Filed: Feb. 11, 2019
Latest Update: Mar. 03, 2020
Summary: 17-2390 Orlando v. Nassau Cty. Dist. Atty’s Off. 1 In the 2 United States Court of Appeals 3 For the Second Circuit 4 5 6 August Term, 2017 7 No. 17-2390 8 9 MARK ORLANDO, 10 Petitioner-Appellant, 11 12 v. 13 14 NASSAU COUNTY DISTRICT ATTORNEY’S OFFICE, 15 Respondent-Appellee.1 2 16 17 18 19 20 1 The Clerk of Court is directed to amend the caption as set forth above. 2 The Nassau County District Attorney’s Office has proceeded as respondent in this case, without objection. However, “§ 2254 petit
Summary: 17-2390 Orlando v. Nassau Cty. Dist. Atty’s Off. 1 In the 2 United States Court of Appeals 3 For the Second Circuit 4 5 6 August Term, 2017 7 No. 17-2390 8 9 MARK ORLANDO, 10 Petitioner-Appellant, 11 12 v. 13 14 NASSAU COUNTY DISTRICT ATTORNEY’S OFFICE, 15 Respondent-Appellee.1 2 16 17 18 19 20 1 The Clerk of Court is directed to amend the caption as set forth above. 2 The Nassau County District Attorney’s Office has proceeded as respondent in this case, without objection. However, “§ 2254 petiti..
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17‐2390
Orlando v. Nassau Cty. Dist. Atty’s Off.
1 In the
2 United States Court of Appeals
3 For the Second Circuit
4
5
6 August Term, 2017
7 No. 17‐2390
8
9 MARK ORLANDO,
10 Petitioner‐Appellant,
11
12 v.
13
14 NASSAU COUNTY DISTRICT ATTORNEY’S OFFICE,
15 Respondent‐Appellee.1 2
16
17
18
19
20
1 The Clerk of Court is directed to amend the caption as set forth above.
2
The Nassau County District Attorney’s Office has proceeded as respondent in
this case, without objection. However, Ҥ 2254 petitioners challenging present
physical custody [should] name either the warden or the chief state penal officer
as a respondent.” Rumsfeld v. Padilla, 542 U.S. 426, 450 n.18 (2004) (emphasis
removed) (citing Rule 2(a) of the Rules Governing Section 2254 Cases in the United
States District Courts; Advisory Committeeʹs Note on Rule 2(a), 28 U.S.C., pp. 469‐
470 (adopted in 1976) (stating that this is the rule in the “usual case”)). As such,
the district court is directed on remand (and prior to issuing the writ) to substitute
as respondent the warden of Orlando’s place of incarceration.
1
2
3 Appeal from the United States District Court
4 for the Eastern District of New York.
5 No. 11‐cv‐3992 — Edward R. Korman, Judge.
6
7
8 ARGUED: MAY 30, 2018
9 DECIDED: FEBRUARY 11, 2019
10
11 Before: JACOBS and DRONEY, Circuit Judges, and SHEA, District Judge.*
12
13
14 Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for
15 the Eastern District of New York (Korman, J.) denying Petitioner‐
16 Appellant Mark Orlando’s petition for a writ of habeas corpus
17 pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254. Orlando was convicted of murder in the
18 second degree in the Supreme Court of New York, Nassau County.
19 During the homicide investigation, police detectives separately
20 interrogated Orlando and his alleged accomplice. The latter
21 confessed that he had shot the victim, but that Orlando had hired him
22 to commit the murder. At Orlando’s trial, a detective was permitted
23 to testify that the accomplice had stated that Orlando paid him to
24 commit the murder. The accomplice, who was tried separately, did
25 not testify at Orlando’s trial. Orlando contends that notwithstanding
26 a limiting instruction by the trial court, the detective’s testimony
27 violated the Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment and that
28 the state court’s ruling to the contrary constituted an objectively
29 unreasonable application of clearly established federal law. We
*
Judge Michael P. Shea, United States District Court for the District of Connecticut,
sitting by designation.
2
1 agree. Accordingly, we REVERSE the district court’s denial of
2 Orlando’s petition, and REMAND the cause to the district court with
3 instructions to grant the petition for a writ of habeas corpus.
4
5 Judge SHEA dissents in a separate opinion.
6
7
8 JANE SIMKIN SMITH, Millbrook, NY, for
9 Petitioner‐Appellant.
10
11 SARAH S. RABINOWITZ, ASSISTANT
12 DISTRICT ATTORNEY (Tammy J.
13 Smiley, Assistant District Attorney, on
14 the brief), for Madeline Singas, Nassau
15 County District Attorney, Mineola,
16 New York, for Respondent‐Appellee.
17 DRONEY, Circuit Judge:
18 On Friday night, December 3, 2004, at approximately 8:45 p.m.,
19 in response to a 911 call, police officers from the Long Beach, New
20 York, police department found the body of Bobby Calabrese. 3
21 Calabrese was lying face down next to his Infiniti automobile, which
22 was still running. He had been shot in the back of his head at close
3 Long Beach is in Nassau County, New York, on Long Island.
3
1 range three times with a .44 caliber revolver. Calabrese had been a
2 “runner” for an illegal sports betting organization.
3 The following Thursday, Nassau County police detectives
4 interviewed Mark Orlando and Herva Jeannot, who were together the
5 night of Calabrese’s homicide. The detectives believed that Orlando
6 and Jeannot had been with Calabrese that night. Orlando and Jeannot
7 were questioned in separate rooms at the police station. Jeannot
8 confessed to shooting Calabrese, stating that Orlando hired Jeannot
9 to murder Calabrese to avoid paying a gambling debt to Calabrese.
10 During his questioning, Orlando gave two different statements to the
11 police but denied being involved in the murder.
12 Orlando and Jeannot were charged with murder for their roles
13 in Calabrese’s death and, in August 2005, a jury in the New York
14 Supreme Court for Nassau County convicted Mark Orlando of
15 murder in the second degree. The trial court had severed Orlando
16 and Jeannot’s trials to avoid a Sixth Amendment Confrontation
4
1 Clause violation that could have arisen from Orlando’s jury hearing
2 Jeannot’s confession if Jeannot did not testify and thus could not be
3 cross‐examined about it.4 Severing the trials, however, did not avoid
4 violating Orlando’s right to confront the witnesses against him, as the
5 trial court allowed the jury to learn of Jeannot’s confession
6 implicating Orlando at Orlando’s trial and Jeannot did not testify at
7 Orlando’s trial.
8 ORLANDO’S TRIAL
9 I. Evidence Before the Jury of Jeannot’s Statement
10 The state’s theory at trial was that Orlando paid Jeannot to
11 murder Calabrese to extinguish a $17,000 gambling debt Orlando
12 owed to Calabrese and that Orlando assisted Jeannot in the murder.
13 The prosecution argued that Orlando lured Calabrese to the remote
4 Although the record on appeal does not reflect the trial court’s decision to sever
the trials, both Orlando and the state describe the trial court as having
(appropriately) severed Orlando and Jeannot’s trials “pursuant to” Bruton v.
United States, 391 U.S. 123, 124 (1968). Pet. Br. at 2; Respondent’s Br. at 39.
5
1 location near Long Beach5 on the pretext of meeting to pay the $17,000
2 debt, but that Orlando had previously agreed to pay Jeannot to shoot
3 Calabrese when Orlando met up with Calabrese. Orlando did not
4 dispute at trial that he was present for the murder, but contended that
5 he had intended merely to pay Calabrese; he did not expect Jeannot
6 (who was a friend of Orlando’s and a passenger in the car Orlando
7 drove that night) to shoot Calabrese and then take the gambling
8 money for himself.
9 During his police interrogation, Orlando gave two statements
10 to Nassau County Police Detectives. Detectives McHugh and
11 McGinn jointly interviewed Orlando when he gave his first statement,
12 and Detective McHugh testified to this statement at Orlando’s trial.
13 According to McHugh, Orlando first stated that he and Jeannot were
14 good friends and coworkers at Professional Credit Services, a Long
5
Although officers from the Long Beach police department responded to the
report of the homicide, the homicide occurred in Island Park, which is a town
adjacent to Long Beach.
6
1 Island debt collection agency. Orlando regularly gambled on sports.
2 About one month before the murder, another coworker introduced
3 Orlando to Calabrese. Orlando began to place bets through Calabrese
4 and soon won $28,465.
5 Orlando’s winning streak with Calabrese ended, and Orlando
6 lost $17,800 over the course of two weeks. At that point, Orlando
7 stopped betting with Calabrese. But Orlando still owed Calabrese
8 $17,000, and he arranged to pay Calabrese on December 3.
9 In that first statement to the Nassau County detectives, Orlando
10 indicated that he and Jeannot went together in Orlando’s wife’s car to
11 pay Calabrese, did so, and otherwise had an uneventful evening.
12 After Orlando paid Calabrese the $17,000, he and Jeannot made
13 several stops: at a Suzuki car dealership to pick up a check, at an ATM,
14 and at Orlando’s friend’s house to look at some new construction.
15 Orlando then dropped off Jeannot at Jeannot’s home, around 10:30
16 p.m.
7
1 After Detective McHugh finished testifying, Detective McGinn
2 took the stand and confirmed much of the substance of Orlando’s first
3 statement. According to McGinn, after Orlando signed a written
4 statement summarizing that version of the night’s events, Detectives
5 McGinn and McHugh left the interview room. McHugh went to
6 speak with Jeannot. Approximately three hours after leaving
7 Orlando’s interview room, McGinn returned to speak further with
8 Orlando.
9 Before Detective McGinn had begun testifying at Orlando’s
10 trial (and out of the presence of the jury), counsel for Orlando had
11 objected, on hearsay and Confrontation Clause grounds, to the
12 admission of McGinn’s anticipated testimony recounting Jeannot’s
13 statement as to Orlando’s involvement in the murder. The trial court
14 denied the objection, ruling that “this information that the People are
15 intending to offer in their direct case is not being offered for the truth
16 of the contents of the statement but rather to give a clear picture to the
8
1 jury [of] what was going on during the interrogation of [Orlando].”
2 T. 166–67.
3 After Orlando’s objection was denied, the prosecution asked
4 Detective McGinn about “the circumstances under which [McGinn]
5 resumed speaking with” Orlando. T. 620.6 McGinn testified that he
6 had learned from Detective McHugh that Jeannot was making
7 inculpatory statements about the murder. “I knew Detective
8 McHugh was in talking to Mr. Herva Jeannot,” McGinn testified. Id.
9 “I believe,” he told the jury, “that Herva Jeannot was relaying some
10 of the events that really took place that night [of the murder].” Id.
