Dr. Marlin Walter Larson, a Dallas osteopath who has practiced medicine for more than 20 years, was indicted in July, 1982, on four counts of prescribing controlled substances without a legitimate medical purpose in violation of 21 U.S.C. Sec. 841(a)(1). Larson went to trial in September, 1982, was convicted by a jury on all four counts, and received a total sentence of eight years imprisonment with a five year special parole term. On appeal, Larson contends that the trial court erred in failing to instruct the jury on entrapment, and that the jury was erroneously provided with a transcript of a taped conversation. We find Larson's contentions to be without merit and affirm.

In March of 1973, Marshall "Mike" Richards began a series of visits to Dr. Larson that was to span almost ten years. At the time Richards began seeing him, Larson was in practice with another doctor and the two doctors treated a substantial number of overweight persons. The treatment prescribed for these individuals consisted of a limited diet, counseling, and, if hypertension was not a problem, a prescription for an amphetamine-like appetite suppressant. Richards was a weight patient who received prescriptions for Preludin,1 one of these "diet pills," each month for many years.2

In early 1982, Richards was arrested for driving under the influence of drugs, possession of drugs, and driving with a suspended license, all misdemeanors. In early or mid-April, he contacted the Dallas Police Department and offered to assist the police in obtaining evidence regarding the allegedly illegal activities of Dr. Larson and some of the other doctors he was seeing. In exchange, the police agreed to drop the misdemeanor charges, assist Richards financially in moving to another city, and help him find suitable employment there.3

Uppers for the Patient ...

Richards told the police that in November of 1981, he and Dr. Larson began exchanging camera equipment for prescriptions. In November, Richards claimed he brought in his girl friend, Susan Teagarden, who told Dr. Larson she suffered from insomnia. Richards and Teagarden offered the doctor a Vivitar flash unit worth about $100 in exchange for a prescription for Quaalude.4 Dr. Larson testified, on the other hand, that the exchange for camera equipment did not begin until March, 1982.

Richards testified, and the evidence confirmed, that on March 23, Dr. Larson prescribed a one-month supply of both Preludin and Valium in the name of James L. Stewart. While Richards claimed he had made up this name at Larson's request, Dr. Larson testified that Richards actually brought in a friend who wanted to lose weight. Since Dr. Larson did not want to take on any more weight patients, he stated that he agreed to see Stewart as a favor to Richards and prescribe medication on a one time only basis. Larson maintained no file on a patient by that name. Similarly, on March 26, 1982, Larson claimed that Richards brought in two friends who were introduced as Carolyn and Franklin Barnes. They, too, wanted to lose weight and Larson again agreed to prescribe medication for them one time only. He prescribed Desoxyn5 and Valium for Carolyn and Preludin and Valium for Franklin, again maintaining no medical file on either. Richards again stated that he had merely made up the names--no actual patient had visited Dr. Larson, who received camera equipment in exchange for issuing the prescriptions.

According to Larson, the camera exchange began on March 30, 1982. Larson testified that Richards brought in four friends who were in the camera business. These friends were allegedly unable to induce their own doctors to prescribe any more diet medication for them, and offered to obtain camera equipment for Dr. Larson if he would see them and prescribe diet medication for them under assumed names. Dr. Larson claims he examined the people, finding them to be overweight and within acceptable blood pressure limits. He prescribed Desoxyn under the names of James and Cheryl Henderson and Preludin under the names of Mary and Sammy Fisher.6 Richards claimed that he did not bring any friends in on that date, but had visited the doctor himself and supplied the names for the prescriptions.

This scenario was repeated on several other occasions. On May 5, Larson prescribed Valium and Desoxyn for Sammy and Mary Fisher. On May 12, he prescribed the same drugs in the names of James and Cheryl Henderson.

On April 12, Dr. Larson prescribed Valium and Desoxyn in the name of Billy Marable, another friend Richards allegedly brought to the office. The government produced a death certificate indicating that Marable had died in 1974. Larson prescribed Desoxyn and Valium again in Marable's name on May 12. On April 26, Larson prescribed Preludin for Larry and Susan White, and again claimed they were friends of Richards. Larry White is a friend of Richards, but he never visited Dr. Larson. Richards claims that during this period, the only friend he brought in to Dr. Larson's office was William Denham, for whom Larson prescribed Valium and Quaalude on May 17. Larson claims he was unaware that Richards had filled each of these prescriptions himself.

