804 (E.D. La. 2006). These
decisions, however, ignore the legal context in which the Department issued its
regulation.
In Firestone, the Supreme Court held that courts should defer to an
administrator’s discretionary decision, but this holding is premised on there being
a decision to which a court may defer. Interpreting Firestone, many courts
25
applying the 1977 regulation concluded that deference is not warranted if the plan
failed to make a decision in the first place. See, e.g., Nichols v. Prudential Ins. Co. of
Am., 406 F.3d 98, 107 (2d Cir. 2005) (“[W]e may give deferential review only to
actual exercises of discretion.”); Gilbertson v. Allied Signal, Inc., 328 F.3d 625, 632
(10th Cir. 2003) (“Deference to the administrator’s expertise is inapplicable where
the administrator has failed to apply his expertise to a particular decision.”);
Gritzer v. CBS, Inc., 275 F.3d 291, 296 (3d Cir. 2002) (“Where a trustee fails to act or
to exercise his or her discretion, de novo review is appropriate because the trustee
has forfeited the privilege to apply his or her discretion; it is the trustee’s analysis,
not his or her right to use discretion or a mere arbitrary denial, to which a court
should defer.” (citing Moench v. Robertson, 62 F.3d 553, 567 (3d Cir. 1995))); see also
Jebian v. Hewlett‐Packard Co. Emp. Benefits Org. Income Prot. Plan, 349 F.3d 1098,
1104 (9th Cir. 2003) (“Decisions made outside the boundaries of conferred
discretion are not exercises of discretion, the substance of the decisions
notwithstanding.”). For example, “[w]e previously concluded, based on [the 1977
regulation], that failure to respond to a plan participant’s claim within the time‐
frame established by the Department of Labor’s regulations rendered the claim
26
‘deemed denied’ and the participant’s subsequent ERISA challenge to the benefits
determination subject to de novo review.” Krauss v. Oxford Health Plans, Inc., 517
F.3d 614, 624 (2d Cir. 2008) (citing Nichols, 406 F.3d at 105, 109).
Subsection (l) states that a plan’s failure to establish or follow reasonable
procedures in accordance with the claims‐procedure regulation means that “a
claimant shall be deemed to have exhausted the administrative remedies available
under the plan and shall be entitled to pursue any available remedies under section
502(a) of the Act on the basis that the plan has failed to provide a reasonable claims
procedure that would yield a decision on the merits of the claim.” 29 C.F.R.
§ 2560.503‐1(l) (emphasis added). This language could be reasonably read as
incorporating the logic of Firestone and its progeny that a claim is subject to de
novo review if it is “deemed denied,” the effective equivalent of being deemed
exhausted under the 2000 regulation, cf. Eastman Kodak Co. v. STWB, Inc., 452 F.3d
215, 223 (2d Cir. 2006); Torres v. Pittston Co., 346 F.3d 1324, 1132 n.10 (11th Cir.
2003). Based on this case law, subsection (l) is at least ambiguous with respect to
the standard of review. And because the regulation is ambiguous, the
Department’s interpretation is “controlling unless ‘plainly erroneous or
27
inconsistent with the regulation.’” Auer, 519 U.S. at 461 (quoting Robertson, 490
U.S. at 359). For the reasons discussed above (and below), we conclude that the
interpretation is fully consistent with the regulation.
b. The Timing, Formality, and History of the Department’s Interpretation
The timing, formality, and history of the department’s interpretation
further indicate that the Department’s interpretation as contained in the
regulation’s preamble is entitled to substantial deference. The preamble issued
contemporaneously with the regulation and thus demonstrates “the Secretary’s
intent at the time of the regulation’s promulgation.” Gardebring v. Jenkins, 485 U.S.
415, 430 (1988). In addition, the preamble issued as part of a formal notice‐and‐
comment rulemaking, formality that generally entitles an agency’s interpretation
to greater deference. See, e.g., Christensen, 529 U.S. at 587 (“Here, however, we
confront an interpretation contained in an opinion letter, not one arrived at after,
for example, a formal adjudication or notice‐and‐comment rulemaking.”).
