Ronald Jones appeals from the denial of his petition for a writ of habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. S 2254. The District Court denied the petition on several grounds, and we granted a certificate of appealability to consider whether the petition was properly denied as time-barred under AEDPA's one-year statute of limitations. We agree with the District Court that the petition was time-barred, and accordingly, we will affirm.

A jury in Cumberland County, New Jersey, convicted Jones of first-degree kidnaping, four counts of first-degree aggravated sexual assault, and possession of a weapon for an unlawful purpose. On October 19, 1981, the trial court sentenced Jones to an aggregate term of 55 years of imprisonment with 25 years of parole ineligibility. Jones was represented at trial and sentencing by privately retained counsel.

Eight years after sentencing, Jones asked the Public Defender's Office to file a motion with the Appellate Division of the New Jersey Superior Court for leave to file a direct appeal nunc pro tunc. Jones alleged that trial counsel had ignored his request to file a timely notice of appeal. The Appellate Division remanded the matter for the trial court to make a factual determination as to whether Jones asked counsel to file a notice of appeal within 45 days following entry of the judgment of conviction, which is the time prescribed for an appeal under New Jersey Court Rule 2:41(a).

The trial court held hearings on the issue on September 6 and 19, 1990.1 Jones and his trial counsel testified on September 6. Jones's uncle, who apparently had retained Jones's trial counsel, testified on September 19. Counsel from the Public Defender's Office represented Jones at the hearings. Jones did not attend the hearing on September 19 due to the trial court's failure to issue a writ to secure his presence.

The trial court determined that Jones did not ask counsel to file a notice of appeal within 45 days of entry of the judgment. The Appellate Division reviewed the record, concluded that there was "an adequate basis to determine that [Jones] made no timely request to his attorney to file an appeal," and on November 1, 1990, denied leave to appeal nunc pro tunc. On April 30, 1992, the New Jersey Supreme Court denied Jones's petition for certification to review the issue.

On January 8, 1993, Jones filed a pro se habeas corpus petition pursuant to 28 U.S.C. S 2254. Although a copy of that petition is not part of the present record, there is no dispute that Jones raised five claims, and on January 24, 1994, the District Court dismissed the petition in its entirety without prejudice due to Jones's failure to exhaust available state court remedies under the New Jersey post conviction review statute.

On March 28, 1995, Jones filed a second pro se S 2254 petition in which he raised three claims: (1) trial counsel's failure to file a timely direct appeal amounted to ineffective assistance of counsel in violation of the Sixth Amendment; (2) Jones's Fourteenth Amendment right to due process was violated when the state courts denied his request for leave to file a nunc pro tunc direct appeal; and (3) the state trial court violated Jones's Fourteenth Amendment right to due process when it failed to issue a writ for his appearance at the second day of the evidentiary hearing. On April 24, 1996, while Jones's petition was pending, the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act ("AEDPA") was enacted. On July 15, 1996, the District Court granted the State's motion to dismiss the petition, ruling that Jones raised "no federal claim cognizable in a habeas proceeding...." See Dist. Op., July 15, 1996, at 4. In the alternative, the District Court noted that Jones again failed to exhaust available state court remedies, and that his petition must be dismissed for that reason.

Jones timely appealed and applied for a certificate of appealability. On January 13, 1997, we entered a summary order denying the request for a certificate of appealability "for failure to exhaust state court remedies." See C.A. No. 96-5471. We denied Jones's timely petition for a panel rehearing on February 14, 1997.

Rather than present his claims to the state courts, Jones filed a third pro se S 2254 petition on November 3, 1997. He raised the same three claims that he had raised in the second petition. The State moved to dismiss the petition, arguing that: Jones had again failed to satisfy the exhaustion requirement; the petition was barred under AEDPA's one-year statute of limitations, see S 2244(d)(1); the petition was "second or successive" or an "abuse of the writ" and required certification from this Court before it could be filed in the District Court, see S 2244(b); and the claims raised in the petition lacked merit.

On April 9, 1998, the District Court denied the petition with prejudice as "successive" because Jones had presented the same three claims in his previous petition, and the District Court had denied that petition on the merits. The District Court also ruled that the petition was barred under the statute of limitations, finding that, "even if it was appropriate to begin the limitation period from the July 15, 1996, denial of his second petition (which it is not), petitioner is time barred." Dist. Ct. Op. at 6. Assuming it could reach the merits, the District Court denied Jones's ineffective assistance of counsel claim in light of the state court's finding that Jones had not asked his attorney to file a timely notice of appeal. The District Court ruled that "petitioner's attorney's failure to file an appeal was not unreasonable given that petitioner did not make such a request. Furthermore, petitioner has not shown that his attorney's performance resulted in any prejudice-he has not sufficiently shown that he would have had any success on appeal of either his conviction or sentence." Id. at 7-8. The District Court also ruled that the state courts did not violate due process in denying Jones's request to appeal nunc pro tunc or in failing to issue a writ to secure his presence at the second day of the evidentiary hearing. The District Court denied a certificate of appealability, and this timely appeal followed.