11 McGinn then testified that he re‐entered Orlando’s interview
12 room. Id. “I went back in and I told Mr. Orlando that Detective
13 McHugh was over there talking to Herva [Jeannot] and he was
14 probably giving us . . . other facts that happened that night, the truth
6 Citations to the trial transcript are abbreviated “T. __” throughout this opinion.
9
1 as to what happened that night.” Id. “Now, would be the time . . . to
2 tell us what was going on.” Id.
3 According to McGinn’s testimony, Orlando responded, “[y]ou
4 don’t understand,” and McGinn left the interview room. T. 620.
5 McGinn testified that he returned a few minutes later. According to
6 McGinn, “[a]gain, I explained to Mr. Orlando that Herva Jeannot was,
7 in fact, giving up . . . what we felt were truer versions of the events of
8 Bobby Calabrese’s murder. That we had a videotape of the spot the
9 meeting took place. That the meeting did not take place where
10 [Orlando] originally told us it had taken place. I told [Orlando] that
11 Herva Jeannot had given up where the gun was and that the
12 defendant should . . .[,] if he wants his version of the story told[,] . . .
13 tell us the truth at this point.” T. 621.
14 Orlando initially responded, again, “you don’t understand,”
15 but eventually stated, without elaboration, that he was afraid (of
16 Jeannot) for his family. T. 621–23. McGinn testified that he again left
10
1 the interview room and that he came back around an hour later. He
2 then testified, over the renewed objection of Orlando’s attorney, to the
3 following: “I told [Orlando] . . . that Herva Jeannot was, in fact, talking
4 to the other detectives. [Jeannot] had given a statement and that he
5 had implicated himself in the murder. [Jeannot] said that he was the
6 murderer, but that Mark Orlando had paid him to do it.” T. 623–24.
7 At this point, the trial court gave the jury a limiting instruction.
8 The trial court stated, “Ladies and gentlemen, you have been
9 permitted to hear testimony about remarks made to the defendant by
10 Detective McGinn about statements allegedly made by Herva
11 Jeannot. You’re to consider this testimony only when considering the
12 circumstances under which the defendant himself may have made
13 statements and for no other purposes.” T. 624.
14 The trial court then instructed the jury “to completely disregard
15 any statement allegedly made by Herva Jeannot when considering
16 evidence against the defendant. . . . You are not to concern yourself
11
1 with whether Herva Jeannot did or did not make any statements to
2 the police, if he did, what those statement[s] may have been or
3 whether or not they were true.”7 Id.
4 McGinn then resumed testifying. He testified that, after
5 learning of Jeannot’s statement implicating Orlando in the murder,
6 Orlando changed his account of the evening’s events. Orlando stated
7 that when he and Jeannot met Calabrese that night, Orlando paid
8 Calabrese and then Jeannot unexpectedly shot Calabrese, taking the
9 cash.8 T. 676–82. According to Orlando, he and Jeannot then drove
10 away, and Jeannot threatened to harm Orlando’s (pregnant) wife if
7
During its final charge to the jury, the trial court gave substantially the same
limiting instruction as to McGinn’s testimony regarding Jeannot’s statement as it
had given earlier in the trial.
8 Orlando first relayed this second version of events to McGinn. Then, McGinn left
the room, and Nassau Country Detective Cerighino, who had not been present for
the questioning of Orlando, came into the room. Cerighino reduced Orlando’s
second account to writing. Cerighino wrote the statement based upon what
Orlando told him, and Orlando signed it. The written statement is substantially
similar to McGinn’s account at trial of the second version of events that Orlando
gave to McGinn.
12
1 Orlando were to tell anyone about the homicide. T. 682. Jeannot told
2 Orlando that Calabrese was not the first person Jeannot had killed
3 and that Calabrese would not be the last. Id. As a result, according to
4 Orlando, he then made the stops at the car dealership and elsewhere
5 because he wanted people and cameras to observe that Jeannot was
6 with him. In addition, at some point, Jeannot told Orlando to stop on
7 a bridge, and Jeannot then threw the gun he used to kill Calabrese
8 into the water.
9 II. The Prosecution’s Summation
10 The prosecution argued in its summation to the jury that
11 Orlando had paid Jeannot to murder Calabrese. The prosecution also
12 specifically called to the jury’s attention that “Detective McGinn
13 leaves [Orlando’s interrogation room], comes back a little later, . . .
14 [and] Detective McGinn finally says, look, [Jeannot’s] giving it up.
15 [Jeannot’s] telling us everything. . . . He’s telling us he did the
16 shooting and you paid him.” T. 894–95.
13
1 Apart from Jeannot’s statement, there was little evidence to
2 support the state’s theory. The prosecution showed that, after the
3 murder, investigators found in Jeannot’s home five one‐hundred
4 dollar bills and found in Orlando’s home ten one‐hundred dollar bills,
5 all of which had a large‐portrait image of Benjamin Franklin. The
6 prosecution argued, “How do you know [Orlando] paid [Jeannot?]
7 Why else would [Jeannot] do it, if not for $500, those five Ben
8 Franklins hundred dollar bills . . . a week after the execution murder.
9 Just so happens the defendant has ten of his own [$100 bills] back in
10 [his home]. Of course [Orlando] paid [Jeannot]. [Jeannot’s] not doing
11 it as a favor.” T. 876.
12 The prosecution again returned to its “murder‐for‐hire” theory
13 later in its closing argument, stating that “[Orlando] wasn’t upset by
14 watching Bobby die. That was what was supposed to happen. That
15 is what he paid [Jeannot] to do, to do his dirty work for him. Couldn’t
16 do it himself.” T. 885. The prosecution suggested that Orlando paid
14
1 Jeannot when the pair briefly stopped at Orlando’s house after the
2 murder. T. 890.
3 III. Verdict and Sentence
4
5 The jury found Orlando guilty of murder in the second degree.
6 Orlando was sentenced to an indeterminate term of 25 years to life in
7 prison on August 18, 2005. He is currently serving his sentence.
8 Jeannot was also convicted of the murder in a separate trial.
9 STATE COURT APPELLATE PROCEEDINGS
10 Orlando appealed his conviction to the New York Supreme
11 Court, Appellate Division. People v. Orlando, 61 A.D.3d 1001 (N.Y.
12 App. Div. 2d Dep’t 2009). Orlando contended that Detective
13 McGinn’s testimony as to Jeannot’s statement was inadmissible
14 hearsay and also violated Orlando’s right to confront witnesses
15 through cross examination, as guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment
16 of the United States Constitution and incorporated against the states
17 by the Fourteenth Amendment. Appellant’s Br. at 70–77, People v.
15
1 Orlando, No. 2005‐08854 (N.Y. App. Div. 2d Dep’t Mar. 23, 2008);
2 Orlando, 61 A.D.3d at 1001–03.
3 The Appellate Division rejected Orlando’s argument in a single
4 sentence, stating: “The [trial] court properly instructed the jury that
5 the testimony was admitted for the limited purpose of explaining the
6 detectiveʹs actions and their effect on the defendant, and not for the
7 truth of the codefendantʹs statement. ” Id. (quoting People v. Ewell, 12
8 A.D.3d 616, 617 (N.Y. App. Div. 2d Dep’t 2004)) (internal quotation
9 marks omitted).9 The Appellate Division also cited Tennessee v. Street,
10 471 U.S. 409 (1985), for its conclusion that the trial court did not err in
11 admitting Jeannot’s statement through Detective McGinn. Id.
9 Although the Appellate Division described Jeannot as a “codefendant,” as is
mentioned in the above text, he was tried and convicted at a separate trial after the
Bruton ruling severing the trials.
16
1 The New York Court of Appeals subsequently denied Orlando
2 leave to appeal, thereby rendering the Appellate Division’s decision
3 final. People v. Orlando, 981 N.E.2d 291, 291 (N.Y. 2012).10
4 SECTION 2254 PROCEEDING IN THE DISTRICT COURT
5
6 Orlando, proceeding pro se, filed a petition for a writ of habeas
7 corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254 in the United States District Court
8 for the Eastern District of New York. As in his direct appeal, Orlando
9 argued that McGinn’s testimony regarding Jeannot’s statement was
10 inadmissible hearsay and violated his Confrontation Clause right.
11 The district court denied the writ.11
12 The district court identified the following testimony by McGinn
13 as at issue in the Confrontation Clause analysis:
Following his unsuccessful state appeals, Orlando filed two unsuccessful coram
10
nobis petitions in state court alleging ineffective assistance of appellate counsel. See
People v. Orlando, 85 A.D.3d 823 (N.Y. App. Div. 2d Dep’t 2011); People v. Orlando,
98 A.D.3d 691 (N.Y. App. Div. 2d Dep’t 2012). There is no dispute that Orlando
has properly exhausted his Confrontation Clause claim for federal habeas review.
11 Orlando pursues only his Confrontation Clause challenge on appeal. See
generally Pet. Br.
17
1 I left the [interrogation] room at about 6:50 [AM]. I went
2 back into the room at about ten minutes to eight. About 7:50
3 in the morning. And I told [Orlando] at this point that
4 Herva Jeannot was, in fact, talking to the other detectives.
5 He had given a statement and he had implicated himself in
6 the murder. He said that he was the murderer, but that
7 Mark Orlando had paid him to do it.
8
9 Orlando v. Nassau Cty. Dist. Atty’s Office, 246 F. Supp. 3d 569, 572–73
10 (E.D.N.Y. 2017).12
11 Relying principally on Tennessee v. Street, 471 U.S. 409 (1985),
12 and United States v. Logan, 419 F.3d 172 (2d Cir. 2005), the district court
13 rejected Orlando’s Confrontation Clause argument. Orlando, 246 F.
14 Supp. 3d at 571–76. The district court reasoned that Jeannot’s
15 statement was not offered against Orlando for its truth but only
16 “provided context for explaining why Orlando altered his [original]
12 The district court did not recount or discuss the portion of McGinn’s testimony
to the jury that vouched for the truth of Jeannot’s statement. T. 620 (“Herva
Jeannot was relaying some of the events that really took place that night . . . the
truth as to what happened that night.”); T. 621 (“I explained to Mr. Orlando that
Herva Jeannot was, in fact, giving up what we felt were truer versions of the events
of Bobby Calabrese’s murder.”) (emphasis added). That aspect of McGinn’s
testimony is discussed later in this opinion.
18
1 exculpatory story” to admit that he had in fact been present for the
2 murder but that Jeannot had unexpectedly committed it. Id. at 574.
3 The district court also held that any error was harmless. Id. at 575–76.
4 The district court issued a certificate of appealability as to
5 Orlando’s Confrontation Clause argument. Id. at 578. Orlando then
6 timely filed a notice of appeal.
