Margarita Selkridge ("Selkridge") filed a lawsuit against United of Omaha Life Insurance Company ("Omaha") on several state-law theories alleging that she had been wrongfully denied benefits under her disability plan. ("Selkridge I.") After the District Court granted summary judgment on all of those theories in favor of the sole defendant, Selkridge chose not to appeal that decision. Instead, she filed a new lawsuit that asserted a claim "arising under" the Employee Retirement Income Security Act ("ERISA") for the wrongful denial of benefits. ("Selkridge II.") The District Court granted summary judgment on res judicata grounds. Selkridge also eventually filed a Fed.R.Civ.P. 60(b) motion seeking to amend the judgment in Selkridge I to indicate that the grant of summary judgment was without prejudice to filing a new lawsuit. The District Court denied the Rule 60(b) motion because it sought to utilize that Rule as a substitute for an appeal.

Selkridge appeals the grant of summary judgment and the denial of her Rule 60(b) motion in Selkridge I and the grant of summary judgment in Selkridge II. We determine that we are without jurisdiction to hear an appeal of the grant of summary judgment in Selkridge I because an appeal was not timely taken. While we conclude that Judge Moore should have recused himself before entering the order granting summary judgment in Selkridge II and the order denying Selkridge's Rule 60(b) motion in Selkridge I, we hold that our recognition of his failure to do so as plain error and our independent, plenary review of those orders make further remedial action unnecessary. Accordingly, given that our independent plenary review convinces us that the results reached were required as a matter of law, we will affirm both December 23, 2002, orders.

Selkridge was enrolled in a group insurance plan with Omaha during the period in which she was employed by the Virgin Islands Telephone Company and its successors. In December 1996, Selkridge filed an application for long-term disability benefits with Omaha. Omaha denied the claim initially and, following an appeal, Selkridge then filed Selkridge I, a diversity action in the District Court of the Virgin Islands against Omaha alleging breach of contract, bad faith, fraud, intentional infliction of emotional distress, and negligent infliction of emotional distress.

Omaha moved for summary judgment on all claims Selkridge had alleged against it. The motion contended that all of Selkridge's claims arose "under the common law of the Territory" and were therefore "expressly preempted by ERISA." JA at 61.

In her opposition to Omaha's motion, Selkridge argued that summary judgment should be denied but went on to make the following request: "[i]f this Court were to find that the claims are preempted and must be converted to federal claims, Plaintiff respectfully requests that she be given the opportunity to amend her Complaint accordingly to more clearly state her claims as federal violation of ERISA claims." JA at 156-57.

The District Court held that all of Selkridge's claims were preempted by ERISA and that Omaha was entitled to summary judgment on all counts. See Selkridge v. United of Omaha Life Ins. Co., 221 F. Supp. 2d 579 (D.Vi.2002). It did not mention the application for leave to amend found only in Selkridge's brief. The Court's February 22, 2002, order read: "it is hereby ORDERED that defendants' motion for summary judgment ... is GRANTED...." JA at 364. The order did not expressly reserve to Selkridge a right to pursue ERISA-based claims in a new action.

On April 23, 2002, Selkridge filed a new action, Selkridge II, in the District Court. The complaint asserted that Selkridge's claim "arises under ERISA." JA at 390.

Omaha moved for summary judgment in Selkridge II on September 23, 2002, arguing that Selkridge's claim "under ERISA" was barred by res judicata because it arose out of the same set of circumstances at issue in Selkridge I and could have been litigated in Selkridge I. On October 30, 2002, eight months after the order granting summary judgment in Selkridge I, Selkridge filed a Fed.R.Civ.P. 60(b) motion in Selkridge I. That motion requested that the District Court "clarify" its February 22, 2002, order to state that Selkridge's claims in Selkridge I were "converted to federal claims" and to grant Selkridge "leave to amend to plead claims under ERISA" with respect to Selkridge I. JA at 719, 726.

On December 23, 2002, the District Court granted summary judgment in Selkridge II on res judicata grounds and denied the Rule 60(b) motion in Selkridge I on the ground that it was an impermissible attempt to utilize that Rule as a substitute for an appeal. See Selkridge v. United of Omaha Life Ins. Co., 237 F. Supp. 2d 600 (D.Vi.2002).

