NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                ___________

                                    No. 10-4602
                                    ___________

                             KEVIN PATRICK FLOOD,
                                              Appellant

                                          v.

SUPERVISOR TROOPER CHARLES SCHAEFER, Bdg. #8740; CORPORAL RANDY
 ZIMMERMAN; CORPORAL JOHN BRAVIS; CORPORAL STEPHEN TOMOVICH;
TRP. DAVID SNYDER, Bdg. #6200; OTHER UNKNOWN (P.S.P.) PENNSYLVANIA
                  STATE POLICE; KEITH BRUBAKER
                ____________________________________

                   On Appeal from the United States District Court
                      for the Western District of Pennsylvania
                              (D.C. Civil No. 06-0082)
                     District Judge: Honorable Kim R. Gibson
                    ____________________________________

                  Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                                  July 21, 2011
              Before: JORDAN, GARTH AND BARRY, Circuit Judges

                            (Opinion filed: July 22, 2011)
                                     _________

                                      OPINION
                                      _________

PER CURIAM

      Pro se appellant Kevin Flood appeals from the District Court’s order granting

summary judgment to the defendants and a magistrate judge’s order denying a motion to
compel the production of discovery materials. 1 For the reasons discussed below, we will

vacate the District Court’s judgment and remand for further proceedings.

       This case concerns Flood’s allegations that the defendants violated his Fourth

Amendment rights by using excessive force against him while they held him at a police

barracks for questioning. More specifically, Flood contends that the defendants

handcuffed him for a prolonged period of time in a way that aggravated his pre-existing

back injury and caused him severe pain and suffering.

       The case has previously been before this Court. In January 2009, the District

Court dismissed Flood’s amended complaint. It held that the excessive-force claim was

barred by issue preclusion because the Court had resolved the underlying issues adversely

to Flood in adjudicating Flood’s suppression motion in his criminal action.

       We vacated this part of the District Court’s order and remanded for further

proceedings. See Flood v. Schaefer, 367 F. App’x 315 (3d Cir. 2010). We held that

issue preclusion did not apply because, “[i]n his suppression motion, Flood did not raise

any excessive force claims arising under the Fourth Amendment,” and, as a result, the

District Court did not rule upon these issues. 

We explained that this holding

was not contrary to the rule of Heck v. Humphrey, 

(1994), because “it is


       1
         We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We exercise plenary review over
the District Court’s order granting summary judgment, State Auto Prop. & Cas. Ins. Co.
v. Pro Design, P.C., 

, 89 (3d Cir. 2009), and review the order denying the
motion to compel for abuse of discretion, Anderson v. Wachovia Mortg. Corp., 

, 281 (3d Cir. 2010).

                                            2
analytically possible for Flood to claim that Appellees subjected him to unconstitutional

conditions even if a statement he made during the same time period was voluntary.” 

We then ruled that “Flood’s claims are not barred by preclusion principles since,

as indicated above, Flood could not be expected to raise excessive force claims in his

suppression hearing which were unrelated to the voluntariness of his confession.” 

held that “if, as Flood alleges, police were aware that he had a severe back

injury and handcuffed him in a manner that caused excessive pain and suffering, he could

succeed in proving that the officers violated the Fourth Amendment.” 

Flood sought to compel the production of certain audio tapes, which

he claimed would show that the defendants were aware of his back injury. A magistrate

judge denied that motion. The magistrate judge viewed Flood’s motion as an attempt to

resurrect a previously dismissed claim that his criminal case had been plagued by

evidence tampering; the judge did not explicitly consider Flood’s contention that these

tapes would bear on the defendants’ knowledge of his back injury. Flood filed

objections to the District Court, but the Court did not rule upon those objections.