7 DISCUSSION
8 Orlando argues that: (1) without his ability to cross‐examine
9 Jeannot, McGinn’s testimony recounting Jeannot’s statement violated
10 Orlando’s Confrontation Clause right; (2) the Appellate Division’s
11 ruling to the contrary was “objectively unreasonable;” and (3) the
12 erroneous admission of the testimony was not harmless. We agree.
13 Accordingly, we reverse the district court’s denial of Orlando’s
14 petition.
15
16
19
1 I. Standard of Review and Section 2254 Framework
2
3 Under 28 U.S.C. § 2254, “a person in custody pursuant to the
4 judgment of a State court” may petition a district court for a writ of
5 habeas corpus “on the ground that he is in custody in violation of the
6 Constitution or laws or treaties of the United States.” Id. § 2254(a).
7 We review de novo a district court’s denial of a petition for a writ of
8 habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254. Lynch v. Dolce, 789 F.3d
9 303, 311–12 (2d Cir. 2015).
10 A petition for a writ of habeas corpus “shall not be granted with
11 respect to any claim that was adjudicated on the merits in State court
12 proceedings unless the adjudication of the claim . . . resulted in a
13 decision that was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable
14 application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the
15 Supreme Court of the United States.” § 2254(d). “A state court
16 decision is an ‘unreasonable application’ of clearly established federal
17 law ‘if the state court identifies the correct governing legal principle
20
1 from [the Supreme] Courtʹs decisions but unreasonably applies that
2 principle to the facts of the prisoner’s case.’” Howard v. Walker, 406
3 F.3d 114, 122 (2d Cir. 2005) (quoting Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362,
4 413 (2000)). However, that bar is not reached where “fairminded
5 jurists could disagree on the correctness of the state court’s decision.”
6 Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 101 (2011) (internal quotation marks
7 and citation omitted).
8 II. The Confrontation Clause Violation
9 The Sixth Amendment’s Confrontation Clause provides that
10 “[i]n all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right . . . to
11 be confronted with the witnesses against him.” U.S. Const. amend.
12 VI. “‘The crux of this right is that the government cannot introduce
13 at trial” an out‐of‐court witness’s “statements containing accusations
14 against the defendant unless the accuser takes the stand against the
15 defendant and is available for cross examination.’” United States v.
16 Jass, 569 F.3d 47, 55 (2d Cir. 2009) (quoting Ryan v. Miller, 303 F.3d 231,
21
1 247 (2d Cir. 2002)) (internal quotations omitted). To implicate the
2 Confrontation Clause, the statement must be used to prove the truth
3 of the matter asserted, and the statement must be “testimonial.” Davis
4 v. Washington, 547 U.S. 813, 821–22 (2006) (citing Crawford v.
5 Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 51 (2004)). In other words, it must be
6 “testimonial hearsay.” Id. at 823.
7 Out‐of‐court statements may have a proper purpose other than
8 being considered for their truth. The Supreme Court and this Circuit
9 have acknowledged that a trial court’s instruction to a jury to consider
10 only for a limited, nonhearsay purpose the non‐testifying witness’s
11 out‐of‐court statement “is generally sufficient to eliminate . . .
12 Confrontation Clause concern[s].” Jass, 569 F.3d at 55 (citing
13 Richardson v. Marsh, 481 U.S. 200, 206 (1987)). That is because “[t]he
14 law ‘almost invariabl[y] assum[es]’ that jurors follow such limiting
15 instructions.” Id. (quoting Richardson, 481 U.S. at 206).
22
1 “Nevertheless, in Bruton v. United States, . . . the Supreme Court
2 identified an exception to th[e] assumption” that jurors follow
3 limiting instructions. Id. In Bruton v. United States, 391 U.S. 123, 124
4 (1968), the defendant Bruton and his codefendant were tried jointly
5 for armed postal robbery. A postal inspector testified that the
6 codefendant confessed to him that Bruton and the codefendant
7 committed the robbery together. Id. The codefendant did not take
8 the stand, so he could not be cross‐examined. Id. at 128. The district
9 court provided a limiting instruction to the jury that “although [the
10 codefendant’s] confession was competent evidence against [the
11 codefendant] it was inadmissible hearsay against [Bruton] and
12 therefore had to be disregarded in determining [Bruton’s] guilt or
13 innocence.” Id. at 125.
14 The Supreme Court reversed Bruton’s conviction, holding that
15 because his codefendant was not subject to cross examination and
16 “because of the substantial risk that the jury, despite instructions to
23
1 the contrary, looked to the incriminating extrajudicial statements in
2 determining [Bruton’s] guilt,” admission of the codefendant’s
3 confession in front of Bruton’s jury violated Bruton’s “right of cross‐
4 examination secured by the Confrontation Clause of the Sixth
5 Amendment.” Id. at 126.
6 The Court further explained that “[n]ot only are [alleged
7 accomplices’] incriminations devastating to the defendant but their
8 credibility is inevitably suspect, a fact recognized when accomplices
9 do take the stand and the jury is instructed to weigh their testimony
10 carefully given the recognized motivation to shift blame onto others.
11 The unreliability of such evidence is intolerably compounded when
12 the alleged accomplice . . . does not testify and cannot be tested by
13 cross‐examination.” Id. at 136.
14 As a result, when a non‐testifying witness’s confession
15 “expressly” implicates the defendant, “the risk that the jury will not,
16 or cannot, follow instructions [to limit its consideration of the
24
1 evidence for a proper purpose] is so great, and the consequences of
2 failure so vital to the defendant, that the practical and human
3 limitations of the jury system cannot be ignored.” Richardson, 481 U.S.
4 at 207–08 (quoting Bruton, 391 U.S. at 135–36). When a jury hears such
5 express incriminations, even if given a “clear” limiting instruction,
6 “the effect is the same as if there had been no instruction at all.”
7 Bruton, 391 U.S. at 137.
8 Although the non‐testifying witness in Bruton was a
9 codefendant in a joint trial, Bruton applies equally to the testimonial
10 and incriminating statements of non‐testifying accomplices tried
11 separately. See Crawford, 541 U.S. at 57, 69 (stating that testimonial
12 statements admitted without the opportunity to cross‐examine the
13 declarant violate the Confrontation Clause and referring to Bruton as
14 barring “accomplice confessions where the defendant had no
15 opportunity to cross‐examine”); Tennessee v Street, 471 U.S. 409, 411,
16 414–15 (1985) (recognizing that if the jury had been asked to infer that
25
1 the confession of the non‐testifying accomplice—who was tried
2 separately—proved that the defendant participated in the murder,
3 “Confrontation Clause concerns would have been implicated”).
4 Here, the Appellate Division correctly acknowledged that,
5 absent cross‐examination of Jeannot, admission of his facially
6 incriminating statement risked violating the Confrontation Clause, as
7 was recognized in Bruton. 13 People v. Orlando, 61 A.D.3d at 1002.
8 However, the Appellate Division reasoned that the jury would use
9 this evidence only to “explain the detective’s actions and their effect”
10 on Orlando—that effect presumably being the reason why Orlando
11 changed his account of the events of the night of the murder. Id.
13 Although the Appellate Division did not cite Bruton or articulate its holding, a
state reviewing court need not to do so in order for it to be considered to have
applied the constitutional principles set forth in Supreme Court precedent. See,
e.g., Mitchell v. Esparza, 540 U.S. 12, 16 (2003) (“[A] state court need not even be
aware of our precedents, so long as neither the reasoning nor the result of the state‐
court decision contradicts them.”) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
The Appellate Division did cite Tennessee v. Street, 471 U.S. 409 (1985), which is
discussed later in this opinion.
26
1 That conclusion by the Appellate Division was an unreasonable
2 application of Bruton. McGinn led the jury to believe that Jeannot had
3 actually made the statement McGinn recounted, and that statement
4 expressly inculpated Orlando as Jeannot’s accomplice in the murder.
5 Bruton plainly instructs that the jury could not be presumed to
6 disregard Jeannot’s statement for its truth, even with a limiting
7 instruction.14
8 A. Jeannot Was an Out‐of‐Court Witness
9 The state argues in its brief that “[n]either McGinn nor
10 McHugh ever testified that Jeannot actually made the statements at
11 issue,” Respondent’s Br. at 29–30; in other words, that Jeannot was
12 not an out‐of‐court “witness” within the meaning of the
13 Confrontation Clause, see Davis, 547 U.S. at 821–22. And so, the state
14 In addition, there is no doubt that Jeannot’s statement was “testimonial.” See
Davis, 547 U.S. at 821–22 (holding that statements made “in the course of police
interrogation” are testimonial when made under “circumstances objectively
indicat[ing] . . . that the primary purpose of the interrogation [was] to establish or
prove past events potentially relevant to later criminal prosecution”).
27
1 contends, the situation here was no different than a jury merely
2 hearing that an investigator had used deception to elicit a confession.
3 The state is incorrect; of course the prosecution led the jury to
4 believe that Jeannot had actually made the statement McGinn
5 recounted. McGinn testified that, “I knew Detective McHugh was in
6 talking to Mr. Herva Jeannot,” and that, “I believe that Herva Jeannot
7 was relaying some of the events that really took place that night.” T.
8 620. The prosecution never disavowed that Jeannot had made the
9 statement, and it even recounted the statement in its summation. And
10 that very statement was the reason for the Bruton severance in the first
11 place. Thus, Jeannot was indeed an out‐of‐court “witness” subject to
12 the cross‐examination requirements of the Confrontation Clause.15
15
A witness need only recount the critical substance of the out‐of‐court statement
to implicate the Confrontation Clause. See Ryan v. Miller, 303 F.3d 231, 248–49 (2d
Cir. 2002) (granting section 2254 petition due to non‐harmless Confrontation
Clause violation, stating that “[i]f the substance of the prohibited testimony is
evident even though it was not introduced in the prohibited form, the testimony
is still inadmissible,” and collecting cases); Ocampo v. Vail, 649 F.3d 1098, 1108–11
(9th Cir. 2011) (“Supreme Court law . . . clearly establishe[s] that testimony from
28
1 B. The Admission of Jeannot’s Statement Was Clearly Barred
2 by Bruton
3
4 With the jury having heard this expressly incriminating
5 statement from Jeannot, the only reasonable conclusion was that the
6 Confrontation Clause was violated under Bruton. The risk that the
7 jury would consider Jeannot’s statement for its truth was simply too
8 great to allow the jury to hear it, absent cross‐examination of Jeannot.
9 Indeed, “the overwhelming probability” of jurors’ inability to “thrust
10 out of mind” express “testimony that ‘the defendant helped me
11 commit the crime’ . . . is the foundation of Bruton.” Richardson, 481 U.S.