Just before the summary judgment motion in Selkridge II and the Rule 60(b) motion in Selkridge I were filed, one of Selkridge's attorneys wrote a letter-to-the-editor of an on-line publication critical of the District Judge presiding over the Selkridge matters. The content of the letter was not directly related to either Selkridge matter, but the letter prompted a series of events that will be discussed in Part III of this opinion relating to the propriety of the District Judge's continuing to preside over the Selkridge matters.

On January 9, 2003, Selkridge filed a notice of appeal in Selkridge I seeking to appeal the February 22, 2002, grant of summary judgment in Selkridge I, the December 23, 2002, denial of her Rule 60(b) motion, and "the Court's recusal of itself from this case and its subsequent reinstatement, sua sponte." SA. On the same day, Selkridge filed a notice of appeal seeking to appeal the December 23, 2002, grant of summary judgment in Selkridge II.1

Selkridge insists that we have jurisdiction to review the summary judgment order entered in Selkridge I under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, which authorizes appeals from final decisions of the District Court. We cannot agree.

"A final order is one that `ends the litigation on the merits and leaves nothing for the court to do but execute the judgment.'" Welch v. Folsom, 925 F.2d 666, 668 (3d Cir.1991) (quoting Coopers & Lybrand v. Livesay, 437 U.S. 463, 467, 98 S. Ct. 2454, 57 L. Ed. 2d 351 (1978) (internal quotations omitted)). For purposes of appeal under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, "A summary judgment that fully disposes of all claims among all parties is final." 15B Charles Alan Wright, Arthur R. Miller & Edward H. Cooper, Fed. Prac. & Proc.: Juris.2d § 3914.28 (2d ed.1992), at 202; see Hampton v. Borough of Tinton Falls Police Dept., 98 F.3d 107, 111 (3d Cir.1996) ("The district court granted summary judgment for the defendants as to all counts of plaintiffs' complaint.... The district court's grant of summary judgment is a final order that disposed of all claims, and this court therefore has jurisdiction over this appeal pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291."). The District Court's February 22, 2002, order granted summary judgment in favor of Omaha on all of Selkridge's claims on the grounds that the claims were expressly preempted by ERISA. Because it disposed of all claims with respect to all parties,2 that order was a final order within the meaning of 28 U.S.C. § 1291.

Fed. R.App. P. 4(a)(1)(A) requires that a notice of appeal be filed "with the district clerk within 30 days after the judgment or order appealed from is entered," id., unless certain exceptions inapplicable here apply. Selkridge filed her notice of appeal in Selkridge I on January 9, 2003-over ten months after summary judgment had been granted in that matter. It is a well-established rule that "[t]he time limits for filing a notice of appeal are `mandatory and jurisdictional.'" In re Rashid, 210 F.3d 201, 204 (3d Cir.2000) (quoting Krebs Chrysler-Plymouth, Inc. v. Valley Motors, Inc., 141 F.3d 490, 495 (3d Cir.1998)); see, e.g., Browder v. Director, Dept. of Corrections of Illinois, 434 U.S. 257, 264, 98 S. Ct. 556, 54 L. Ed. 2d 521 (1978) (same); U.S. v. Vastola, 989 F.2d 1318, 1321 (3d Cir.1993) (same). We thus lack jurisdiction to review the summary judgment in Selkridge I.

Selkridge first argues that she "did not seek reconsideration or appeal the district court's decision because she reasonably believed that the district court had overlooked her request for automatic conversion of [plaintiff's] claims and leave to amend...." Appellant's Reply Brief at 89 (footnote omitted). We are unpersuaded. If Selkridge's counsel thought that the District Court had "overlooked" her request for automatic conversion of her state law claims into ERISA claims, and had also "overlooked" Selkridge's request for leave to amend, we fail to understand how this would excuse counsel from seeking reconsideration by the District Court or appealing the District Court's decision.

Alternatively, Selkridge argues that her counsel reasonably viewed the February 22, 2002, order as a partial summary judgment and, accordingly, not as a final order. While it is true that a grant of "partial summary judgment" under Fed. R.Civ.P. 56(d) is not a "final" judgment within the meaning of 28 U.S.C. § 1291 because it is an adjudication of less than the entire action, see 10B Charles Alan Wright, Arthur R. Miller & Mary Kay Kane, Fed. Prac. & Proc.: Civil 3d § 2737 (1998), at 322-25, there is simply no record basis for construing the February 22, 2002, order as a grant of partial summary judgment. Omaha moved for summary judgment on all claims on the grounds that the claims were expressly preempted by ERISA. Although Omaha requested that, in the alternative, it be granted partial summary judgment on Selkridge's state law claims should "Count I[be] deemed to constitute a claim for benefits under ERISA," JA at 48, the February 22, 2002, order in explicit terms grants summary judgment on all claims.3

We thus conclude that we lack jurisdiction to review the District Court's February 22, 2002, order in Selkridge I.