On April 30, Richards was driven to Dr. Larson's office by Dallas police investigators Fred Sexauer and Bob Jennings. The officers placed a microphone and transmitting device on Richards' person and monitored his conversation with Larson from their vehicle. The tapes revealed that Richards delivered a camera lens and filled out office visit forms in the names of Sheila and Robert Simmons. After discussing whether or not the lens might be exchanged for another brand, Larson wrote a prescription for Preludin in the name of Robert Simmons, and for Desoxyn in the name of Sheila Simmons. Larson testified that prior to this meeting he had spoken by telephone to the "camera people" for whom he had previously written prescriptions under the assumed names of James and Cheryl Henderson. Larson explained that the "Hendersons" wanted refills on their prescriptions which Richards was to pick up. Larson's story, in addition to being implausible, is inconsistent because he had originally prescribed Desoxyn for both Hendersons, but on this occasion prescribed Desoxyn for Sheila Simmons (who he thought was "Cheryl Henderson") and Preludin for Robert Simmons (who he thought was "James Henderson"). The act of writing these prescriptions, which was taped and transcribed, formed the basis for counts 1 and 2 of the indictment.

On May 24, 1982, the officers again drove Richards to Larson's office, where he went in alone, again wearing a microphone. The tape and transcript of this visit revealed that Dr. Larson gave Richards a prescription for Desoxyn in Richards' own name, and a prescription for Quaalude in the name of Susan Jarvis. No medical examination took place. These prescriptions were to be exchanged for a camera lens,7 and formed the basis for counts 3 and 4 of the indictment.

On June 28, 1982, Officer Sexauer and DEA investigator Jerry Ellis visited Dr. Larson in his office wearing microphones. When questioned about whether he had traded prescriptions written under false names for camera equipment, Larson denied that he had done so. He further stated that he had never written controlled prescriptions for Richards using other peoples' names. Finally, Larson maintained that he had no knowledge of how Richards had obtained and filled prescriptions in the names of Mary and Sammy Fisher, Susan Jarvis, Robert and Sheila Simmons, and Billy Marable. He was unable to produce records on any of these "patients" except Richards, thus showing a failure to comply with customary medical practice.

Presented with this evidence, the jury returned a guilty verdict on all four counts thirty-seven minutes after retiring. Larson's appeal is based on the trial court's failure to instruct the jury on entrapment and the jury's use of the tape transcripts.

Larson contends that the foregoing facts warranted a jury instruction on the defense of entrapment. However, his attorney neither requested such an instruction nor did his defense theory emphasize facts which would bring a possible entrapment defense to the Court's attention. Our duty is therefore independently to view the record "as a whole," Pierce v. United States, 414 F.2d 163, 168 (5th Cir.1969), to determine whether the trial court's failure to give an entrapment instruction constituted plain error affecting Larson's substantial rights. United States v. Benavidez, 558 F.2d 308, 309 (5th Cir.1977); United States v. Young, 655 F.2d 624 (5th Cir.1981) (failure to instruct sua sponte on lesser included offense not plain error when there is substantial evidence that greater offense was committed).

Under the plain error standard, we afford relief only if the alleged error is " 'so obvious that failure to notice it' " seriously affects the " ' "fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings," ' " resulting in a " 'miscarriage of justice.' " United States v. Lyons, 703 F.2d 815, 821 (5th Cir.1983) (citations omitted).

In United States v. Benavidez, supra, we held that in "determining whether a general entrapment charge should have been given, we must accept the testimony most favorable to the defendant." Id. at 309. Nonetheless, the defendant bears the burden of fairly raising the issue of entrapment, the key to which is evidence indicating his lack of predisposition to commit the crime in question absent government interference. Id. at 310; United States v. Andrew, 666 F.2d 915, 922 (5th Cir.1982). Larson argues that his lack of predisposition is clearly demonstrated by the alleged fact that he had never done anything illegal before Richards, the government informer, induced him to write prescriptions in fictitious names.

This contention is clearly without merit. Although it is true that the prescriptions which served as the basis for the indictment were issued after Richards became a government informer, the evidence demonstrated that Larson had previously written prescriptions in fictitious names on March 23, March 26 and March 308--before mid-April, when Officer Sexauer testified that Richards had approached the police. Indeed, Larson does not dispute the fact that the March 30 prescriptions were issued in exchange for camera equipment.