12 at 208 (emphasis added); see also Bruton, 391 U.S. at 129 (“The
13 Government should not have the windfall of having the jury be
14 influenced by evidence against a defendant which, as a matter of law,
15 they should not consider but which they cannot put out of their
16 minds.”) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted) (overruling
which one could determine the critical content of the out‐of‐court statement [is]
sufficient to trigger Confrontation Clause concerns.”).
29
1 Delli Paoli v. United States, 352 U.S. 232 (1957), and adopting the
2 reasoning of the dissent in that decision).
3 The Confrontation Clause violation here is even clearer than in
4 Bruton. Detective McGinn did not merely recount Jeannot’s
5 confession implicating Orlando; he also vouched for its veracity.
6 McGinn testified, “I believe that Herva Jeannot was relaying some of
7 the events that really took place that night . . . the truth as to what
8 happened that night,” T. 620 (emphasis added), and “I explained to
9 Mr. Orlando that Herva Jeannot was, in fact, giving up . . . what we felt
10 were truer versions of the events of Bobby Calabrese’s murder.”16 T.
11 621 (emphasis added). That testimony by McGinn made it even less
12 likely than in Bruton that the jury would have obeyed the trial court’s
13 limiting instruction. See, e.g., United States v. Forrester, 60 F.3d 52, 63–
We acknowledge that the latter statement could possibly be read as McGinn
16
explaining only to Orlando rather than to the jury that McGinn and McHugh
believed Jeannot was telling the truth about Orlando’s involvement the murder.
However, there was no such ambiguity with regard to McGinn’s first statement
that he believed Jeannot was relaying what “really took place that night.” T. 620.
30
1 64 (2d Cir. 1995) (discussing the prejudicial impact of government
2 agents vouching for witnesses).
3 Likewise, the prosecution’s summation further undermined
4 any possible effectiveness of the limiting instruction when it
5 reminded the jury of its murder‐for‐hire theory three times and
6 specifically called to its attention McGinn’s testimony that he told
7 Orlando, “[Jeannot’s] telling us everything . . . . He’s telling us he did
8 the shooting and you paid him.” T. 895. But, as discussed below with
9 regard to the harmless error analysis, the evidence—other than
10 Jeannot’s statement—that Orlando had hired Jeannot to murder
11 Calabrese, was weak. Thus, the likelihood that the jury credited
12 Jeannot’s statement was higher even than in Bruton, where the
13 Supreme Court did not suggest that the prosecution had undermined
14 the limiting instruction.17
17 We note also that the limiting instruction was decidedly unclear. The trial court
instructed the jury to consider the testimony at issue when considering “the
circumstances under which Orlando made any statements.” T. 624. McGinn,
however, had just told the jury that the “circumstances” which led him to resume
31
1 In opposing Orlando’s petition, the state relies primarily on the
2 Supreme Court’s decision in Tennessee v. Street, 471 U.S. 409 (1985). In
3 Street, the defendant, Street, was tried for murder separately from his
4 alleged accomplice, Peele. Id. at 411. Street had confessed during an
5 interview with police to participating in a burglary and the murder
6 with Peele. Id.
7 In its case‐in‐chief, the state introduced Street’s confession. Id.
8 Street then took the stand during his defense case, and he testified
9 that the police had coerced his confession and that he had not been
10 involved in the murder. Id. Street claimed that the police had shown
11 him Peele’s confession during his interview and forced Street to give
12 the same account as Peele. Id.
13 The trial court then permitted the state to introduce in its
14 rebuttal case Peele’s confession through the testimony of Sheriff
interrogating Orlando were that “Herva Jeannot was relaying some of the events
that really took place that night.” T. 620. By contrast, even in Bruton, the jury
instructions were “concededly clear.” Bruton, 391 U.S. at 137.
32
1 Papantoniou, the police officer who had taken it. Id. at 411–12. The
2 state showed the obvious differences between the two statements to
3 discredit Street’s testimony that his confession had been coerced and
4 that the statements’ claimed similarities demonstrated the coercion.
5 Id. at 412. Both at the time the police officer recounted Peele’s
6 statement and in its jury instructions, the trial court instructed the jury
7 that Peele’s statement was admitted not for its truth, but rather only
8 to rebut Street’s contention that his confession was coerced. Id. Peele
9 did not testify at Street’s trial and, thus, could not be cross‐examined
10 about his statement.
11 The Supreme Court affirmed Street’s murder conviction. Id. at
12 417. According to the Court, “[t]he nonhearsay aspect of Peeleʹs
13 confession—not to prove what happened at the murder scene but to
14 prove what happened when respondent confessed—raises no
15 Confrontation Clause concerns. The Clauseʹs fundamental role in
16 protecting the right of cross‐examination . . . was [thus] satisfied by
33
1 Sheriff Papantoniouʹs presence on the stand.” Id. at 414. After all, the
2 Supreme Court stated, “[i]f [Street’s] counsel doubted that [the
3 accomplice’s] confession was accurately recounted, he was free to
4 cross‐examine the Sheriff. By cross‐examination [Street’s] counsel
5 could also challenge Sheriff Papantoniou’s testimony that he did not
6 read from Peeleʹs statement and direct respondent to say the same
7 thing. In short, the State’s rebuttal witness against [Street] was not
8 Peele, but Sheriff Papantoniou.” Id.
9 The Court in Street went on to acknowledge that its conclusion
10 depended on the “crucial assumption” that the jurors followed the
11 trial court’s limiting instructions. Id. at 415. There, as in Bruton,
12 Street’s accomplice had expressly implicated him in the crime. But
13 unlike in Bruton, Street had placed the state in the position of not
14 being able to effectively challenge Street’s testimony that his
15 confession was coerced. And “the State’s most important piece of
16 substantive evidence was [Street’s] confession.” Id. The only
34
1 available way to rebut Street’s contention of a coerced confession was
2 to compare Peele’s confession with Street’s; if they were different, that
3 would tend to show that Street’s coercion testimony was not credible.
4 See id. at 415–16. And so, if the trial court in Street had not allowed the
5 accomplice’s confession to be brought before the jury, that “would
6 have been at odds with the Confrontation Clause’s very mission—to
7 advance the accuracy of the truth‐determining process.” Id. at 415.
8 Thus, the Court in Street found, unlike in Bruton, that there were
9 “no alternatives [but allowing admission of the accomplice’s
10 confession] that would have both assured the integrity of the trial’s
11 truth‐seeking function and eliminated the risk of the jury’s improper
12 use of evidence.” Id.
13 Notably, in its conclusion, the Court in Street also took care to
14 emphasize that the “prosecutor’s questions and closing argument”
15 had done nothing to distract the jury from the accomplice confession’s
16 “distinctive and limited purpose.” Id. at 417. It was only “in this
35
1 context” that the trial judge’s instructions were sufficient to prevent a
2 Confrontation Clause violation. Id. (emphasis added).
3 This case is very different from Street. The prosecution argued
4 that Jeannot’s statement merely showed “context” for why Orlando
5 changed his statement. But Jeannot’s statement went far beyond any
6 limited value in showing why Orlando changed his account of what
7 happened that night. The prosecution elicited testimony from
8 Detective McGinn that Jeannot had actually made the incriminating
9 statement, and McGinn vouched for Jeannot’s account. In its
10 summation, the prosecution also repeated Jeannot’s statement, and
11 pressed its murder‐for‐hire theory.
12 Moreover, the prosecution’s need for the purported “context”
13 was of little importance as compared to the need in Street. Orlando’s
14 changing his account of the homicide was no different than many
15 investigations when suspects make a series of statements; absent the
16 substance of Jeannot’s statement, the jury still could have learned that
36
1 after several hours of interrogation, Orlando revised his story and
2 placed himself at the scene of the murder and admitted to lying about
3 his original account. That approach would have significantly
4 advanced the prosecution’s case without a critical narrative gap and,
5 accordingly, the “truth‐seeking function” of the trial would not have
6 been impeded in a way comparable to Street. See id. at 415–16. Nor
7 did Orlando take the stand at his trial, and so the credibility of his
8 own trial testimony was not an issue, unlike in Street where the state
9 otherwise would not have been able to challenge Street’s principal
10 defense of coercion in giving his statement.
11 To extend Street to the situation presented here would
12 eviscerate the core protection of Bruton. To allow admission of
13 Jeannot’s statement through McGinn would permit the admission of
14 inculpatory statements of non‐testifying codefendants whenever the
15 defendant changed his initial statement to investigators after
16 investigators told the defendant of an accomplice’s incriminating
37
1 confession. The prosecution would need only then argue to the trial
2 court that the other confession was being shown to the jury just to
3 show why there were changes to the original statement.18 19
4 * * *
18 The state also contends that the admission of Jeannot’s statements established
“the voluntariness of [Orlando’s] statements.” Respondent’s Br. 30–31, 35. But,
unlike Street, Orlando did not contest their voluntariness at trial. And, there was
other evidence that Orlando’s statements were voluntary. The detectives testified
that Orlando was advised of his Miranda rights and agreed to speak with them,
and Orlando indicated that he understood his Miranda rights, was willing to give
a statement without speaking with a lawyer or having one present, and that he
was “mak[ing] the . . . statement[s] freely and voluntarily.” T. 546.
19 Other circuits have also recognized that Street does not permit the admission of
an out‐of‐court accomplice statement merely because it may have some purpose
other than for its truth. See, e.g., Thomas v. Hubbard, 273 F.3d 1164, 1172–73 (9th Cir.
2001) (granting section 2254 petition due to Confrontation Clause violation and
other constitutional errors, and stating that “[e]ven if the statements [we]re
classified as non‐hearsay, they are sufficiently prejudicial that the jury would be
unable to consider them only for limited purposes and would consider them for
their truth in violation of the Confrontation Clause”) (abrogated on unrelated
grounds by Payton v. Woodford, 299 F.3d 815, 828–29 n.11 (9th Cir. 2002), which the
Supreme Court then vacated, 538 U.S. 975 (2003)); cf. United States v. Taylor, 569
F.3d 742, 750 (7th Cir. 2009) (finding no Confrontation Clause violation because
the out‐of‐court statements were nonhearsay and there were no “complicating
circumstances, such as a prosecutor who exploits nonhearsay statements for their truth”)
(internal quotation marks and citation omitted) (emphasis added).