Selkridge insists that the summary judgment order in Selkridge II and the refusal to vacate the judgment in Selkridge I must be vacated because Judge Moore's impartiality when he rendered those decisions would be questioned by a reasonable person aware of the relevant facts.

On September 3, 2002, Lee J. Rohn, one of Selkridge's attorneys, wrote a letter-to-the-editor of an on-line publication, the St. Croix Source, regarding United States District Judge Thomas K. Moore's performance of his official duties and the fact that Judge Moore was not being reappointed4 by President George W. Bush.5 Attorney Rohn suggested that "[t]he failure of Judge Tom Moore to be recommended for reappointment has much less to do with politics and more to do with the allegations of inappropriate behavior while he was on the bench." See Lee J. Rohn, Lawyer: Judge's Non-Reappointment Not Politics, St. Croix Source (Sept. 3, 2002).6 Attorney Rohn then listed in a cursory fashion several allegations of "inappropriate behavior" by Judge Moore.7

On September 9, 2002, Judge Moore began issuing sua sponte recusal orders in numerous cases involving Attorney Rohn.8 A total of 19 recusal orders were issued between September 9, 2002, and October 7, 2002, in Judge Moore cases involving Attorney Rohn.9

Virtually all of these cases were then reassigned to Judge Brotman for purposes of mediation and settlement negotiations.10 In addition, at least twelve other Judge Moore cases involving Attorney Rohn were reassigned to Judge Brotman for settlement purposes11 although no sua sponte recusal orders were issued by Judge Moore in these cases.12 It is in this last group of matters, where no recusal order by Judge Moore had been issued but the case had nonetheless been reassigned to Judge Brotman for settlement negotiations, that Selkridge II landed.13

Selkridge was notified on December 9, 2002, by Judge Brotman that her matter had been reassigned to Judge Brotman for settlement negotiations.14 In an order dated December 23, 2002, and filed on December 27, 2002, Judge Brotman scheduled a conference for a "status hearing and settlement discussions" for Selkridge II. JA at 764. Apparently unbeknownst to Judge Brotman, by way of a memorandum opinion and orders dated December 20, 2002, and filed on December 23, 2002, Judge Moore had already granted summary judgment in Selkridge II on all claims in favor of Omaha, and had denied Selkridge's Rule 60(b) motion in Selkridge I.

Also on December 23, 2002, Magistrate Judge Geoffrey W. Barnard wrote to Judge Brotman by letter, a copy of which was sent to the parties. The letter read, in part: "This is to confirm our discussion earlier regarding the above-referenced cases. These cases were inadvertently categorized as cases from which Judge Moore recused himself. However, Judge Moore has confirmed that he will continue to preside over these cases." JA at 766. Judge Brotman then notified the parties that his previous scheduling order was vacated, in light of Judge Moore's December 20, 2002, opinion.

Two published opinions from the District Court of the Virgin Islands, written after the orders being appealed from in this case were filed, purport to address Judge Moore's recusals (or withholding of recusals) with respect to Attorney Rohn's cases. See United States v. Roebuck, 271 F. Supp. 2d 712 (D.Vi.2003); United States v. Roebuck, 289 F. Supp. 2d 678 (D.Vi. 2003).15

In United States v. Roebuck, 271 F. Supp. 2d 712 (D.Vi.2003), Judge Brotman, presiding over a motion to quash subpoenas to compel the testimony of four federal judges at an evidentiary hearing on a motion to recuse Judge Moore from presiding over that case, noted that:

Shortly after Judge Moore had recused himself from all of Attorney Rohn's cases, he withdrew his recusal in some cases, including the matters of Selkridge v. United of Omaha Life Insurance Company, V.I. Civil Action Nos. 2001-143 and 2002-73, 237 F. Supp. 2d 600, without giving a reason for this decision. (See Selkridge v. United of Omaha Life Ins. Co., 237 F. Supp. 2d 600 (D.Vi. Dec. 20, 2002) (Moore, J.)).