The District Court had jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. S 2254(a). We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. SS 1291, 2253. As noted, we granted a certificate of appealability limited to the issues of whether the District Court properly dismissed Jones's petition as time-barred under the statute of limitations, and whether Jones was entitled to any tolling of the limitations period pursuant to either 28 U.S.C. S 2244(d)(2) or the holding in Miller v. New Jersey State Dep't of Corr., 145 F.3d 616 (3d Cir. 1998). Our review of the statute of limitations issue is plenary. See Algrant v. Evergreen Valley Nurseries Ltd. Partnership, 126 F.3d 178, 181 (3d Cir. 1997).2

A state prisoner seeking habeas corpus relief pursuant to 28 U.S.C. S 2254 must comply with a statute of limitations that provides, in relevant part, as follows:

(d)(1) A 1-year period of limitation shall apply to an application for a writ of habeas corpus by a person in custody pursuant to the judgment of a State court. The limitation period shall run from the latest of -

(A) the date on which the judgment became final by the conclusion of direct review or the expiration of the time for seeking such review[.]

. . .

(d)(2) The time during which a properly filed application for State post-conviction or other collateral review with respect to the pertinent judgment or claim is pending shall not be counted toward any period of limitation under this subsection.

28 U.S.C. S 2244(d)(1)-(2).

Under S 2244(d)(1)(A), a state court criminal judgment becomes "final," and the statute of limitations begins to run, "at the conclusion of review in the United States Supreme Court or when the time for seeking certiorari review expires." Kapral v. United States, 166 F.3d 565, 575 (3d Cir. 1999); see also Morris v. Horn, 187 F.3d 333, 337 n.1 (3d Cir. Aug. 9, 1999). Jones was sentenced on October 19, 1981. Under New Jersey law, he had 45 days to file a direct appeal. He failed to file an appeal within the time allowed. In 1989, Jones sought leave to file an appeal nunc pro tunc. The Appellate Division denied that request, and the New Jersey Supreme Court affirmed on April 30, 1992. It is clear that Jones's conviction became "final" prior to AEDPA's enactment on April 24, 1996.

In Burns v. Morton, 134 F.3d 109 (3d Cir. 1998), we concluded that "applying S 2244(d)(1) to bar the filing of a habeas petition before April 24, 1997, where the prisoner's conviction became final before April 24, 1996, would be impermissibly retroactive." Id. at 111. Accordingly, we held that "habeas petitions filed on or before April 23, 1997, may not be dismissed for failure to comply with S 2244(d)(1)'s time limit." Id. We also held that "a pro se prisoner's habeas petition is deemed filed at the moment he delivers it to prison officials for mailing to the district court." Id. at 113. Thus, under Burns, Jones was required to deposit his petition in the prison mail system on or before April 23, 1997, to effect a timely filing.

Jones's petition was signed and dated August 19, 1997, and his memorandum of law in support of the petition was signed and dated September 15, 1997. The petition was stamped "filed" by the District Court Clerk's Office on November 3, 1997. Although the record does not reflect the actual date on which he handed the petition to prison officials for mailing, it is clear that Jones mailed the petition after April 23, 1997, and Jones has not suggested otherwise. Thus, even if we assume that the earliest of the above dates, August 19, 1997, reflects the date of mailing, the petition was filed almost four months after the limitations period expired. As a result, the District Court properly granted the State's motion to dismiss unless Jones can establish a basis for tolling the limitations period. A petitioner can seek tolling in two ways: (i) statutory tolling under S 2244(d)(2), or (ii) equitable tolling.

(i) Statutory tolling

Section 2244(d)(2) provides that "[t]he time during which a properly filed application for State post-conviction or other collateral review with respect to the pertinent judgment or claim is pending shall not be counted toward any period of limitation under this subsection. "S 2244(d)(2). Jones contends, inter alia, that he is entitled to tolling under S 2244(d)(2) for the period following AEDPA's enactment during which his second habeas petition was pending in federal court. See Appellant's Br. at 17-18. On the date AEDPA was enacted (April 24, 1996), Jones's second petition was pending in the District Court. The District Court denied that petition on July 15, 1996, and Jones timely filed an appeal to this Court. Jones's request for a certificate of appealability was denied on January 13, 1997. Jones's timely petition for panel rehearing was denied on February 14, 1997. Thus, from the date of AEDPA's enactment on April 24, 1996, until February 14, 1997-a period of almost 10 months-Jones had the same claims that he raised in his third petition pending before a federal court in his second petition. If Jones were afforded tolling for that time, his third petition could be deemed timely filed.