38
1 We hold that the Appellate Division unreasonably applied
2 Bruton in concluding that Orlando’s Sixth Amendment right to cross‐
3 examine a witness against him was not violated when the jury heard
4 of Jeannot’s statement implicating Orlando in the murder. To the
5 extent that the Appellate Division applied Street, it also extended that
6 decision unreasonably.20
7 III. The Error Was Not Harmless
8 As Orlando and the state agree, the improper admission of
9 evidence in violation of the Confrontation Clause is subject to review
10 for harmless error. Hendrix v. Smith, 639 F.2d 113, 115 (2d Cir. 1981)
11 (citing Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18 (1967); Schneble v. Florida, 405
12 U.S. 427 (1972)). When a state court makes a harmless error
20 The state’s reliance on United States v. Logan, 419 F.3d 172 (2d Cir. 2005), is also
misplaced. In Logan, the coconspirators’ statements concerning an alibi were
admitted only to show the existence of a conspiracy. Id. at 176–78. Moreover, the
statements were not admitted for their truth but—to the contrary—were shown to
be untruthful. Id. Here, Jeannot’s statement—as recounted by Detective
McGinn—was consistent with the state’s theory and was specifically utilized by
the state to support that theory.
39
1 determination on direct appeal, we owe the “harmlessness
2 determination itself” deference under the Antiterrorism and Effective
3 Death Penalty Act of 1996 (“AEDPA”). Ayala, 135 S. Ct. at 2199. Here,
4 because the Appellate Division did not determine that the admission
5 of McGinn’s testimony as to Jeannot’s statements was harmless, we
6 owe no deference to the Appellate Division on that issue. E.g., Cotto
7 v. Herbert, 331 F.3d 217, 253 (2d Cir. 2003) (“In this
8 case, harmless error was never reached in the state courts, and there
9 is therefore no state ruling which commands AEDPA deference.”).
10 An error was harmless unless it resulted in “actual prejudice,”
11 Davis v. Ayala, 135 S. Ct. 2187, 2197 (2015) (quoting Brecht v.
12 Abrahamson, 507 U.S. 619, 637 (1993)), meaning that a court has “grave
13 doubt about whether” the error “had ‘substantial and injurious effect
14 or influence in determining the jury’s verdict.’” Id. at 2198 (quoting
15 O’Neal v. McAninch, 513 U.S. 432, 436 (1995)). This “Brecht standard”
40
1 requires “more than a ‘reasonable possibility’ that the error was
2 harmful.” Id. (quoting Brecht, 507 U.S. at 637).
3 We have little doubt that the improperly admitted testimony as
4 to Jeannot’s statement had such a powerful effect on the jury. The
5 prosecution’s theory was that Orlando was guilty of murder for
6 acting as Jeannot’s accomplice by paying Jeannot to shoot Calabrese
7 and helping Jeannot to do so. The trial judge instructed the jury that,
8 to convict Orlando, the prosecution had to prove that Orlando acted
9 in concert with Jeannot. The state argues that, even absent admission
10 of Jeannot’s confession through McGinn’s testimony, the evidence of
11 Orlando’s guilt was “nothing short of overwhelming.” Respondent’s
12 Br. at 47.
13 In support, the state contends that Orlando’s $17,000 gambling
14 debt to Calabrese was compelling evidence of motive; that the
15 hundred‐dollar bills found in the homes of both Orlando and Jeannot
16 after the murder were evidence of the murder‐for‐hire transaction;
41
1 and that forensic testimony as to the location of bullet holes in
2 Calabrese’s sweatshirt showed that Orlando pulled the sweatshirt
3 over Calabrese’s head before Jeannot shot him. Finally, the state
4 emphasizes that the video evidence, as well as cell site evidence,
5 showed that Orlando was at the location where the homicide
6 occurred. We address these arguments in turn.
7 A. Evidence of Motive
8 Although it was undisputed that Orlando owed Calabrese
9 $17,000, the evidence showed that Orlando had won $27,000 in the
10 month prior. Accordingly, he had net winnings of $10,000 over a six‐
11 week period. Moreover, the evidence showed that Orlando had
12 $2,700 in cash in his residence after the murder (and after he
13 purportedly paid Jeannot to commit the murder). And so, the
14 evidence that Orlando lacked the funds to pay Calabrese was slight.21
15
21 The state also did not introduce evidence of Orlando’s bank records at trial.
42
1 Moreover, it strains credulity that Orlando would have
2 believed that murdering a courier in an illegal gambling operation
3 would erase a gambling debt of $17,000 and prevent attempts by the
4 other members of the gambling operation to seek payment. The
5 prosecution argued that Orlando’s plan was to murder Calabrese and
6 then claim to Calabrese’s superiors in the illegal sports betting
7 organization that he had paid Calabrese (and that Calabrese must
8 have been robbed and murdered by someone else). But it certainly is
9 not obvious that Orlando would have thought such a plan would
10 work.
11 B. Evidence of a Murder‐for‐Hire Transaction
12 Similarly, the discovery of a small number of one‐hundred‐
13 dollar bills in the homes of both Orlando and Jeannot after the murder
14 was not particularly probative of a murder‐for‐hire transaction. The
15 state asserts that the hundred‐dollar bill design with “the large
16 picture of Ben Franklin” was “then new” and, thus so rare as to mean
43
1 Jeannot’s bills likely came from Orlando. Respondent’s Br. at 48. But
2 that design began circulating in 1996,22 eight years before the murder
3 of Calabrese. A jury thus would not have found it remarkable that
4 the bills in both homes had the same design. Nor did the U.S.
5 currency found in Jeannot’s home have any fingerprints, sequential
6 serial numbers, or DNA that might have linked them to a transaction
7 between Orlando and Jeannot.
8 In addition, only $500 in bills was found in Jeannot’s home. It
9 is entirely unclear why Jeannot would accept only $500 to commit a
10 murder, particularly given that Jeannot undisputedly knew Orlando
11 owed Calabrese many times that amount. The prosecution suggested
12 that the $500 found in Jeannot’s home may have been only a small
13 portion of the murder‐for‐hire payment. But the prosecution
22 See, e.g., Carl Rochelle, Redesigned $100 Bill Aimed at Foiling Counterfeiters, CNN
(Mar. 25, 1996, 1:35 AM), http://edition.cnn.com/US/9603/new_100_bill/index.html
(stating that the redesigned $100 bills with a larger Ben Franklin were to go into
circulation on March 25, 1996).
44
1 presented no theory or evidence as to what may have happened to
2 any cash payment that exceeded the $500 found.
3 C. Forensic Evidence
4 We turn next to the expert testimony of two other Nassau
5 County detectives and Nassau County Deputy Chief Medical
6 Examiner DeMartino regarding the bullet holes in Calabrese’s
7 sweatshirt. The state argues that forensic evidence clearly established
8 that, just before Jeannot fired the first shot, Orlando pulled
9 Calabrese’s sweatshirt over Calabrese’s head to help Jeannot shoot
10 him.23
11 We disagree that this evidence was persuasive of Orlando
12 helping Jeannot shoot Calabrese. First, the location of the bullet holes
13 did not clearly establish that Calabrese’s sweatshirt had been pulled
14 up over his head at the time the first shot was fired. That is the
The district court agreed with that argument, stating that the forensic evidence
23
gave rise to “an inescapable inference . . . that Orlando . . . pulled the sweatshirt
over Calabreseʹs head.” Orlando, 246 F. Supp. 3d at 576.
45
1 relevant time that, according to the prosecution, Orlando would have
2 been pulling up the sweatshirt. The first shot undisputedly went
3 through Calabrese’s right forearm, making holes only in his
4 sweatshirt sleeve, and the bullet then lodged in the right side of
5 Calabrese’s head. The prosecution suggested to the jury that Orlando
6 had pulled the sweatshirt so far over Calabrese’s head that the back
7 of his head was exposed, allowing the first bullet to pass through the
8 sleeve without creating any other holes in the sweatshirt. That is
9 possible, but that evidence is just as—if not more—consistent with
10 Calabrese, for example, putting up his arms in a defensive position,
11 and the first bullet passing through his right sleeve and arm, and then,
12 into his uncovered24 head. Indeed, the medical examiner DeMartino
13 concluded that the wound in Calabrese’s right arm was consistent
24 Nassau County Forensic Evidence Bureau Detective Kovar, whom the
prosecution called to testify as to trace forensic evidence at the scene of the crime,
agreed that the hood of the sweatshirt was not covering Calabrese’s head at the
time the first shot was fired.
46
1 with Calabrese having raised his arm in a defensive manner prior to
2 the first shot being fired. Or, even if the sweatshirt had been pulled
3 up, it could have been done by Jeannot prior to shooting Calabrese.
4 By contrast, the forensic evidence was clearer that at the time
5 the second and third shots were fired into the back of Calabrese’s
6 head, his sweatshirt was pulled up over his head. There were holes
7 in the back of Calabrese’s sweatshirt that matched up with the bullet
8 wounds in the back of his head. But, it is not disputed that at the time
9 the second and third shots were fired, Calabrese was already lying,
10 face‐down, on the ground from the effect of the first shot. Maybe
11 Orlando pulled the sweatshirt over Calabrese’s head after the first
12 shot; maybe it was Jeannot who pulled up the sweatshirt at this point
13 to avoid blood splatter; or maybe the sweatshirt came upward as
14 Calabrese fell to the ground and struggled after the first shot. In any
15 event, the only obvious conclusions from the sweatshirt and autopsy
16 evidence were that Calabrese was first shot by Jeannot from behind,
47
1 while he was standing up, and then twice more while lying on the
2 ground, with the sweatshirt over his head for the second and third
3 shots. But it is far from clear how the sweatshirt ended up over his
4 head.
5 The state introduced no other forensic evidence pointing to
6 Orlando, such as DNA, fingerprints, or blood in his car or on his
7 clothing. In sum, the forensic evidence to support the prosecution’s
8 accomplice theory was insubstantial.
9 D. Orlando’s Choice of a Meeting Location
10 The evidence that Orlando chose a discreet meeting location to
11 pay his debt to Calabrese was also only minimally probative of his
12 guilt. Orlando told investigators that he and Calabrese had arranged
13 to meet on December 3 in Island Park, and that he called Calabrese
14 shortly beforehand to change the meeting to a more secluded place
15 because there were several people within sight of the planned
16 meeting location.
48
1 Jurors could have credited Orlando’s choice of meeting
2 location as part of a plan to murder Calabrese, but they could also
3 reasonably have accepted that Orlando was concerned about being
4 seen engaging in an illegal $17,000 gambling transaction.
5 E. Evidence of an Attempt to Create an Alibi
6 The prosecution also contended that the jury could have
7 construed Orlando’s several stops after the murder as evidence of an
8 attempt to manufacture a false alibi. Orlando explained the stops as
9 an attempt to be seen with Jeannot, so that Jeannot could not blame
10 the murder on Orlando. But, a jury could instead have reasonably
11 inferred that, given Jeannot’s purported threat to Orlando to maintain
12 his silence, Orlando’s behavior after the murder was consistent with
13 an attempt to put Jeannot at ease that Orlando would not report
14 Jeannot’s role in the murder.
15
16
49
1 F. Evidence Orlando Was at the Murder Scene
2 Lastly, we acknowledge that the prosecution needed only to
3 convict Orlando of murder and not to prove specifically its murder‐
4 for‐hire theory. In that regard, the state emphasizes, for example, the
5 evidence that Orlando was present at the murder scene. In addition,
6 Orlando’s coworker Barbara Diamant testified that Orlando told her
7 the morning after the homicide that Calabrese had been shot in the
8 back of the head three times, before this became public information.