Id. at 715. Thus, there is a published opinion of the District Court representing that Judge Moore recused himself in Selkridge I and Selkridge II, and then "with-drew" that recusal.

Judge Moore, in later proceedings in Roebuck, indicated that he "never recused [himself] from Selkridge" and commented on his reason for recusing himself in many of Attorney Rohn's cases:

First, I entered no blanket order of recusal from all of Lee Rohn's cases.... Second, I entered recusal orders in only some, but not all, of Attorney Rohn's then-pending cases. Third, I have not made any rulings in any of those cases from which I have recused myself. The Selkridge matter is one of those in which I have never entered an order of recusal. Thus, Attorney Rohn's claim that I deliberately "unrecused" myself just to be able to rule against her client is patently false. Although the magistrate judge inadvertently included Selkridge among those cases sent to the judge who had been designated to oversee the Rohn recusal cases for settlement negotiations, the fact remains that I never recused myself from Selkridge. I ruled on the facts and law that I believe governed the decision of the case. I understand my rulings are on appeal, and, as always, the Court of Appeals will have the last word if it disagrees with my decision.

I did recuse myself from some of Attorney Rohn's then-pending cases because her personal attack in the St. Thomas Source stung when I first read it. I reiterate that these recusal orders had absolutely nothing to do with any antipathy or prejudice against any of her clients or any concern that I could not be fair and impartial in handling their cases. Several months have now gone by and although I was initially upset at the viciousness of the letter, the passage of time has allowed me to reflect, and, as the saying goes, time heals all wounds. I have concluded that this was just Lee Rohn being Lee Rohn and doing what Lee Rohn thinks she must do to win.

United States v. Roebuck, 289 F. Supp. 2d 678, 681-82 (D.Vi.2003) (footnotes omitted). Thus, while Judge Moore characterized the group of cases referred to Judge Brotman as the "Rohn recusal cases," there were some of these cases, including Selkridge II, in which Judge Moore maintains that he did not recuse himself.

Where a motion for disqualification was made in the District Court, we review the denial of such a motion for abuse of discretion. See, e.g., General Motors Corp. v. New A.C. Chevrolet, Inc., 263 F.3d 296, 336 n. 25 (3d Cir.2001); Securacomm Consulting, Inc. v. Securacom Inc., 224 F.3d 273, 278 (3d Cir.2000). However, Selkridge made no motion in the District Court for Judge Moore's recusal from Selkridge I or Selkridge II at any time after the events at issue here took place.

Where a party has not requested that the district judge recuse himself or herself during proceedings in the district court, we review a recusal argument made on appeal for plain error.16 See, e.g., Osei-Afriyie by Osei-Afriyie v. Medical College of Pennsylvania, 937 F.2d 876, 881 (3d Cir.1991); United States v. Dalfonso, 707 F.2d 757, 760 (3d Cir.1983); United States v. Schreiber, 599 F.2d 534, 535 (3d Cir.1979).17

Under the plain error standard of review, a District Court's order may be reversed only when "[t]here [was] an `error' that is `plain' and that `affect[s] substantial rights.'" Antar, 53 F.3d at 573 (quoting United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 732, 113 S. Ct. 1770, 123 L. Ed. 2d 508 (1993)) (alterations in original). Normally, the requirement that the error "affect substantial rights" is not satisfied absent an affirmative showing "that the error [was] prejudicial. It must have affected the outcome of the district court proceedings." Olano, 507 U.S. at 734, 113 S. Ct. 1770. There is at least one situation, however, in which prejudice may be presumed without affirmative evidence that the alleged error affected the outcome. As we held in United States v. Antar, 53 F.3d 568, 573-79 (3d Cir.1995) (applying plain error review where a trial judge's failure to recuse was first raised on appeal), prejudice will be presumed and plain error review is appropriate where a district judge allegedly failed to recuse despite an appearance of partiality. Because "the touchstone of recusal is the integrity of the judiciary ... prejudice is presumed" once "the appearance of partiality is shown." Id. at 573 n. 7.

Even where the error is plain and affects substantial rights, the decision to "correct the forfeited error [is] within the sound discretion of the court of appeals, and the court should not exercise that discretion unless the error seriously affect[s] the fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings." Olano, 507 U.S. at 732, 113 S. Ct. 1770 (second alteration in original and internal quotations omitted).

Section 455(a) of Title 28, United States Code, requires that:

Any justice, judge, or magistrate judge of the United States shall disqualify himself in any proceeding in which his impartiality might reasonably be questioned.

