In this case, we must determine whether and to what extent a Title VII plaintiff must show a likelihood of irreparable harm for a preliminary injunction to issue. Plaintiff Alfred White is a civilian employee of the United States Navy who worked as a Deputy Equal Employment Officer before filing this lawsuit. On December 18, 1987, he brought this action alleging racial discrimination in violation of, inter alia, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. By letter dated February 11, 1988, plaintiff was reassigned to a new position as a program analyst at the same command post. This new job involved skills similar to those of the old job and provided identical compensation and benefits. Plaintiff moved to enjoin preliminarily the reassignment pending the resolution of his claims. A magistrate held a lengthy hearing and explicitly found that plaintiff had not established a likelihood of irreparable injury and therefore denied the injunction.1 This interlocutory appeal followed. The government, asserting that the appeal is frivolous, asks us to impose sanctions.

I. Standard of Review.

We will reverse the denial of a preliminary injunction only under extraordinary circumstances. "The decision to grant or deny a preliminary injunction lies within the sound discretion of the trial court and may be reversed on appeal only by a showing of abuse of discretion." Apple Barrel, 730 F.2d at 386. Furthermore, we may "not simply ... substitute [our] judgment for the trial court's, else that court's announced discretion would be meaningless." Enterprise Int'l, Inc. v. Corporacion Estatal Petrolera Ecuatoriana, 762 F.2d 464, 472 (5th Cir.1985).

Each element of the injunction analysis typically involves questions of fact and of law. Apple Barrel, 730 F.2d at 386. The factual components of the decision are subject to a clearly-erroneous standard of review. Id.; Fed.R.Civ.P. 52(a). Legal conclusions, of course, "are subject to broad review and will be reversed if incorrect." Commonwealth Life Ins. Co. v. Neal, 669 F.2d 300, 304 (5th Cir.1982).

II. Irreparable Harm.

A preliminary injunction "is an extraordinary and drastic remedy, not to be granted routinely, but only when the movant, by a clear showing, carries the burden of persuasion." Holland Am. Ins. Co. v. Succession of Roy, 777 F.2d 992, 997 (5th Cir.1985). Without question, the irreparable harm element must be satisfied by independent proof, or no injunction may issue. See Enterprise, 762 F.2d at 472.

The ultimate thrust of plaintiff's argument, to the extent that one can be discerned from his brief, is that irreparable harm need not be established independently in a Title VII case in order for an injunction to issue. The cases cited in behalf of this proposition are all inapposite. Both United States v. Hayes Int'l Corp., 415 F.2d 1038, 1045 (5th Cir.1969), and EEOC v. Cosmair, Inc., 821 F.2d 1085, 1090 (5th Cir.1987), held only that irreparable harm need not be proven if (1) the injunctive relief is sought pursuant to statute by the appropriate government officer or agency and (2) all of the statutory prerequisites are met. The exception also applies only after all administrative remedies have been exhausted. Cosmair, 821 F.2d at 1091. There is no way to read these cases as eliminating generally the irreparable harm requirement for all Title VII plaintiffs.2

In the alternative, plaintiff summarily asserts that since he filed his complaint pursuant to 42 U.S.C. Sec. 2000e-16, which incorporates 42 U.S.C. Sec. 2000e-5(g), authorizing injunctive relief, this injunction is being sought pursuant to statute and therefore comes under the exception recognized by Hayes and Cosmair. This argument is unconvincing.

Although 42 U.S.C. Sec. 2000e-5(g) authorizes injunctive relief, it speaks only to post-trial remedies after a plaintiff has actually prevailed on the merits of his or her claim. The comparable provision treating preliminary relief is 42 U.S.C. Sec. 2000e-5(f)(2), which is also incorporated by 42 U.S.C. Sec. 2000e-16. However, in a government-employment case this provision authorizes only the Attorney General, not private plaintiffs, to seek an injunction.

Accordingly, plaintiff is not seeking this injunction pursuant to statute. In any event, even if we were to read Sec. 2000e-5(f)(2) as authorizing this injunction, plaintiff still has not exhausted his administrative remedies so as to come within the exception recognized by Hayes and Cosmair.

In Porter v. Adams, 639 F.2d 273, 278 (5th Cir. Unit A Mar. 1981), we held explicitly that "the traditional considerations that inform decisions concerning preliminary injunctive relief--irreparable harm, the likelihood of success on the merits, balancing of the equities, and the public interest--still apply" in Title VII cases involving federal employees. The authorities that govern this inquiry are Sampson v. Murray, 415 U.S. 61, 94 S. Ct. 937, 39 L. Ed. 2d 166 (1974), and its progeny. Porter, 639 F.2d at 278 n. 8.