Moreover, the preamble’s explanation of the regulation is consistent with
the regulation’s history. As noted, the Department completely overhauled its
regulation two decades after it was first issued because of “dramatic changes in
28
health care delivery [that] raised many issues concerning access, coverage, and
quality of care.” 62 Fed. Reg. at 47,262. In response to comments that plans often
failed to follow the then‐current regulation, “[t]he Department believe[d] it [was]
important to make clear that the claims procedure regulation prescribes the
minimum standards for an administrative claims review process consistent with
ERISA.” 63 Fed. Reg. at 48,397. To further that intent, the Department proposed
and ultimately implemented subsection (l), the stated purpose of which was to
make clear that that a decision made by a plan that did not establish or follow the
regulation’s minimum requirements “is not entitled to the deference that would
be accorded to a decision based upon a full and fair review that comports with the
requirements of section 503 of the Act.” Id. Thus, the preamble’s explanation of
subsection (l) is consistent with the regulation’s history and purpose.
In sum, then, the Department’s interpretation of its own regulation as
contained in the regulation’s preamble is entitled to substantial deference in light
of the regulation’s ambiguity as well as the timing (the preamble was issued
contemporaneously with the regulation), formality (the preamble was issued as
29
part of a formal rule‐making process), and history (the preamble’s interpretation
is consistent with the reason for revising the regulation) of the preamble.
2. Statutory Purpose
Having examined the regulation’s text and preamble, we next address how
the Department’s interpretation of its regulation accords with the purpose of the
authorizing statute or, more accurately, ERISA’s dual purposes of encouraging
employers to continue voluntarily providing benefits while also protecting
employees’ interests in those benefits. See, e.g., Fifth Third Bancorp v. Dudenhoeffer,
134 S. Ct. 2459, 2470 (2014) (“[W]e have recognized that ‘ERISA represents a
careful balancing between ensuring fair and prompt enforcement of rights under
a plan and the encouragement and creation of such plans.’” (quotation marks
omitted) (quoting Conkright v. Frommert, 559 U.S. 506, 517 (2010))).
A key consideration in this discussion is the judicially created exhaustion
requirement, which mandates claimants to pursue their claims through their
plan’s claims procedure before filing an ERISA Section 502(a)(1)(B) suit in federal
court. Although neither ERISA nor the 1977 regulation contained an exhaustion
requirement, see, e.g., Amato v. Bernard, 618 F.2d 559, 566–67 (9th Cir. 1980); 42 Fed.
30
Reg. at 27,428, by the 1990s, this Circuit and others had “recognized ‘the firmly
established federal policy favoring exhaustion of administrative remedies in
ERISA cases,’” Kennedy v. Empire Blue Cross & Blue Shield, 989 F.2d 588, 594 (2d
Cir. 1993) (quoting Alfarone v. Bernie Wolff Constr., 788 F.2d 76, 79 (2d Cir. 1986)).
Among other things, administrative exhaustion is a “safeguard[ that]
encourage[s] employers and others to undertake the voluntary step of providing
medical and retirement benefits to plan participants.” LaRue v. DeWolff, Boberg &
Assocs., 552 U.S. 248, 259 (2008) (Roberts, C.J., concurring).
But we have also explained that there is a balance to be struck between
encouraging employers and protecting employees: “ERISA requires both that
employee benefit plans have reasonable claims procedures in place, and that plan
participants avail themselves of these procedures before turning to litigation.”
Eastman Kodak, 452 F.3d at 219 (emphasis added). As the Department explained in
the preamble to the 2000 regulation, “[i]nasmuch as the regulation makes
substantial revisions in the severity of the standards imposed on plans, we believe
that plans should be held to the articulated standards as representing the
31
minimum procedural regularity that warrants imposing an exhaustion
requirement on claimants.”65 Fed. Reg. at 70,256.