28 U.S.C. § 455(a); see Alexander v. Primerica Holdings, Inc., 10 F.3d 155, 162 (3d Cir.1993) ("Whenever a judge's impartiality `might reasonably be questioned' in a proceeding, 28 U.S.C. § 455(a) commands the judge to disqualify himself sua sponte in that proceeding.").

"A party seeking recusal need not show actual bias on the part of the court, only the possibility of bias.... Under § 455(a), if a reasonable man, were he to know all the circumstances, would harbor doubts about the judge's impartiality under the applicable standard, then the judge must recuse." In re Prudential Ins. Co. of America Sales Practices Litigation, 148 F.3d 283, 343 (3d Cir.1998) (internal quotations omitted); see Massachusetts School of Law at Andover, Inc. v. American Bar Ass'n, 107 F.3d 1026, 1042 (3d Cir.1997) ("The standard for recusal is whether an objective observer reasonably might question the judge's impartiality.")

Generally, "beliefs or opinions which merit recusal must involve an extra-judicial factor." Antar, 53 F.3d at 574. "[O]pinions formed by the judge on the basis of facts introduced or events occurring in the course of the current proceedings, or of prior proceedings, do not constitute a basis for a bias or partiality motion unless they display a deep-seated favoritism or antagonism that would make fair judgment impossible." Liteky v. United States, 510 U.S. 540, 555, 114 S. Ct. 1147, 127 L. Ed. 2d 474 (1994).

There is no dispute here that the source of Judge Moore's alleged bias involved an extrajudicial factor. The basis for Selkridge's concern that Judge Moore had become biased against her was a letter written by her counsel to a local newspaper decrying Judge Moore's performance as a judge, and Judge Moore's reactions to that letter. Accordingly, a significant extrajudicial factor is present and we review Judge Moore's lack of recusal under the objective standard of whether a "reasonable man, were he to know all the circumstances, would harbor doubts about the judge's impartiality" under § 455(a). Antar, 53 F.3d at 574 (quoting In re Larson, 43 F.3d 410, 415 (8th Cir.1994) (quoting Potashnick v. Port City Constr. Co., 609 F.2d 1101, 1111 (5th Cir.1980))).

If it were the case that Judge Moore had recused himself in Selkridge I and Selkridge II and then unrecused himself, our task would be an easy one. "Once a judge has disqualified himself, he or she may enter no further orders in the case. His power is limited to performing ministerial duties necessary to transfer the case to another judge (including the entering of `housekeeping' orders)." Moody v. Simmons, 858 F.2d 137, 143 (3d Cir.1988) (citations omitted). But the dockets in these cases do not reflect that such a recusal order was entered in either of them, and we will analyze the recusal issue on the assumption that there were no such recusals.18

We agree with Omaha that the fact that one of Selkridge's attorneys wrote a letter-to-the-editor of a newspaper regarding Judge Moore is, alone, of little probative value with respect to whether a reasonable person, knowing all of the circumstances, would question Judge Moore's impartiality. As the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit explained with regard to a letter sent by a litigant to a judge that questioned the judge's motivations and intentions, "[t]his letter may very well establish [the litigant]'s feelings toward [the judge], but has no tendency to show the latter's feelings toward [the litigant]...." King v. United States, 576 F.2d 432, 437 (2d Cir.1978); see United States v. Wolfson, 558 F.2d 59, 61-62 (2d Cir.1977) (litigant's letter to newspaper (which was never published), copied to the judge, which accused the judge of participating in a "scheme to frame" the litigant, "only establish[ed] [the litigant]'s feelings towards [the judge], not the reverse"); see also United States v. Helmsley, 760 F. Supp. 338, 342 (S.D.N.Y.1991) ("Where the issue is not hostility displayed by the judge, but hostility displayed toward the judge, the Second Circuit has found that hostile attacks even by a criminal defendant, much less by the defendant's lawyer, are not a sufficient basis for recusal.").