Remarkably, in plaintiff's brief his counsel does not even address Porter, even though that same counsel represented the Porter plaintiff in that case. However, there is simply no reasonable way to avoid Porter and conclude that irreparable harm need not be established in a Title VII case not coming squarely under Hayes and Cosmair. "[I]rreparable injury is an essential prerequisite to preliminary injunctive relief for federal employees under Title VII." Porter, id. (citing Garza v. Texas Educ. Found., Inc., 565 F.2d 909 (5th Cir.1978); Morgan v. Fletcher, 518 F.2d 236 (5th Cir.1975); Parks v. Dunlop, 517 F.2d 785 (5th Cir.1975)).

In Sampson, the Supreme Court overturned a finding that irreparable harm was established where a federal employee was discharged and sought reinstatement pending her appeal to the Civil Service Commission. The Court instructs that "[m]ere injuries, however substantial, in terms of money, time, and energy necessarily expended in the absence of a stay, are not enough." 415 U.S. at 90, 94 S.Ct. at 953.

Sampson also explicitly mandates that courts must consider the disruptive effect on the administrative process of the federal government of granting preliminary injunctions in government-employment-related cases. Without even considering the merits of her underlying claims, the court held that the hapless plaintiff in Sampson could not establish irreparable harm despite the fact that she had lost her livelihood. Id. at 92-93, 94 S.Ct. at 954. By contrast, the instant plaintiff, White, has merely been reassigned to a new position at the same location and salary. It is difficult to see what irreparable harm White is likely to suffer in light of the fact that the Supreme Court has squarely held that even complete loss of employment is not cognizable.

Sampson also patently stands for the proposition that there is no nexus between the strength and nature of the underlying claim and the element of irreparable harm. Such irreparable harm must be proven separately and convincingly. The burden of proof is not reduced by either the existence of an extremely strong likelihood of success or the egregiousness of the alleged wrong upon which the underlying claim is based.

We have held similarly in a number of cases. In Parks v. Dunlop, the district court granted a preliminary injunction preventing the Department of Labor from filling a vacant position pending plaintiff's administrative appeal asserting that he had been passed over for promotion to this position because of reverse discrimination actionable under Title VII. We took the unusual step of reversing this decision based upon the absence of a showing of irreparable harm, noting that "[m]aintenance of the status quo is only sometimes a concomitant of preventing irreparable harm--never the touchstone for such injunctive relief." Id. at 787.

Likewise, in Morgan v. Fletcher, a NASA employee was notified of her probable removal two months after she had filed an administrative sex discrimination complaint. She sought and received preliminary injunctive relief pending a full agency hearing. The district court noted the percentage of her family's income which plaintiff's salary provided and that dismissal could lead to foreclosure on her home and possible health problems because of the removal of her medical benefits. We acknowledged the potential magnitude of these injuries, and that the underlying claim might be meritorious, but still found that injuries of this nature are not the type of irreparable harm justifying injunctive relief. Id. at 240. The injuries all could be made whole by money damages or other subsequent relief.

Thus, according to Porter, White must establish irreparable harm. Under the appropriate standards imposed by Sampson, Parks, and Morgan, he cannot claim in good faith that such harm will be caused because of his reassignment. In fact, plaintiff does not, and cannot, make any fact-specific argument as to how he will be irreparably harmed. He relies completely upon the untenable assertion that the nature of his claim eliminates the need for such a showing. In conclusion, the magistrate performed the proper analysis in finding no irreparable harm and denying the preliminary injunction.

III. Sanctions.

Citing our recent decision in Coghlan v. Starkey, 852 F.2d 806, 809 (5th Cir.1988), the government has asked us to impose double costs and attorneys' fees on plaintiff pursuant to Fed.R.App.P. 38 for bringing a frivolous appeal and for non-disclosure of controlling authority. We cannot agree that this appeal is totally frivolous, as there is language from Hayes and Cosmair arguably supporting plaintiff's position. White's counsel could have argued in good faith, albeit unsuccessfully, that Porter is either distinguishable or wrongly decided and that these other cases control.

We are, however, troubled by the failure of plaintiff's counsel even to mention Porter, much less make a good faith argument as to why it should not control. Moreover, we may infer that this omission was not inadvertent, given that the same attorney had also represented the plaintiff in Porter. Accordingly, we think it appropriate to admonish White's counsel even though we do not impose sanctions.3

AFFIRMED.