9 However, that Orlando was present for the murder was not disputed
10 by him in his second statement or at trial, and as discussed above, the
11 evidence that Orlando assisted the murder in some way was made
12 substantially stronger by Jeannot’s incriminating confession.
13 * * *
14 In sum, considered both in isolation and cumulatively, the
15 properly admitted evidence of Orlando’s guilt leaves us with “grave
16 doubt” about whether the trial court’s error substantially and
50
1 injuriously influenced the jury’s verdict. See Davis, 135 S. Ct. at 2198.
2 McGinn’s testimony of Jeannot’s incriminating statement was
3 essential in persuading the jury of Orlando’s guilt and meets the bar
4 set by the Brecht standard. Accordingly, the constitutional error in
5 this case was not harmless.
6 CONCLUSION
7 For the foregoing reasons, we REVERSE the district court’s
8 denial of Orlando’s petition, and REMAND the case to the district
9 court with instructions to issue a writ of habeas corpus to Orlando on
10 the sixtieth calendar day after the issuance of our mandate unless the
11 District Attorney of Nassau County has, by that time, taken concrete
12 and substantial steps to expeditiously retry Orlando. The mandate
13 shall issue forthwith.
51
1 SHEA, District Judge, dissenting:
2 I respectfully dissent. Federal habeas relief is available under Section
3 2254 only to remedy “extreme malfunctions in the state criminal justice
4 systems” in “cases where there is no possibility fairminded jurists could
5 disagree that the state courtʹs decision conflicts with [the Supreme] Courtʹs
6 precedents.” Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 102–03 (2011). The New
7 York court’s application of Tennessee v. Street, 471 U.S. 409 (1985), the
8 Supreme Court decision most pertinent to this case, does not satisfy that
9 demanding standard because it reflects a reasonable accommodation of the
10 competing interests identified in that decision. The Street Court held that
11 the Confrontation Clause’s “mission” is “to advance the accuracy of the
12 truth‐determining process in criminal trials,” and that to fulfill that
13 mission, trial judges must attend to both “assur[ing] the integrity of the
14 trial’s truth‐seeking function and eliminat[ing] the risk of the jury’s
15 improper use of evidence.” Id. at 415 (emphasis added). Here, the state
16 trial judge reasonably applied the first of those two principles by admitting
17 the detective’s account of Jeannot’s accusation for the proper, non‐hearsay
18 purpose of allowing the State to counter the defendant’s explanation about
1
1 why he changed his story. Excluding that evidence would have enhanced
2 the credibility of Orlando’s second version of events, which was the one
3 his lawyer urged the jury to adopt, and thus frustrated the trial’s truth‐
4 seeking function. The trial judge also reasonably applied the second
5 principle by twice giving a detailed limiting instruction that the jury was
6 not to consider Jeannot’s accusation for its truth and, indeed, not to
7 consider whether he had made it at all. While I acknowledge that this case
8 is harder than Street, I conclude that fairminded jurists could disagree on
9 whether the state court properly applied that decision and thus that the
10 district court properly denied the writ.
11 I
12 The majority’s recounting of the record is thorough, but I offer two
13 clarifications to explain my views.
14 First, Orlando’s trial counsel did not object to all of Detective
15 McGinn’s testimony about the interview with Jeannot. Indeed, he used a
16 portion of it to bolster Orlando’s explanation that he changed his story and
17 told the truth once his fear of Jeannot had lifted after he learned that
18 Jeannot had confessed. The issue involved in this appeal first arose when
2
1 the State sought a ruling in limine to admit Detective McGinn’s testimony
2 that “I confronted [Orlando], I told him that [Jeannot’s] giving it up and
3 he’s telling us he did the shooting and he’s telling us you made him.” T.
4 164. During the in limine proceeding, the prosecutor told the trial judge
5 that the purpose of this testimony would be “to establish the context in
6 which the defendant all of a sudden changes his initial story . . . .” Id.
7 Defense counsel then made his Confrontation Clause objection, pointing
8 out that there had been a Bruton severance “to protect the defendant not
9 being able to cross examine any statements that would be used against him
10 in this case such as the codefendant’s Herva Jeannot . . . perhaps even six
11 as a number of statements that Mr. Jeannot had made.” T. 165.1 Specifically
12 addressing the prosecutor’s motion, he then stated as follows:
13 “[I]f we’re talking perhaps about one of the last statements that Mr.
14 Jeannot had made regarding . . . giving it up or giving up the entire
15 thing, opposed to that Mr. Jeannot had shot Mr. Calabrese,
16 obviously I have no opposition to that. However, it’s a matter of
17 how much of that statement is going to be permitted . . . . But, I think
18 in regard to what is being said and being [pared] down, I have no
1 While the record does not disclose the trial judge’s ruling regarding the Bruton
severance, defense counsel’s reference to “a number of statements” by Jeannot
suggests there was more to it than merely eliminating the “payment” statement
from Orlando’s trial. It is thus not clear from the record that the “payment”
statement “was the reason for the Bruton severance in the first place.” Maj. Op.
at 28.
3
1 opposition to the fact Mr. Jeannot had indicated that Mr. Jeannot
2 was present and Mr. Jeannot shot him. But I think anything in
3 addition to that, again, is prejudicial. It violates my ability and right
4 to cross‐examine the individual that is now accusing my client of
5 that, and I would move to preclude anything in addition to that first
6 portion . . . .”
7 T. 165–66. In other words, defense counsel did not object to the portion of
8 McGinn’s statement that Jeannot said he shot Calabrese but did object to
9 the portion that Jeannot said Orlando paid him to do it.2 That was a
10 sensible trial strategy, because the former portion supported Orlando’s
11 second version of events and his explanation that he lied initially out of
12 fear of Jeannot and came clean once he learned that Jeannot had confessed.
13 Defense counsel harped on this latter theme in both his opening statement
14 and closing argument. T. 205 (“It’s not until Herva Jeannot tells the
15 detective that Herva Jeannot himself had shot Mr. Calabrese, that Mark
16 then felt at ease that now they’re not going to come after Mark.”); T. 851
17 (“And there is no question Mark met with Detective McHugh, and he lied
18 about certain things to Detective McHugh. No question, not disputing that.
19 And you heard from Detective McGinn, what happened, we will go over
2 I do not read defense counsel’s later, summary reference to his objection as
changing his position on the lack of objection to the portion of McGinn’s
statement that Jeannot said that he shot Calabrese. T. 591.
4
1 that a little bit, before Mark finally says, now I feel safe. Now I can tell you
2 what happened. I don’t want to be the first one, that Herva Jeannot killed
3 Calabrese. I don’t want him coming after my family.”).
4 Second, the trial judge’s ruling admitted only the statements by
5 McGinn identified by the prosecutor in the pretrial hearing, i.e., that “I
6 confronted [Orlando], I told him that [Jeannot’s] giving it up and he’s
7 telling us he did the shooting and he’s telling us you made him.” T. 164–
8 67. The ruling did not permit McGinn to give the vouching testimony
9 stressed by the majority, i.e., that “I believe that Herva Jeannot was
10 relaying some of the events that really took place that night.” T. 620. That
11 testimony was problematic, but not primarily because it violated the
12 Confrontation Clause; it was inadmissible on multiple grounds – lack of
13 personal knowledge (McGinn was not in the room with Jeannot), opinion
14 by a lay witness (“I believe . . . .”), and vouching for another’s statement
15 (regardless of its content). Despite these obvious flaws, however, defense
16 counsel did not object to it, move to strike it, seek a mistrial, or ask for an
17 instruction that the jury disregard it – perhaps because it also vouched for
18 the portion of Jeannot’s alleged statement that defense counsel would use
5
1 to his client’s advantage – that Jeannot said he shot Calabrese. Nor did
2 Orlando raise McGinn’s vouching statement in the appeal of his
3 conviction, his habeas petition before the district court, or his appeal brief
4 in this Court. While it is still proper to consider it under Street – because it
5 goes to the risk that the statement “Orlando paid him to do it” would be
6 misused by the jury (which I discuss below) – it is important to note that
7 the trial judge’s pretrial ruling applying Street did not authorize McGinn’s
8 vouching statement.3
9 II
10 Orlando contends that the Appellate Division unreasonably applied
11 Bruton and Street when it held that admitting the detective’s statement that
12 “[Jeannot] said that he was the murderer but that Mark Orlando had paid
13 him to do it” did not violate the Confrontation Clause.4 Whether that is so
3 As I explain below, when placed in context, McGinn’s other references to the
“truth” and “truer versions” when testifying about Jeannot’s interview do not
appear to have been attempts to vouch for Jeannot to the jury.
4 Orlando also argues that the Appellate Division’s ruling was an unreasonable
application of Crawford. But Crawford is of limited guidance in addressing the
factual situation here, except insofar as it reaffirms Street’s holding that
admission of out‐of‐court statements for nonhearsay purposes does not violate
the Confrontation Clause. Crawford, 541 U.S. at 59 n.9 (“The Clause also does not
bar the use of testimonial statements for purposes other than establishing the
truth of the matter asserted. See Tennessee v. Street, 471 U.S. 409, 414 (1985).”).
6
1 boils down to two questions: (1) was there a proper non‐hearsay purpose
2 for the statement, which requires considering the degree to which
3 exclusion of the detective’s statement would have impeded the jury “in . . .