Were the rule otherwise, "those litigants fortunate enough to have easy access to the media could make charges against a judge's impartiality that would effectively veto the assignment of judges. Judge-shopping would then become an additional and potent tactical weapon in the skilled practitioner's arsenal." In re Drexel Burnham Lambert Inc., 861 F.2d 1307, 1309 (2d Cir.1988). We therefore agree with Judge Moore's view of recusal law, expressed in United States v. Roebuck, 289 F. Supp. 2d 678 (D.Vi.2003), that "an attorney [may not] be allowed to use her calculated personal attack on a sitting judge as a technique to prevent that judge from presiding over any of her cases...." Id. at 682. If the only basis for Selkridge's argument that Judge Moore should have recused himself was the letter written by Selkridge's counsel taking issue with Judge Moore's performance, there would be little basis for arguing that he should have recused. It is his reaction to counsel's letter that raises the difficult issues here presented.

We first address the circumstances under which the December 23, 2002, orders were entered by Judge Moore. A letter written by Attorney Rohn and directly challenging the competence of Judge Moore had been published on September 3rd. Commencing six days later, and continuing over a period of a month, Judge Moore recused himself in 19 cases involving Attorney Rohn. Almost all of these cases were reassigned to Judge Brotman, a visiting judge, for settlement discussions only, presumably so that permanent reassignment would be required in only those that did not settle. These recusals and reassignments were made sua sponte and without explanation. In addition, prior to December 23rd, at least twelve more cases of Judge Moore's involving Attorney Rohn were transferred from Judge Moore to Judge Brotman for settlement negotiations, raising the possibility that Judge Moore was considering recusal in such of these cases as did not settle. Again, the reassignments came sua sponte and without explanation.

Because these extraordinary activities in Judge Moore's cases involving Attorney Rohn followed almost immediately on the heels of such a critical publication and because no alternative explanation was given for them, we believe they would suggest to a reasonable person that Judge Moore was sufficiently upset by the letter that he considered himself unable to be objective in her cases. Moreover, in the absence of an alternative explanation suggesting a contrary conclusion, we believe a reasonable person would question Judge Moore's ability to be objective at that point in time in all of Attorney Rohn's cases.

Further, because the ultimate issue here is whether the public can have confidence in the integrity of the court's judgments, we are called to consider statements of the court following December 23, 2002, to the extent they bear upon that issue. In United States v. Antar, 53 F.3d 568 (3d Cir.1995), the defendant challenged the validity of his conviction on the ground that the trial judge was biased and should not have presided over his trial. The principal basis for the charge of bias was a statement made by the judge at the conclusion of the trial. We there rejected the idea that we should look only at the appearance of matters at the time of trial:

We reject the implications of the government's argument-that because the statement occurred after the trial, it cannot form the basis of an allegation of bias during the trial. Suppose, for instance, that at sentencing the district judge informs a defendant that throughout the trial his object had been to see the defendant behind bars. A reasonable observer in such a scenario would have serious reason to question whether prior rulings in the case were based on impartial considerations or on the judge's stated goal. The fact that the judge's motivation came to light only after the conclusion of the trial would be of no moment.

Antar, 53 F.3d at 576. Based on Antar, we conclude that we must consider developments between December 23, 2002, and the submission of this direct appeal.

This conclusion is, of course, important because Judge Moore, after December 23, 2002, had occasion to comment on the extraordinary activity in Attorney Rohn's cases prior to that date. Writing 14 months after the publication of Rohn's letter and 11 months after December 23, 2002, Judge Moore acknowledged that he had "entered recusal orders in ... some, but not all, of Attorney Rohn's ... pending cases" because he was "stung" by "her personal attack" and "upset at the viciousness" of her "scurrilous article." He reported, however, that "the passage of time [had] allowed [him] to reflect, and ... [had] heal[ed] all wounds." Roebuck, 289 F.Supp.2d at 682. Judge Moore thus confirmed that he was sufficiently upset with Attorney Rohn in the Fall of 2002 that he recused in some of her cases. While he insisted that he did not recuse in all of Attorney Rohn's cases, he offered no explanation for why he believed he could be objective in some of her cases even though he could not be in others. As a result, we believe that Judge Moore's opinion served to reinforce the conclusion that a reasonable person would have reached viewing matters as of December 23rd — that there was reason to "harbor doubts about the judge's impartiality" when he was deliberating over the motions pending in Selkridge I and Selkridge II and writing his December 23, 2002, opinion.

Nor is the appearance of impropriety assuaged by the conflict in the subsequently developed record over whether Judge Moore did at one point recuse in the Selkridge cases. We accept for present purposes that Judge Brotman was mistaken in his belief that Judge Moore had recused himself in all of Attorney Rohn's cases. Nevertheless, there is a conflict in the public record that the litigants have no means of resolving and that conflict casts a shadow on Judge Moore's impartiality in the Selkridge cases.