       The magistrate judge then ordered the parties to present all the evidence that they

could muster concerning the excessive-force claim and, upon receiving this evidence and

supporting briefs, recommended that the District Court grant summary judgment to the

defendants. The magistrate judge provided two bases for this recommendation. First, the

magistrate judge concluded that Flood’s claim was barred by issue preclusion, because


                                             3
Flood should have raised it as a defense in the suppression hearing; since Flood did not

raise the claim then, he was precluded from doing so in this action. Second, the

magistrate judge stated that Flood’s claim could not proceed because he had failed to

produce “a shred of objective evidence that he suffered any injury” from the defendants’

alleged misconduct. The District Court approved and adopted this report and

recommendation and entered judgment in favor of the defendants. Flood then filed a

timely notice of appeal.

       We will vacate the District Court’s judgment. As noted above, the District Court

first held that Flood’s excessive-force claim was barred by the doctrine of issue

preclusion. Issue preclusion applies when the following three circumstances are present:

“(1) a final judgment on the merits in a prior suit involving (2) the same parties or their

privies and (3) a subsequent suit based on the same cause of action.” Duhaney v. Att’y

Gen., 

, 347 (3d Cir. 2010). We have already held that “Flood’s claims are

not barred by preclusion principles since, as indicated above, Flood could not be expected

to raise excessive force claims in his suppression hearing which were unrelated to the

voluntariness of his confession.” Flood, 367 F. App’x at 319. Given this holding, the

District Court’s ruling that Flood should in fact have raised his excessive force claim in

the criminal action cannot stand. See generally Poulis v. State Farm Fire & Cas. Co., 

, 867 (3d Cir. 1984). 2


       2
           The District Court’s focus on the force that the defendants allegedly used during

                                              4
       The District Court’s second ground for granting summary judgment to the

defendants is also flawed. The Court concluded that Flood could not withstand summary

judgment because he had failed to present “objective evidence of injury.” However, in

evaluating claims of excessive force, the central issue is the force the officers employed

(and whether it was reasonable under the circumstances), not the injury they caused. See

Smith v. Messinger, 

, 649 (3d Cir. 2002); see also Chelios v. Heavener, 

, 690 (7th Cir. 2008) (“Although injury is a relevant factor in determining

whether an officer used excessive force, an excessive force claim does not require any

particular degree of injury.”); see also Wilkins v. Gaddy, 

, 1179 (2010)

(emphasizing this point in the Eighth Amendment context). Similarly, to the extent that

the injuries Flood sustained are relevant, the evidence that he presented — primarily, his

affidavit — is “about the best that can be expected from him at the summary judgment

phase of the proceedings.” Brooks v. Kyler, 

, 108 n.7 (3d Cir. 2000)

(internal quotation marks, alterations omitted). As we explained in our previous opinion,

Flood may assert a viable excessive-force claim by showing that the “police were aware

that he had a severe back injury and handcuffed him in a manner that caused excessive



the last two hours of Flood’s detention, to the exclusion of the earlier hours that Flood
was held, also rests on a misapprehension of our previous opinion. We held that it was
legally permissible for Flood to argue that the defendants “subjected him to
unconstitutional conditions even if a statement he made during the same time period was
voluntary.” Flood, 367 F. App’x at 319 (emphasis added). Thus, Flood may base his
claim on force that was allegedly used at any point during his detention.


                                             5
pain and suffering.” Flood, 367 F. App’x at 319. The District Court therefore erred in

focusing exclusively on the degree of injury Flood suffered rather than the force used by

the defendants.

       Finally, Flood argues that the magistrate judge erred in denying his motion to

compel the production of certain audiotapes that he contends would help to show that the

defendants had knowledge of his back injury. We observe that while Flood appealed the

magistrate judge’s adverse ruling to the District Court, the Court never ruled on Flood’s

objections. See generally Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(a). Consequently, we must remand for the

District Court to consider in the first instance — after further development of the record,

if necessary — whether Flood is entitled to production of these tapes. See Hutchinson v.

Pfeil, 

, 566 (10th Cir. 1997).

       Accordingly, we will vacate the District Court’s order granting summary judgment

to the defendants and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. 3




       3
         Flood also filed a motion for an extension of time to file a reply brief and, soon
thereafter, his reply brief. We grant this motion and thus deem his reply brief timely
filed.

                                             6