4 evaluating the truth of [Orlando’s explanation as to why he changed his
5 story] and . . . weighing the reliability of his [second and third statements
6 to the police]”; and (2) if so, could the statement nonetheless “have been
7 misused by the jury”? Street, 471 U.S. at 414. Street suggests that the second
8 question involves consideration of (1) the trial court’s limiting instructions;
9 (2) whether the prosecutor made proper use of the statement during the
10 trial; and (3) whether there were “alternatives that would have both
11 assured the integrity of the trial’s truth‐seeking function and eliminated
12 the risk of the jury’s improper use of the evidence.” Id. at 415–16. There is
13 at least a “possibility fairminded jurists could disagree” about whether the
14 New York courts properly answered these questions.
15 Proper Purpose
16 The non‐hearsay purpose here was similar to the one that prevailed
17 in Street: to shed light on the credibility of Orlando’s second statement to
18 the police. See Street, 471 U.S. at 415 (“Had the prosecutor been denied the
7
1 opportunity to present Peele’s confession in rebuttal so as to enable the
2 jury to make the relevant comparison, the jury would have been impeded
3 in its task of evaluating the truth of respondent’s testimony and
4 handicapped in weighing the reliability of his confession.”). Orlando
5 claimed that he had lied in his first statement out of fear of Jeannot, but
6 once told of Jeannot’s confession, his fear lifted and he gave a truthful
7 account in his second statement.5 The State would have had no answer to
8 the fear‐dissipation narrative had the trial judge sustained defense
9 counsel’s objection and excluded only the portion of McGinn’s statement
10 in which he said Jeannot implicated Orlando in the murder. Orlando
11 started hinting at his alleged fear of Jeannot as soon as McGinn told him
12 that “Detective McHugh was over there talking to Herva [Jeannot] and he
13 was probably giving us, you know, other facts that happened that night,
14 the truth as to what happened that night.” T. 620. At that point, for the first
15 time, Orlando said, “detective, you don’t understand,” a refrain he then
16 repeated several times before telling McGinn that “he was afraid for his
5 As the majority notes, the second statement was followed by a substantially
similar third, written statement. While there were differences between the two
the prosecutor stressed in closing argument, they are not material to my dissent.
8
1 family” and slept next to a shotgun. Id. at 623. According to McGinn’s
2 testimony, it was not until McGinn added “[Jeannot] stated he was the
3 murderer but that Mark Orlando paid him to do it” that Orlando finally
4 stated “okay, I will tell you the truth” and “then began to tell [McGinn]
5 another version of events that happened that night.” Id. at 624–25.
6 That sequence fit both the State’s account that Orlando changed his
7 tune only when told he was being accused and Orlando’s account that he
8 did so because Jeannot’s confession meant he was no longer a threat. But
9 without the piece of McGinn’s testimony that he told Orlando Jeannot was
10 implicating him, Orlando’s explanation for his change of story would have
11 been a good deal stronger and the overall credibility of his second
12 statement would have been enhanced. And Orlando’s defense hinged on
13 the credibility of that statement. In his closing argument, defense counsel
14 focused on convincing the jury that Orlando’s second statement was
15 truthful and that his first had been a lie born of his fear of Jeannot. T. 845
16 (“[E]verything that Mark Orlando had told Detective Cereghino is
17 corroborated by the sixty or so exhibits introduced into evidence.
18 Everything here supports what Mark had said.”); id. (“Herva . . .
9
1 [t]hreatened to kill his wife if he said anything. . . . Here’s a vicious
2 murder. Why didn’t Mark go to the police. I think you see now the answer
3 to that. When I discussed how it was that he gave the first version to the
4 one detective, McHugh, and then to Detective McGinn, finally to Detective
5 Cereghino.”). That narrative would have been much more persuasive if
6 supported by the piece of McGinn’s testimony defense counsel wanted
7 before the jury – that McGinn told Orlando that Jeannot had confessed to
8 the shooting – and left unrebutted by the remaining piece defense counsel
9 wanted out – McGinn’s testimony that Jeannot was also implicating
10 Orlando. Had the trial judge excluded the portion of McGinn’s testimony
11 to which defense counsel objected, “the jury would have been impeded in
12 its task of evaluating the truth of [the defendant’s second statement].”
13 Street, 471 U.S. at 415. The Appellate Division’s affirmance of the trial
14 judge’s ruling thus reflects a reasonable application of Street.
15 To be sure, the trial judge could have excluded all testimony about
16 confronting Orlando with the Jeannot interview – leaving both sides with
17 no explanation about why Orlando changed his story – but no one asked
18 him to do so. And no one asked the Appellate Division to decide whether
10
1 the he should have done so sua sponte. As presented to the New York
2 courts, the issue was limited to whether McGinn could recount Jeannot’s
3 statement that Orlando had paid him to commit the murder. Orlando’s
4 trial counsel explicitly declined to object to the portion of Jeannot’s
5 statement in which he implicated himself. T. 165–166 (“I have no
6 opposition to the fact Mr. Jeannot had indicated that Mr. Jeannot was
7 present and Mr. Jeannot shot him.”).
8 The majority points out that Orlando did not take the stand at his
9 trial. Thus, unlike in Street, the State was not forced to rebut a defendant’s
10 testimony. But the Court’s opinion in Street does not suggest that its
11 sanction of non‐hearsay use of an accomplice’s statement turned on the
12 defendant’s election to testify in that case. Nor does it suggest that the
13 government may use such a statement to attack the credibility of a
14 defendant’s statements only when the defendant offers them.6 It was not
6 The two concurring justices in Street did make that suggestion, but their views
did not carry the day. See 471 U.S. at 417 (“With respect to the State’s need to
admit the confession for rebuttal purposes, it is important to note that
respondent created the need to admit the statement by pressing the defense that
his confession was a coerced imitation of [his co‐defendant’s] out‐of‐court
confession.”) (Brennan, J., concurring); see also Furr, 440 F.3d at 39 (“As the
[Street] Court issued a majority decision endorsed by six justices, however, and
11
1 unreasonable for the Appellate Division to read Street as allowing non‐
2 hearsay use of an accomplice’s statement to attack the credibility of, or
3 provide context for, a defendant’s statements offered in the government’s
4 case in chief. Indeed, several federal courts of appeal have interpreted
5 Street the same way. See, e.g., Lee v. McCaughtry, 892 F.2d 1318, 1325 (7th
6 Cir. 1990) (reversing order granting habeas relief where state introduced
7 tape of prosecutor’s recounting of accomplice’s statement to “place into
8 context for the jury the metamorphosis of [the defendant’s] accounts of
9 events that took place at the murder scene”: “Since the prosecutor’s
10 account of [the accomplice’s] statements were offered not for the truth of
11 those statements, but to explain the context of the defendant’s change in
12 his story, they are not hearsay, and, absent complicating circumstances,
13 would not have violated the confrontation clause.” (citing Street)); Furr, 440
14 F.3d at 36–41 (state court’s application of Street “readily passes muster”
15 under Section 2254 where prosecutor introduced accomplice’s statement
16 regarding gun and defendant’s threatening letter to accomplice in its case
17 in chief to support witness intimidation charge); Gover v. Perry, 698 F.3d
not merely a plurality opinion, the concurrence cannot be considered a viable
Court holding.”).
12
1 295, 307 (6th Cir. 2012) (“Given the fact that there was precedent at the
2 time that providing background to a police investigation through out‐of‐
3 court statements was a permissible nonhearsay purpose, we must
4 conclude that it was not unreasonable. It is certainly within the large scope
5 of conclusions ‘fairminded jurists’ could reach, even if others disagreed.”).
6 Risk of Misuse by Jury
7 While Bruton held that courts cannot expect juries to follow limiting
8 instructions when, in a joint trial, they hear a co‐defendant’s statement
9 implicating a defendant, the Supreme Court has treated that holding as a
10 “narrow exception” to the “almost invariable assumption of the law that
11 jurors follow their instructions.” Richardson v. Marsh, 481 U.S. 200, 207
12 (1987). Further, the exception applies “when the facially incriminating
13 confession of a nontestifying codefendant is introduced at their joint trial.”
14 Id. (emphasis added). Street made the same point more generally, stating
15 that “[t]he assumption that jurors are able to follow the court’s instructions
16 fully applies when rights guaranteed by the Confrontation Clause are at
17 issue.” Street, 471 U.S. at 415 n.6.
13
1 Here, the “invariable assumption” that jurors follow limiting
2 instructions applies, because this case is much closer to Street than to
3 Bruton. First, it was not a joint trial; indeed, like the Court in Street, the
4 New York Appellate Division upheld the admission of an accomplice’s
5 statement against the defendant after the two had been severed for trial
6 under Bruton. Second, again as in Street, the statement was not admitted
7 for its truth and the jury was instructed not to consider it for that purpose.
8 In Bruton, by contrast, the issue was whether, in a joint trial where a co‐
9 defendant’s statement implicating both Bruton and the co‐defendant was
10 admitted, the jury could follow an instruction to consider the co‐
11 defendant’s statement for its truth against the co‐defendant while putting
12 the same statement out of its mind entirely when deciding on Bruton’s
13 guilt. Bruton, 391 U.S. at 131 (“In joint trials, however, when the admissible
14 confession of one defendant inculpates another defendant, the confession
15 is never deleted from the case and the jury is expected to perform the
16 overwhelming task of considering it in determining the guilt or innocence
17 of the declarant and then of ignoring it in determining the guilt or
18 innocence of any codefendants of the declarant. A jury cannot segregate
14
1 evidence into separate intellectual boxes.” (internal quotation marks
2 omitted)). The Appellate Division thus properly cited Street as the most
3 pertinent Supreme Court precedent here. People v. Orlando, 61 A.D.3d 1001,
4 1002 (N.Y. App. Div., Second Dep’t. 2009).
5 To be sure, applying Street properly involves more than just
6 admitting any statement by an accomplice and instructing the jury not to
7 consider it for its truth. Specifically, the Court’s analysis in Street suggests
8 that, in deciding whether to uphold the admission of an accomplice’s out‐
9 of‐court statement for a non‐hearsay purpose under the Confrontation
10 Clause, courts should consider (1) the adequacy of the instructions; (2) the
11 manner in which the out‐of‐court statement was used at trial, 471 U.S. at
12 416; and (3) whether there were “alternatives that would have both
13 assured the integrity of the trial’s truth‐seeking function and eliminated
14 the risk of the jury’s improper use of evidence,” id. at 415. I consider these
15 factors below.7
7 In its brief ruling, the New York Appellate Division did not canvass these
factors, but it did cite Street and point out the non‐hearsay purpose of the
statement and the trial court’s limiting instructions. People v. Orlando, 61 A.D.3d
1001, 1002 (App. Div. 2d Dep’t 2009). In Furr v. Brady, the First Circuit rejected a
Section 2254 petition asserting that the state court had unreasonably applied
15
1 1. Limiting Instructions
2 Both when McGinn’s testimony was admitted and in the final
3 charge, the trial judge instructed the jury as follows:
4 Ladies and gentlemen, you have been permitted to hear
5 testimony about remarks made to the defendant by Detective
6 McGinn about statements allegedly made by Herva Jeannot.
7 You’re to consider this testimony only when considering the
8 circumstances under which the defendant himself may have
9 made statements and for no other purposes. You are to
10 completely disregard any statement allegedly made by Herva
11 Jeannot when considering evidence against the defendant.
12 Any statement allegedly made by Herva Jeannot is not
13 evidence against the defendant and may never be considered
14 as evidence against the defendant. You are not to concern
15 yourself with whether Herva Jeannot did or did not make any
Street because it had failed expressly to consider these factors. Furr v. Brady, 440
F.3d 34, 39–40 (1st Cir. 2006)(“[T]he [Street] Court did not purport to prescribe a
mandatory checklist of factors to be considered in every case. Rather, it noted,
absent other circumstances, it is sufficient that the codefendant statement is
nonhearsay – viz., not admitted for the truth of the matter asserted, and provided
the court gives a limiting instruction to that effect. . . . Thus the determination as
whether the general rule of admissibility in Street applies is assessed case by case,
based upon the presence of whatever special circumstances would create an
unreasonable risk that the jury disregarded their instructions.”). In any event, the
brevity of the Appellate Division’s consideration of the issue does not diminish
the deference we owe its application of Street under 28 U.S.C. Sec. 2254.