In other words, if plans comply with the regulation, which is designed to
protect employees, the plans get the benefit of both an exhaustion requirement
and a deferential standard of review when a claimant files suit in federal court—
protections that will likely encourage employers to continue to voluntarily
provide employee benefits. But if plans do not comply with the regulation, they
are not entitled to these protections. That result is not unnecessarily harsh, as
those in favor of the substantial compliance doctrine have contended. The failure
to comply does not result in any oppressive consequence; plans will have to pay
the claim only if it is a meritorious claim, which they are already contractually
obligated to do. They will simply lose the benefit of the great deference afforded
by the arbitrary and capricious standard. In short, this regulatory approach
balances the competing interests of employers and employees and, accordingly,
ERISA’s dual congressional purposes.
32
C. Inadvertent and Harmless Compliance Failures
Having concluded that a plan’s otherwise discretionary denial of a claim
that fails to comply with the Department of Labor’s claims‐procedure regulation
is not entitled to deference, we must next determine whether a plan need only
substantially comply with or must strictly adhere to the regulation to obtain the
more deferential arbitrary and capricious standard of review.
Applying the 1977 regulation, a number of courts adopted the so‐called
“substantial compliance” doctrine based on the view that “depriving the
administrator of his discretion for a minor procedural irregularity that did not
substantively harm the claimant would reflect a hyper‐proceduralism that is
inconsistent with the flexibility and discretion contemplated by the Plan and
ERISA regulations.” Gilbertson v. Allied Signal, Inc., 328 F.3d 625, 634 (10th Cir.
2003). Based on this reasoning, these courts held that, “in the context of an
ongoing, good faith exchange of information between the administrator and the
claimant, inconsequential violations of the deadlines or other procedural
irregularities would not entitle the claimant to de novo review.” Id. at 635.
33
Whatever the merits of applying the substantial compliance doctrine under
the 1977 claims‐procedure regulation, we conclude that the doctrine is flatly
inconsistent with the 2000 regulation. The primary reason for this conclusion is
that the Department of Labor considered and rejected the doctrine when it
completely replaced the 1977 regulation. When the Department issued its
proposed regulation, it specifically noted that subsection (l) was drafted in
response to public comments that “plans often fail to follow the minimum
standards for procedural fairness set by the current [i.e., 1977] regulation.” 63 Fed.
Reg. at 48,397. Accordingly, the Department proposed adding what later became
subsection (l). See 63 Fed. Reg. at 48,397. As noted, in response to this proposal,
[m]any commenters representing employers and plans argued that
this provision would impose unnecessarily harsh consequences on
plans that substantially fulfill the requirements of the regulation, but
fall short in minor respects. These commenters suggested that the
Department adopt instead a standard of good faith compliance as
the measure for requiring administrative exhaustion. Alternatively,
they suggested that the Department recognize the judicial doctrine
under which exhaustion is required unless the administrative
processes impose actual harm on the claimant.
34
65 Fed. Reg. at 70,255–56 (emphasis added). The Department rejected these
suggestions and decided to retain the proposed subsection without modification.
See id. at 70,256.
The Department reached this conclusion after a three‐year rulemaking
process that began with a request for information from the public, followed by a
notice‐and‐comment period in which the Department twice assessed the costs and
benefits of the proposed regulation. See 63 Fed. Reg. at 48,398–405; 65 Fed. Reg. at
70,256–65. Courts, which lack the resources and expertise to conduct a similar
cost‐benefit analysis, should be reluctant to disturb the regulatory scheme the
Department has devised under authority expressly granted to it by Congress.
Accordingly, we reject the substantial compliance doctrine because it is
inconsistent with the Department’s regulation.
That being said, the Department is advising plans that certain inadvertent
and harmless deviations will not trigger de novo review. Specifically, the
Department’s online Frequently Asked Questions page states:
A plan that establishes procedures in full conformity with the
regulation might, in processing a particular claim, inadvertently
deviate from its procedures. If the plan’s procedures provide an
opportunity to effectively remedy the inadvertent deviation without
35
prejudice to the claimant, through the internal appeal process or
otherwise, then there ordinarily will not have been a failure to
establish or follow reasonable procedures as contemplated by
§ 2560.503‐1(l).