Viewing the record as a whole, given the appearance that Judge Moore's impartiality was compromised, we conclude that it was error for Judge Moore to enter the December 23rd orders in Selkridge I and Selkridge II, and that this error was plain. Further, because this error compromised the integrity of the proceedings, "prejudice is presumed." Antar, 53 F.3d at 573. Finally, we exercise our discretion to review this claim of error because it "seriously affect[ed] the ... integrity [and] public reputation of judicial proceedings." Olano, 507 U.S. at 732, 113 S. Ct. 1770 (internal quotations omitted).

Judge Moore's reaction to Attorney Rohn's intemperate public criticism is certainly understandable. Moreover, his sensitivity to the possible impact of that reaction on his ability to judge fairly cases in which she was counsel is commendable. We further agree with Judge Moore that the passage of time does, indeed, heal wounds, and we do not mean to suggest that it is not presently appropriate for him to sit on cases involving Attorney Rohn.19

We do hold, however, that a trial judge cannot, without explanation, recuse himself in a substantial number of cases and, at substantially the same time, decline to recuse himself in another group of cases that appears indistinguishable for purposes of recusal. From an appearance perspective, that is precisely what Judge Moore did here, and he committed plain error in doing so.

"Although § 455 defines the circumstances that mandate disqualification of federal judges, it neither prescribes nor prohibits any particular remedy for a violation of that duty. [Rather,] Congress has wisely delegated to the judiciary the task of fashioning remedies that will best serve the purpose of the legislation." Liljeberg v. Health Services Acquisition Corp., 486 U.S. 847, 862, 108 S. Ct. 2194, 100 L. Ed. 2d 855 (1988).

In Liljeberg, the Supreme Court approved the vacatur of a final judgment entered by a district judge who should have disqualified himself. It explained, however, that this remedy would not be required in all such cases. It suggested that, in deciding whether to vacate such a final judgment, a court should "consider the risk of injustice to the parties in the particular case, the risk that the denial of relief will produce injustice in other cases, and the risk of undermining the public's confidence in the judicial process." Id. at 864, 108 S. Ct. 2194. With respect to the second factor, the Court concluded that vacating the judgment would help prevent injustice in other cases "by encouraging a judge or litigant to more carefully examine possible grounds for disqualification and to promptly disclose them when discovered." Id. at 868, 108 S. Ct. 2194.

The Liljeberg Court expressly noted that "[a]s in other areas of the law, there is... room for harmless error" in § 455(a) analysis, id. at 862, 108 S. Ct. 2194, and we have heretofore read that case as approving harmless error analysis when applied with sensitivity not only to the interests of the parties, but also to the interests of other litigants and to the public's interest in the integrity of the court system. See In re School Asbestos Litigation, 977 F.2d 764, 785-88 (3d Cir.1992); see also Patterson v. Mobil Oil Corp., 335 F.3d 476, 485-86 (5th Cir.2003); In re Continental Airlines Corp., 901 F.2d 1259, 1263 (5th Cir.1990); Parker v. Connors Steel Co., 855 F.2d 1510, 1525-27 (11th Cir.1988).

Compared with situations like the one before us in In re School Asbestos Litigation, determining the appropriate remedy is not a complex matter. The letter came late in the litigation, and only the final decisions currently before us on direct appeal could possibly have been affected. Moreover, both of those decisions are subject to plenary review by this court, one because it is a summary judgment and the other because it is based on the District Court's resolution of a pure issue of law.

In this context, we have two choices: (1) we can vacate the orders before us and remand with instructions that the cases be assigned to a new district judge for resolution of the pending motions and possible further proceedings; or (2) we can independently review the record and determine whether the res judicata and Rule 60(b) issues were correctly decided as a matter of law and remand only in the event they were not, reasoning that, if impartial decision makers of this court, in addition to finding a violation of § 455(a), independently approve the orders at issue, any error is harmless and Omaha is fairly entitled to its judgments. Where, as here, it appears clear that the failure to recuse did not affect the dispositions of the plaintiff's claims and a remand, accordingly, would only prolong the litigations, we conclude that the second approach is the appropriate one.