Although Jones does not elaborate on this point in his brief, the validity of his tolling argument turns on how the language of S 2244(d)(2) should be interpreted. Specifically, the question is whether Congress used the word "State" in S 2244(d)(2) to modify the term "post-conviction" as well as the term "other collateral" so that tolling is afforded only for a properly filed application for state review, or whether, as Jones would argue, "State" modifies only "post-conviction,"

leaving the phrase "other collateral review" as a catch-all that is broad enough to permit tolling for the time that a properly filed application for federal habeas review is pending.

This issue appears to be one of first impression for our Court, but we see no need to dwell on it here, as we are persuaded by the analysis of the majority of Courts that have considered the issue that the statute of limitations is not tolled under S 2244(d)(2) for the time during which a habeas petition is pending in federal court. See Sperling v. White, 30 F. Supp. 2d 1246, 1250 (C.D. Cal. 1998) ("A natural reading of the statute concludes that section 2244(d)(2) does not contemplate tolling limitations during the time a habeas petition is pending in federal court."); Kethley v. Berge, 14 F. Supp. 2d 1077, 1079 (E.D. Wisc. 1998) (opining that there would be no tolling under S 2244(d)(2) for time that unexhausted claims in federal habeas petition were pending in District Court); Harrison v. Galaza, No. C98-3371, 1999 WL 58594, at *2 (N.D. Cal. Feb. 4, 1999) ("The running of the limitation period is not tolled, as petitioner contends, for the time period during which a properly filed application for post-conviction or other collateral review is pending in federal court."); Vincze v. Hickman, No. Civ. S-98-044, 1999 WL 68330, at *1 (E.D. Cal. Jan. 13, 1999) ("[T]he court concludes that the statutory tolling provision set forth in Section 2244(d)(2) does not toll the period during the pendency of petitioner's first federal habeas petition."); Babcock v. Duncan, No. C972740, 1997 WL 724450, at *2 (N.D. Cal. Nov. 12, 1997) ("No court has found that the running of the limitations period also is tolled . . . for the time period during which a properly filed [habeas corpus petition] is pending in federal court."); but see Barrett v. Yearwood, 63 F. Supp.2d. 1245, 1250 No. Civ. S-98-2226, (E.D. Cal. Sept. 1, 1999) (holding that the "plain meaning" of S 2244(d)(2) "is that the statute of limitations is tolled during the pendency of any properly filed federal habeas corpus petition").

As the District Court explained in Sperling v. White, Congress clearly intended that the word "State" would be read to modify both "post-conviction" and "other collateral," so that tolling would be afforded under S 2244(d)(2) for various forms of state review only. See 30 F. Supp. 2d at 1249-53. We find nothing in S 2244(d)(2)'s language or legislative history, and nothing in the policy concerns behind AEDPA's enactment, to suggest a contrary result. Consequently, Jones is not entitled to tolling under S 2244(d)(2), and he is limited to seeking an "equitable tolling" of the limitations period.

(ii) Equitable tolling

In Miller v. New Jersey State Dep't of Corr., 145 F.3d 616 (3d Cir. 1998), we determined that AEDPA's one-year filing requirement is a statute of limitations, not a jurisdictional rule, and thus a habeas petition should not be dismissed as untimely filed if the petitioner can establish an equitable basis for tolling the limitations period. We observed in Miller that "equitable tolling is proper only when the `principles of equity would make the rigid application of a limitation period unfair.' " Id. at 618 (quoting Shendock v. Director, Office of Workers' Comp. Programs, 893 F.2d 1458, 1462 (3d Cir. 1990) (in banc)) (punctuation marks omitted). This "unfairness" generally occurs "when the petitioner has `in some extraordinary way ... been prevented from asserting his or her rights.' " Id. (quoting Oshiver v. Levin, Fishbein, Sedran & Berman, 38 F.3d 1380 (3d Cir. 1994)). Finally, we noted that " `the petitioner must show that he or she `exercised reasonable diligence in investigating and bringing [the] claims.'... Mere excusable neglect is not sufficient." Id. at 618-19 (citations omitted).

In other cases, we have explained that equitable tolling "may be appropriate if (1) the defendant has actively misled the plaintiff, (2) if the plaintiff has `in some extraordinary way' been prevented from asserting his rights, or (3) if the plaintiff has timely asserted his rights mistakenly in the wrong forum." United States v. Midgley, 142 F.3d 174, 179 (3d Cir. 1998) (quoting Kocian v. Getty Refining & Mktg. Co., 707 F.2d 748, 753 (3d Cir. 1983)). In Seitzinger v. Reading Hosp. & Med. Ctr., 165 F.3d 236 (3d Cir. 1999), we recently held that "equitable tolling may be appropriate [in a Title VII action] when a claimant received inadequate notice of her right to file suit, where a motion for appointment of counsel is pending, or where the court has misled the plaintiff into believing that she had done everything required of her." Id. at 240 (citing Baldwin Cty. Welcome Ctr. v. Brown, 466 U.S. 147, 151 (1984)). In the final analysis, however, "a statute of limitations should be tolled only in the rare situation where equitable tolling is demanded by sound legal principles as well as the interests of justice." Midgley, 142 F.3d at 179 (quotations marks and citation omitted); see also Seitzinger, 165 F.3d at 239 ("The law is clear that courts must be sparing in their use of equitable tolling.").