Dep’t of Labor, FAQs About The Benefit Claims Procedure Regulation,
http://www.dol.gov/ebsa/faqs/faq_claims_proc_reg.html; see also Brief for Sec’y of
Labor as Amicus Curiae Supporting Pl. at 11 n.1, Halo v. Yale Health Plan, No. 12‐
1447 (2d Cir. Jan. 28, 2013).
If the Department is advising benefit plans that it will tolerate inadvertent
and harmless deviations in the processing of a particular claim, so long as the
plan otherwise establishes procedures in full conformity with the regulation, we
see no reason why courts should not also tolerate such minor deviations. Indeed,
one can well imagine human error causing, for example, a plan to respond in 73
hours when the regulation requires that it do so in 72, see 29 C.F.R. § 2560.503‐
1(f)(2)(i) (requiring that plan notify the claimant of its benefit determination
within 72 hours after receiving a claim for urgent care), or in 16 days when the
regulation specifies 15, see 29 C.F.R. § 2560.503‐1(f)(2)(iii)(A) (requiring that plan
notify the claimant of its benefit determination for a pre‐service claim not later
36
than 15 days after the plan’s receipt of the claim), and that such slight delays
might not harm the claimant.
To prevent the exception from swallowing the rule, however, such
deviations should not be tolerated lightly. Accordingly, we hold that, when
denying a claim for benefits, a plan’s failure to comply with the Department of
Labor’s claims‐procedure regulation, 29 C.F.R. § 2560.503‐1, will result in that
claim being reviewed de novo in federal court, unless the plan has otherwise
established procedures in full conformity with the regulation and can show that
its failure to comply with the claims‐procedure regulation in the processing of a
particular claim was inadvertent and harmless. Moreover, the plan “bears the
burden of proof on this issue since the party claiming deferential review should
prove the predicate that justifies it.” Sharkey v. Ultramar Energy Ltd., 70 F.3d 226,
230 (2d Cir. 1995); see also Nichols, 406 F.3d at 108 (noting the “administrator had
the burden of proving discretion”).
II. Civil Penalties
We now turn to the district court’s holding that a plan’s failure to comply
with the claims‐procedure regulation entitles the claimant to unspecified civil
37
penalties.4 Because this holding finds no support in the regulation or statute, and
because it alters the Department of Labor’s regulatory framework, we disagree.
First, the regulation does not contain a civil penalties provision. As
discussed extensively above, the regulation does contain a remedial provision, 29
C.F.R. § 2560.503‐1(l), which addresses a plan’s “[f]ailure to establish and follow
reasonable claims procedures.” The absence of a civil penalties provision coupled
with an express remedial provision suggests that the Department intended the
express remedy to be exclusive. Cf. Nat’l R.R. Passenger Corp. v. Nat’l Ass’n of R.R.
Passengers, 414 U.S. 453, 458 (1974) (“A frequently stated principle of statutory
construction is that when legislation expressly provides a particular remedy or
remedies, courts should not expand the coverage of the statute to subsume other
remedies.”).
Second, ERISA itself contains a number of detailed civil penalties
provisions, none of which entitles a participant or beneficiary to civil penalties for
4 We understand the district court to have used the term “civil penalty” in its usual sense
as a “[f]ine assessed for a violation of a statute or regulation” as “distinguished from
compensation for the injured party’s loss.” Black’s Law Dictionary 1313 (10th ed. 2014).
In the context of ERISA benefit plans, “compensation for the injured party’s loss” takes
the form of payment of the claim the plan is obligated to provide.
38
violations of the Department’s claims‐procedure regulation. See, e.g., 29 U.S.C.
§ 1132(c), (i), (l), (m). Drawing on this statutory silence, the Third and Seventh
Circuits have held that ERISA’s statutory penalties are not available for violations
of the Department’s regulations implementing ERISA Section 503, “[n]oting that
Congress will be understood to have authorized agencies to decide what conduct
will be penalized only if the legislature has expressly granted that power.”