As we explain hereafter, any trial judge presented with this record would be required as a matter of law to enter summary judgment in Selkridge II and to decline to vacate the judgment in Selkridge I. As a result, we perceive no unfairness to Selkridge from declining to vacate the judgments against her, and it seems apparent to us that a contrary decision would serve only to impose an unnecessary, additional litigation burden on Omaha and the District Court. Moreover, in these circumstances, we believe our determination that a violation of § 455(a) occurred will provide virtually the same encouragement to other judges and litigants as would a remand. Finally, we conclude (1) that our independent review and determination of the relevant legal issues will provide as much legitimacy to these particular final judgments as they would have following a remand, reexamination by another District Judge, and a subsequent appellate affirmance; and (2) that our finding of plain error on Judge Moore's part constitutes a corrective process sufficient to assure continuing confidence in the judicial process.20

The District Court granted summary judgment for Omaha in Selkridge II based on claim preclusion. For claim preclusion to apply, there must have been "[1] a final judgment on the merits in [2] a prior suit involving the same parties or their privies, and [3] a subsequent suit based on the same cause of action." General Elec. Co. v. Deutz Ag, 270 F.3d 144, 158 (3d Cir.2001). "If these three factors are present, a claim that was or could have been raised previously must be dismissed as precluded." CoreStates Bank, N.A. v. Huls America, Inc., 176 F.3d 187, 194 (3d Cir.1999). Selkridge argues only that the ERISA claim in Selkridge II is not subject to claim preclusion because the decision in Selkridge I was neither final nor on the merits.

Selkridge asserted only state law claims in her complaint in Selkridge I, and Omaha asserted an affirmative defense of ERISA preemption as to all of those claims. The District Court sustained that defense and entered a final judgment on every claim asserted. That final judgment determined that there could be no recovery on any claim.

As Selkridge stresses, an argument can be made that the District Court abused its discretion by failing to provide an opportunity to amend.21 But that is an argument that should have been advanced in a timely appeal and does not render the District Court's summary judgment anything other than a final judgment on the merits. Stewart v. U.S. Bancorp, 297 F.3d 953, 959 (9th Cir.2002) (where defendants brought motion to dismiss based upon all of plaintiffs' claims being preempted by ERISA, "[p]laintiffs were on notice that their claims were preempted by ERISA, and they did not seek leave to amend or dismiss `without prejudice.' ... Absent a request from plaintiffs to amend, the district court had no other alternative but to dismiss the case, finding the only claims plaintiffs presented were preempted.").

Accordingly, the District Court had no choice but to dismiss Selkridge II because the claim in that lawsuit could have been raised in Selkridge I.

Rule 60(b) provides: On motion and upon such terms as are just, the court may relieve a party or a party's legal representative from a final judgment, order, or proceeding for the following reasons: (1) mistake, inadvertence, surprise, or excusable neglect; (2) newly discovered evidence which by due diligence could not have been discovered in time to move for a new trial under Rule 59(b); (3) fraud (whether heretofore denominated intrinsic or extrinsic), misrepresentation, or other misconduct of an adverse party; (4) the judgment is void; (5) the judgment has been satisfied, released, or discharged, or a prior judgment upon which it is based has been reversed or otherwise vacated, or it is no longer equitable that the judgment should have prospective application; or (6) any other reason justifying relief from the operation of the judgment.

Selkridge urges that the District Court committed reversible error by failing to vacate the summary judgment in Selkridge I pursuant to the residual provision of Rule 60(b)(6). Her argument is that the District Court committed legal error in entering that summary judgment. Even if that were true, however, it would not, as a matter of law, justify relief under Rule 60(b)(6).

As we held in Martinez-McBean v. Government of Virgin Islands, 562 F.2d, 908, 912 (3d Cir.1977), "[L]egal error does not by itself warrant the application of Rule 60(b). The correction of legal errors committed by the district courts is the function of the Courts of Appeals. Since legal error can usually be corrected on appeal, that factor without more does not justify the granting of relief under Rule 60(b)(6). We know of no authority to the contrary." See also Morris v. Horn, 187 F.3d 333, 343-44 (3d Cir.1999) ("What [Appellant] is attempting to raise as a Rule 60(b) motion is in fact what he should have brought as an appeal.").

For the foregoing reasons, we will dismiss the appeal from the February 22, 2002, grant of summary judgment in Selkridge I, No. 03-1146, for lack of jurisdiction and will affirm the District Court's orders entered on December 23, 2002, in Selkridge I (No. 03-1146) and Selkridge II (No. 03-1147).