In the present case, Jones has offered no explanation for his failure to pursue state court remedies after the District Court dismissed his first petition on exhaustion grounds. In the second petition, Jones raised the same unexhausted claims. After this Court denied a certificate of appealability on exhaustion grounds, Jones refiled the same claims in his third petition, again having failed to present those claims to the state courts. There is nothing in the record to suggest, and Jones has not alleged, that "there is an absence of available State corrective process," or that "circumstances exist that render such process ineffective to protect the rights of the applicant," such that the exhaustion requirement should be excused. See S 2254(b)(1)(B)(i)-(ii).

Jones argues that, "[b]y filing three pro se petitions, [he has] demonstrated his intent to be heard in federal court. He, therefore, cannot be deemed guilty of willful and inexcusable neglect, or even unreasonable delay, such that laches applies.... Instead of `sitting on his hands,' Petitioner moved, three separate times, in federal court, to vindicate his appellate rights, in state court. After these repeated efforts to be heard, it would be inequitable for Appellant to be time-barred." Appellant's Br. at 15-16. Jones seems to misunderstand the exhaustion requirement. Before his claims can be heard in federal court, he must present them to the state courts for review, which he can do pursuant to the New Jersey post-conviction review statute. Jones has made no showing that he "exercised reasonable diligence" in satisfying the exhaustion requirement in order to present his claims in a timely federal habeas petition. Cf. New Castle Cty. v. Halliburton NUS Corp., 111 F.3d 1116, 1126 (3d Cir. 1997) (stating that, to invoke equitable tolling, a party must show an exercise of reasonable diligence in bringing the claims). Instead, he has chosen on three occasions to file his claims in federal court without first pursuing state court remedies. Although it appears that Jones was simply mistaken in his belief that he could obtain review in federal court without having presented his claims to the state courts, his misunderstanding of the exhaustion requirement is insufficient to excuse his failure to comply with the statute of limitations.

In sum, Jones has established no basis for an equitable tolling of the time during which his second habeas petition was pending in federal court.

(iii) Relation back

The final argument that Jones seems to raise is that the filing date of his third petition should "relate back" to the filing date of his first or second petition, both of which were filed prior to AEDPA's enactment and were dismissed without prejudice for failure to exhaust state remedies. See Appellant's Br. at 17-18. If the filing date of the third petition relates back, it was improper to dismiss the petition as time-barred. We cannot agree with this argument.

The District Court dismissed Jones's first petition without prejudice for failure to exhaust state remedies, and his case was closed. On the second petition, this Court denied a certificate of appealability on exhaustion grounds. Our order did not leave Jones's case open in federal court; rather, we dismissed the case without prejudice to Jones's ability to refile his claims after complying with the exhaustion requirement. Because the first and second petitions were dismissed, and the cases closed, there was nothing for Jones's third petition to relate back to. Traditionally, a statute of limitations is not tolled by the filing of a complaint that is subsequently dismissed without prejudice. As we explained in a recent habeas case, "[t]ypically, when a complaint (or habeas petition) is dismissed without prejudice, that complaint or petition is treated as if it never existed." Hull v. Kyler, 190 F.3d 88, 103-04 No. 97-7551, (3d Cir. Aug. 23, 1999) (citations omitted). Thus, courts have recognized that, if a petition is dismissed for failure to exhaust state remedies, a subsequent petition filed after exhaustion is completed cannot be considered an amendment to the prior petition, but must be considered a new action. See Graham v. Johnson, 168 F.3d 762, 775-81 (5th Cir. 1999), petition for cert. filed, (U.S. June 21, 1999) (No. 9810002); Henry v. Lungren, 164 F.3d 1240, 1241 (9th Cir. 1999), petition for cert. filed, 68 U.S.L.W. 3021 (U.S. June 30, 1999) (No. 99-26). Accordingly, we reject Jones's argument that the filing date of his third petition somehow related back to the filing date of his first or second petition.

To summarize, Jones's petition was untimely filed, and he has failed to establish any basis for a tolling of the limitations period. Accordingly, we will affirm the District Court's order denying Jones's habeas petition on the ground that the petition was untimely filed under S 2244(d)(1)'s one-year statute of limitations.