Wilczynski v. Lumbermens Mut. Cas. Co., 93 F.3d 397, 406 (7th Cir. 1996); Groves v.
Modified Ret. Plan for Hourly Paid Emps. of Johns Manville Corp. & Subsidiaries, 803
F.2d 109, 116 (3d Cir. 1986).
For example, ERISA provides that the “Secretary may assess a civil penalty
against any person of up to $1,000 a day from the date of the person’s failure or
refusal to file the information required to be filed by such person with the
Secretary under regulations prescribed pursuant to section 101(g)[, 29 U.S.C.
§ 1021(g)].” 29 U.S.C. § 1132(c)(5) (emphasis added). There is no comparable
statutory authority for civil penalties for violations of the Department’s
regulations prescribed pursuant to ERISA Section 503. And although ERISA
Section 502(a)(1)(A) allows participants or beneficiaries to bring a civil action “for
39
the relief provided for in subsection (c) of [that] section,” id. § 1132(a)(1)(A), which
contains a number of detailed civil penalties provisions, civil penalties for
violations of the Department’s claims‐procedure regulation is not one of them.
Third, the district court premised much of its civil penalties holding on the
theory that nothing short of civil penalties could ensure compliance with the
Department’s regulation. Halo II, 49 F. Supp. 3d at 272–74. But “[t]he federal
judiciary will not engraft a remedy on a statute, no matter how salutary, that
Congress did not intend to provide.” Mass. Mut. Life Ins. Co. v. Russell, 473 U.S.
134, 145 (1985) (quoting California v. Sierra Club, 451 U.S. 287, 297 (1981)).
The Supreme Court has been particularly reluctant to recognize such non‐
statutory remedies in the ERISA context, noting that “because ERISA is a
comprehensive reticulated statute, and is enormously complex and detailed, it
should not be supplemented by extratextual remedies.” Hughes Aircraft Co. v.
Jacobson, 525 U.S. 432, 447 (1999) (citations and quotation marks omitted). For
example, in Russell, the Supreme Court rejected the argument that ERISA Section
502(a)(2), 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(2), which allows a participant or beneficiary to
pursue a claim for breach of fiduciary duty under ERISA Section 409(a), 29 U.S.C.
40
§ 1109(a), permits a claimant to obtain extra‐contractual damages from a plan
fiduciary based on failure to comply with the Department’s 1977 claims‐
procedure regulation. In rejecting this argument, the Supreme Court observed
that
[n]othing in the [1977] regulations or in the statute . . . expressly
provides for a recovery from either the plan itself or from its
administrators if greater time is required to determine the merits of
an application for benefits. Rather, the regulations merely state that
a claim may be treated as having been denied after the 60‐ or 120‐
day period has elapsed. This provision therefore enables a claimant
to bring a civil action to have the merits of his application
determined, just as he may bring an action to challenge an outright
denial of benefits.
Russell, 473 U.S. at 144 (citation omitted). This observation is equally applicable to
a claim brought under ERISA Section 502(a)(1)(B) alleging violations of the
Department’s 2000 regulation, which also does not expressly provide for a
recovery from the plan if the claim denial is untimely or inadequate under the
regulation.
Fourth, the Department of Labor is in a far better position than a court to
determine the appropriate incentives necessary to ensure compliance with its own
regulation. As noted, the Department engaged in a three‐year rulemaking
41
process, during which commenters objected to the remedial provision of
subsection (l) as “unnecessarily harsh.” 65 Fed. Reg. at 70,255. The Department
disagreed, noting, among other things, “that it is unlikely that this provision, in
and of itself, will result in an increase in benefit claims litigation. Given the
limited remedies available in a suit under section 502(a) of the Act, claimants will
have little incentive to invoke this provision unless they believe they will be
unable to receive a fair consideration from the plan.” Id. at 70,256. The conclusion
that claimants will have little incentive to invoke subsection (l) may not hold true
if, in addition to a full and fair review, claimants could also obtain civil penalties
for violations of the claims‐procedure regulation.