Harrington, 562 U.S. at 98 (“Where a state court’s decision is unaccompanied by
an explanation, the habeas petitioner’s burden still must be met by showing that
there was no reasonable basis for the state court to deny relief. This is so whether
or not the state court reveals which of the elements in a multipart claim it found
insufficient, for Section 2254(d) applies when a ‘claim,’ not a component of one,
has been adjudicated.”).
16
1 statements to the police, and if he did, what those statements
2 may have been or whether or not they were true.
3 I direct you in this regard and I will direct you again in
4 my closing instructions to you.
5 T. 624; id. at 930–31.8
6 I do not agree that this instruction was “decidedly unclear.” Maj.
7 Op. at n.16. On its face, it directs the jurors to disregard for any purpose
8 any statement by Jeannot himself, but lets them consider how Orlando
9 reacted when McGinn told him that Jeannot had made a statement
10 implicating him. I do not to see how the instruction could have been made
11 much clearer, and, apparently, neither did Orlando’s counsel. His trial
12 counsel did not object to the instruction, and his appellate counsel did not
13 challenge it before the Appellate division. T. 136. Federal courts of appeal
14 have found vaguer, less detailed instructions to be reasonable applications
15 of Street. See Furr, 440 F.3d at 39 n.3 (holding that the state trial court’s
16 limiting instruction was adequate under Street even though it had not
17 explicitly instructed the jury that it could not consider the “truth” of the
18 statement); Lee, 892 F.2d at 1321, 1325–26 (upholding the denial of a § 2254
8 The first time the trial judge gave this instruction, the transcript does not reflect
that he said “and” before “if he did, what those statements may have been or
whether or not they were true.”
17
1 petition where the trial court instructed the jury once – when the evidence
2 was admitted – that “[i]t’s a sequence of events. That is one thing that
3 shows why hearsay may be offered just to allow us to see what happened
4 next . . . [Y]ou are not to take as substantive evidence the statement of Mr.
5 Williams, because it is not here in Court. But it is offered to show you what
6 happened next; okay? And not to take it as substantive evidence or as
7 evidence that it actually happened.”). Cf. Adamson v. Cathel, 633 F.3d 248,
8 258–259 (3d Cir. 2011) (granting a Section 2254 petition where an
9 accomplice’s out‐of‐court statements were offered against the defendant
10 for a non‐hearsay purpose but the state court failed to give any limiting
11 instruction).
12 The majority contends that McGinn’s vouching statement made the
13 instruction unclear, but as noted, that statement was not a product of the
14 trial court’s ruling and there was no objection to it or request for an
15 instruction that the jury ignore it. Even so, the trial judge’s repeated
16 admonition that the jury was not to consider whether Jeannot made any
17 statement or whether it was true addressed McGinn’s improper vouching
18 for Jeannot, which was limited to a single sentence, i.e., “I believe that
18
1 Herva Jeannot was relaying some of the events that really took place that
2 night.” T. 620. McGinn’s other statements about “the truth” and “truer
3 versions” when referring to Jeannot were directed at Orlando, not the jury,
4 and when viewed in context and in the light of the limiting instruction,
5 were part of McGinn’s attempt to induce Orlando to provide more detail
6 about the murder. T. 620 (“I went back in and I told Mr. Orlando that
7 Detective McHugh was over there talking to Herva [Jeannot] and he was
8 probably giving us, you know, other facts that happened that night, the
9 truth as to what happened that night. Now would be the time for Mark
10 Orlando to tell us what was going on.”); T. 621 (“I went back into the
11 room. . . . Again, I explained to Mr. Orlando that Herva Jeannot was, in
12 fact, giving up the, what we felt were truer versions of the events of Bobby
13 Calabrese’s murder. . . . I told him that Herva Jeannot had given up where
14 the gun was and that the defendant should at this point, if he wants his
15 version of the story told tell us the truth at this point.”).
16 Nor do I agree that the prosecutor undermined the trial judge’s
17 limiting instructions in his closing argument. Maj. Op. at 31. The
18 prosecutor’s only reference to McGinn’s testimony about Jeannot’s
19
1 statement was followed immediately by a comment about why Orlando
2 changed his story – the very non‐hearsay use for which the testimony was
3 admitted: “And Detective McGinn finally says, look, Herva’s giving it up.
4 Herva’s telling us everything. So, come on. He’s telling us he did the
5 shooting and you paid him. And the defendant realizes the time is now. I don’t
6 care what story I had together at all. I am telling the story and he la[t]ches
7 onto it and he can’t get it straight.” T. 895 (emphasis added.). This was
8 consistent with the trial judge’s instruction that the jury was to “consider
9 [McGinn’s recounting of Jeannot’s] statement only when considering the
10 circumstances under which the defendant himself may have made
11 statements and for no other purpose.” T. 930.
12 2. Use of the Statement at Trial
13 While he made only one reference to Jeannot’s reported statement in
14 his closing argument, the prosecutor made multiple references to
15 Orlando’s paying Jeannot, and I agree with the majority that the evidence
16 supporting those references was weak – the presence of similar hundred‐
17 dollar bills in both Orlando’s and Jeannot’s homes. That circumstance
18 makes this case harder than Street, because it raises the possibility that the
20
1 jury might have, despite the judge’s clear instructions, turned back to
2 Jeannot’s reported accusation and considered it for its truth to find more
3 support for the prosecutor’s references to payment during closing
4 argument. Even clear jury instructions can be ineffective in some
5 circumstances, as Bruton and Street both teach.
6 As the majority notes, however, the state did not have to prove that
7 Orlando paid Jeannot to kill Calabrese. What it had to prove was that
8 Orlando aided and abetted the killing, and payment was not an element of
9 that crime. In addition, there was evidence other than payment from
10 which the jury could have found aiding and abetting – Orlando’s soliciting
11 Calabrese to meet in an isolated area, driving Jeannot to and from the
12 scene, and stopping his car to enable Jeannot to take a final shot at
13 Calabrese and discard the gun and ammunition, among others.
14 Determining whether Orlando paid Jeannot was not a necessary part of the
15 jury’s task.
16 Further, the prosecutor’s references to payment in closing argument
17 were brief, and his central theme was to emphasize the incriminating parts
18 of Orlando’s second statement together with the implausibility of the part
21
1 in which he cast himself as a surprised bystander at the murder scene
2 rather than an accomplice. E.g., T. 871 (“You don’t think Herva Jeannot
3 needed an accomplice, do you. Why would Jeannot need an accomplice.
4 Why would Herva Jeannot need someone to get him in and out of that
5 unfamiliar area. Why would Herva Jeannot need someone to lure Bobby
6 into that desolate corner of Long Beach with the promise of a $17,000
7 payment. Why would Herva Jeannot need someone to distract Bobby. . .
8 .”); id. at 883–85 (“[A]sk yourselves, what would an innocent bystander in
9 that situation have done. . . . Your common sense tells you that an innocent
10 bystander would have been in shock. . . . How about our defendant. . . .
11 He’s just seen Herva gun down Bobby. . . . Herva says let’s go and what
12 does he do? He climbs into the Verona. . . . The defendant starts to drive
13 around Bobby’s dying body. The defendant tells Herva he notices his feet
14 was [sic] still moving, there was a little life left in him. . . . So I stopped.
15 Herva got out, Herva went over to the body and tried to shoot him a
16 couple more times, but the gun wouldn’t go off. So, Herva got back in. I
17 drove him away. Is that the behavior of an innocent bystander in shock
18 over what he’s just seen?”); id. at 888 (“Now we’re pulling up outside [a
22
1 friend’s] house and the defendant gets out of the car and Herva stays in
2 the car. . . . And you have proof beyond any reasonable doubt that the
3 defendant was right in the middle of it. . . . Do you think if the defendant
4 were really an innocent bystander, . . . who had just seen Herva execute
5 Bobby on the street, that Herva would have let the defendant go into the
6 [friend’s] house on his own. . . .”).
7 Finally, while I cannot say that there was no risk of juror misuse of
8 Jeannot’s reported statement in light of the weaknesses in the State’s
9 evidence of payment, Street suggests that the existence of such a risk is not
10 dispositive. Rather, the risk of misuse must be weighed against the risk of
11 excluding critical evidence from the jury’s consideration. Street, 471 U.S. at
12 415 (“[T]here were no alternatives that would have both assured the
13 integrity of the trial’s truth‐seeking function and eliminated the risk of the
14 jury’s improper use of evidence.”).9 Here, the Appellate Division weighed
9 As for “alternatives” to admitting the detective’s statement in full, limiting the
statement to “Jeannot said he was the murderer” would not have “assured the
integrity of the trial’s truth‐seeking function.” 471 U.S. at 415. As discussed
above, this redaction, which defense counsel sought, instead would have
artificially enhanced the credibility of Orlando’s second statement by supporting
his account that he gave it because Jeannot’s own confession had removed his
fear that Jeannot would harm him and his wife if he told the truth.
23
1 the risk of misuse against the need to admit the detective’s testimony
2 about confronting Orlando with the accomplice’s reported statement to
3 enable the jury to consider all the facts bearing on the critical issue of the
4 credibility of Orlando’s second statement. It also factored into the balance
5 the trial court’s instruction directing the jury to confine its assessment of
6 that evidence to the nonhearsay purpose for which it was admitted. Even
7 if the Appellate Division’s ruling ultimately struck the balance incorrectly,
8 it reflected an application of Street about which “fairminded jurists could
9 disagree.” Harrington, 562 U.S. at 101; id. at 101–02 (“For purposes of Sec.
10 2254(d)(1), an unreasonable application of federal law is different from an
11 incorrect application of federal law. . . . It bears repeating that even a
12 strong case for relief does not mean the state court’s contrary conclusion
13 was unreasonable.” (internal quotation marks omitted)).
14 For these reasons, I would affirm the judgment of the district court
15 denying the writ.
24