United States v. Greenfield, 554 F.2d 179 (5th Cir.1977), which Larson points out is factually similar in that the physician there prescribed amphetamines in a fictitious name, is nonetheless distinguishable because in that case all the prescriptions were issued to an individual who was an informer from the inception of the doctor-patient relationship. Moreover, Greenfield, though factually similar, is legally distinguishable because there an entrapment instruction was requested and refused. We held in Greenfield that a defense of entrapment is not inconsistent with a claim of innocence under the "peculiar circumstances" of an alleged violation of 21 U.S.C. Sec. 841(a)(1). Greenfield, supra, at 181-82.9

The rule emerging from Greenfield, however, has little applicability to this case. In Greenfield, the defendant tried the case with a view toward raising an entrapment defense, which is evidenced by the fact that he requested four separate jury instructions on entrapment. We did not go so far there as to hold that the evidence entitled him to such charges; instead, we reversed and remanded for a new trial, advising reconsideration of the charge in light of the evidence which would be adduced at the new trial. Id. at 181.

In the instant case, to the contrary, Larson's sole defense was that although he had issued prescriptions under assumed names, he honestly thought that the prescriptions were going to real people whom he had previously examined. Indeed, he admitted that he knew that what he was doing was wrong. The tapes revealed that Larson directed Richards to fill out office visit forms and supply names for the false prescriptions. He told Richards not to bring friends around the office and refused to see Richards when his nurse's son was present. These facts, among others, clearly demonstrate Larson's knowledge of the illegal nature of his acts.

Larson therefore did not produce enough evidence for us to conclude that any error by the trial court in failing to raise the entrapment defense sua sponte was so "substantial" or "obvious" as to constitute plain error.10 United States v. Gerald, 624 F.2d 1291, 1300 (5th Cir.1980).

Larson first claims that the trial court erroneously allowed the jurors to read written transcripts of the taped conversations as the tapes were played in court. Although the tapes themselves were received in evidence, the transcripts were not. Larson properly points out that the "need or desire for transcripts arises generally" in two situations: first, the tapes may be "relatively inaudible," and second, it might otherwise "be difficult to identify the speakers." United States v. Onori, 535 F.2d 938, 947 (5th Cir.1976). He claims that neither of these situations was present; therefore, the jury should not have had access to the transcripts. We disagree.

Whether the use of transcripts is warranted is a matter resting with the sound discretion of the trial judge. United States v. Ruppel, 666 F.2d 261, 272 (5th Cir.1982). The judge specifically stated that the transcripts were only provided to assist the jury in understanding what was on the tapes. We find no abuse of discretion here. In so doing, we emphasize that the limiting instructions provided by the trial judge comported precisely with our admonishment in Onori, supra, at 949, that "the key to protecting a defendant's rights [when a transcript is used] lies in seeking limiting instructions."11

Furthermore, our reading of the trial proceedings discloses that counsel for appellant raised no objection to the jury's use of the transcripts after the court issued its limiting instruction. In fact, defense counsel stated, "I ... have no objection to the Jury referring to the transcripts as they listen to the tape. I would object to them being introduced in evidence because I believe the tape is the evidence." No objection was made before the jury retired; thus, we may only review the matter if we find it constitutes "plain error" under F.R.Crim.P. 52(b). We find no error of this magnitude for the same reasons we earlier found no abuse of discretion.

A timely objection was raised, however, to the jurors' use of the May 24 transcript after they had retired. Larson therefore preserved for appeal his contention that only formally admitted "evidence" may be used during jury deliberations. As a threshold matter, we reiterate our holding in Onori that transcripts are admissible as evidence subject to the court's issuance of proper limiting instructions.12 Onori, supra at 947. In view of the court's charge to the jury and the fact that the jurors had already read the transcript during trial, we decline to find that the failure to formally introduce what the trial judge referred to as "quasi-admitted" evidence was anything other than harmless error. We find no prejudice arising from the jury's brief second look at the transcript.

We similarly find no merit in Larson's contention that submission of the transcript was improper because it omitted the final portion of the May 24 taped conversation. In this portion of the tape, Richards complains to the investigators that Larson had "paid" for a camera lens with a prescription in Richards' own name, thus precluding Richards from receiving another prescription during that month for his own use. Defense counsel called attention to this omission during the trial, and the judge specifically advised the jurors that there would be an omission from the transcript which they would hear on the tape. The omission was fully explored during examination of Richards, and defense counsel stated during closing argument that the omitted conversation indicated Larson's wish to stop prescribing in fictitious names. We therefore do not find the omission prejudicial and again find any error to be harmless.

In finding no merit to Larson's last two assertions of error, we are in accord with the Eleventh Circuit in United States v. Costa, 691 F.2d 1358 (11th Cir.1982). That Court specifically refused to find error in the similar use of transcripts during jury deliberations "absent anything more than a presumption" that the transcripts were the reason for the guilty verdict and "a generalized claim that the jury must have been prejudiced." Id. at 1363.

For the foregoing reasons, we find the jury instructions and evidentiary rulings of the district judge to be correct.

AFFIRMED.