Relatedly, we note that the standard of review and civil penalty questions
are closely intertwined: The Department’s regulation is exacting, but the penalty
for deviation is relatively modest—the plan will have to pay only those claims
that are in fact covered. The district court turned this framework on its head,
weakening the Department’s procedural requirements while increasing the
penalties for noncompliance. Weighing ERISA’s competing purposes, the
Department set forth what it considered to be minimum requirements for claims
42
procedures. If these requirements are followed, plans are entitled to the
exhaustion requirement’s protection, which also bestows a highly deferential
standard of review on the plan’s discretionary decisions. If they are not followed,
plans lose these protections. This carrot‐and‐stick approach reflects a careful
balancing that courts should be reluctant to disturb.
III. The Administrative Record
Finally, when reviewing claim denials, whether under the arbitrary and
capricious or de novo standards of review, district courts typically limit their
review to the administrative record before the plan at the time it denied the claim.
See, e.g., DeFelice v. Am. Int’l Life Assurance Co., 112 F.3d 61, 66–67 (2d Cir. 1997). In
DeFelice, however, we noted that “the decision whether to admit additional
evidence is one which is discretionary with the district court, but which discretion
ought not to be exercised in the absence of good cause.” Id. at 66. We further held
in DeFelice that “[a] demonstrated conflict of interest in the administrative
reviewing body is an example of ‘good cause’ warranting the introduction of
additional evidence.” Id. at 67; see also Paese v. Hartford Life & Accident Ins. Co., 449
F.3d 435, 441 (2d Cir. 2006) (“The district court, applying DeFelice, found that
43
good cause existed for the admission of the report because it was highly probative
and written by a disinterested party who had actually examined Paese, and
because Paese was not at fault for the report’s initial absence from the record.”).
We now expand on DeFelice to hold that good cause to admit additional
evidence may exist if the plan’s failure to comply with the claims‐procedure
regulation adversely affected the development of the administrative record.
Entitling a claimant to de novo review based on a plan’s failure to comply with the
claims‐procedure regulation may be cold comfort if the plan’s own compliance
failures produced an inadequate administrative record that would prevent a full
and fair hearing on the merits. Cf. Hobson v. Metro. Life Ins. Co., 574 F.3d 75, 87 (2d
Cir. 2009) (“[T]he purpose of ERISA’s notice requirement is to ‘provide claimants
with enough information to prepare adequately for further administrative review
or an appeal to the federal courts.’” (quoting Juliano v. Health Maint. Org. of N.J.,
Inc., 221 F.3d 279, 287 (2d Cir. 2000))). Accordingly, it is appropriate to allow the
introduction of additional evidence if the plan’s compliance failures adversely
affected the development of the administrative record. Because the admission of
such evidence based on good cause is a discretionary determination for the
44
district court, we leave it to the district court on remand to determine whether
good cause exists here to admit additional evidence.
Conclusion
In sum, we hold that, when denying a claim for benefits, a plan’s failure to
comply with the Department of Labor’s claims‐procedure regulation, 29 C.F.R.
§ 2560.503‐1, will result in that claim being reviewed de novo in federal court,
unless the plan has otherwise established procedures in full conformity with the
regulation and can show that its failure to comply with the claims‐procedure
regulation in the processing of a particular claim was inadvertent and harmless. A
plan that makes such a showing is entitled to the more deferential arbitrary and
capricious standard of review that would otherwise apply to its discretionary
decisions. We further hold that a participant or beneficiary is not entitled to civil
penalties for a plan’s failure to comply with the claims‐procedure regulation.
Finally, we hold that a district court may exercise its discretion to consider a
plan’s failure to comply with the claims‐procedure regulation as good cause
warranting the introduction of additional evidence outside the administrative
record.
45
We leave it to the district court to apply these standards to the facts of this
case in the first instance. Accordingly, we VACATE the judgment of the district
court and REMAND for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. We also
suggest that, on remand, the district court consider appointing pro bono counsel
for Halo. See, e.g., Willey v. Kirkpatrick, 801 F.3d 51, 71 (2d Cir. 2015).
46