Filed: Aug. 04, 2016
Latest Update: Mar. 03, 2020
Summary: Case: 14-51012 Document: 00513624574 Page: 1 Date Filed: 08/04/2016 IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT United States Court of Appeals No. 14-51012 Fifth Circuit FILED August 4, 2016 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Lyle W. Cayce Clerk Plaintiff - Appellee v. MICHAEL GLUK; MICHAEL BAKER, Defendants - Appellants Appeals from the United States District Court for the Western District of Texas ON PETITION FOR REHEARING Before JOLLY and JONES, Circuit Judges, and MILLS, District Judg
Summary: Case: 14-51012 Document: 00513624574 Page: 1 Date Filed: 08/04/2016 IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT United States Court of Appeals No. 14-51012 Fifth Circuit FILED August 4, 2016 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Lyle W. Cayce Clerk Plaintiff - Appellee v. MICHAEL GLUK; MICHAEL BAKER, Defendants - Appellants Appeals from the United States District Court for the Western District of Texas ON PETITION FOR REHEARING Before JOLLY and JONES, Circuit Judges, and MILLS, District Judge..
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Case: 14-51012 Document: 00513624574 Page: 1 Date Filed: 08/04/2016
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
United States Court of Appeals
No. 14-51012
Fifth Circuit
FILED
August 4, 2016
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Lyle W. Cayce
Clerk
Plaintiff - Appellee
v.
MICHAEL GLUK; MICHAEL BAKER,
Defendants - Appellants
Appeals from the United States District Court
for the Western District of Texas
ON PETITION FOR REHEARING
Before JOLLY and JONES, Circuit Judges, and MILLS, District Judge. *
E. GRADY JOLLY, Circuit Judge:
The petition for panel rehearing is GRANTED, the original panel opinion
(presently available at 811 F.3d 738 (5th Cir. Jan. 25, 2016)) is hereby
withdrawn, and this opinion is substituted therefor. 1
Michael Baker and Michael Gluk appeal their convictions for securities
fraud. Because we agree with their evidentiary challenges, we vacate their
* District Judge for the Northern District of Mississippi, sitting by designation.
1 This opinion discusses the hearsay and harmless error issues in more depth; the
revisions are largely contained in Part II.A–II.C.
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convictions and remand for a new trial. 2
I.
Michael Baker and Michael Gluk were, respectively, the CEO and CFO
of ArthroCare, a medical device company. Under their tenure (and, allegedly,
with their knowledge) ArthroCare practiced “channel stuffing” with a related
entity, DiscoCare.
“Channel stuffing” is a fraudulent scheme companies sometimes
attempt, in an effort to smooth out uneven earnings—typically to meet Wall
Street earnings expectations. Specifically, a company that anticipates missing
its earnings goals will agree to sell products to a coconspirator. The company
will book those sales as revenue for the current quarter, increasing reported
earnings. In the following quarter, the coconspirator returns the products,
decreasing the company’s reported earnings in that quarter. Effectively, the
company fraudulently “borrows” earnings from the future quarter to meet
earnings expectations in the present. Thus, in the second quarter, the
company must have enough genuine revenue to make up for the “borrowed”
earnings and to meet that quarter’s earnings expectations. If the company
does not meet expectations in the second quarter, it might “borrow” ever-larger
amounts of money from future quarters, until the amounts become so large
that they can no longer be hidden and the fraud is revealed.
ArthroCare carried out exactly this fraud, with DiscoCare playing the
role of coconspirator. Over several years, ArthroCare fraudulently “borrowed”
around $26 million from DiscoCare. This “borrowing” occurred by directing
DiscoCare to buy products from ArthroCare on credit, with the agreement that
ArthroCare would be paid only when DiscoCare could sell those products.
2 Because we reverse based on the evidentiary challenges, we do not reach the
defendants’ other challenges to their convictions.
2
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Although this can be a legitimate sales strategy, it was fraudulent here
because DiscoCare purchased medical devices that it knew it could not sell
reasonably soon for the sole purpose of propping up ArthroCare’s quarterly
earnings. This fraud was carried out under the day-to-day supervision of John
Raffle, the Vice President of Strategic Business Units, and of David Applegate,
another DiscoCare executive.
DiscoCare’s business model (apart from the accounting fraud) was
potentially wrongful, though no charges were brought. DiscoCare provided a
medical device for which most insurers refused reimbursement. To sell its
device, DiscoCare reached agreements with plaintiffs’ attorneys in civil actions
for personal injuries. These agreements resulted in the majority of DiscoCare's
sales. Under this agreement, DiscoCare would treat clients of the attorneys.
The plaintiffs’ attorneys would then cite the expense of their clients’ treatment
as a reason for defendants to settle personal injury lawsuits. DiscoCare also
allegedly illegally coached doctors on which billing codes to use, in an effort to
increase insurance reimbursements. This practice allegedly went as far as
instructing doctors to perform an unnecessary surgical incision to classify the
treatment as a surgery. No charges were filed on any of this conduct.
ArthroCare subsequently purchased DiscoCare for $25 million, a price
that far exceeded its true value (DiscoCare had no employees at the time).
During this purchase, the fraud began to unravel, with media reports alleging
accounting improprieties. To reassure investors, Gluk and Baker made several
false statements during a series of conference calls. As evidence mounted, the
audit committee of ArthroCare’s board of directors commissioned an
independent investigation by forensic accountants and the law firm Latham &
Watkins. As a result of this investigation, the board determined that Raffle
and Applegate had committed fraud and that Gluk and Baker had not
adequately supervised them. The board restated earnings, resulting in a
3
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significant drop in the value of ArthroCare stock. The board fired Raffle and
Applegate for their roles in the fraud. The board also fired Gluk, determining
that he had been remiss in not detecting the fraud earlier. Finally, the board
fired Baker, determining that he should have implemented better internal
controls.
The SEC investigated ArthroCare (both informally and formally) to
determine the extent of the fraud. During this investigation, Raffle and
Applegate exercised their Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination to
decline to answer questions. After its investigation, the SEC sued ArthroCare,
Raffle, and Applegate for securities fraud; it did not sue Gluk or Baker. It did
file a “clawback” complaint against Gluk and Baker; this complaint stated that
the SEC “does not allege that Baker and Gluk participated in the wrongful
conduct” but instead determined that Raffle and Applegate “intentionally
withheld” information from Gluk and ArthroCare.
The government subsequently brought criminal charges, initially only
against Raffle and Applegate. Raffle and Applegate pled guilty and agreed to
testify against Gluk and Baker; the government then indicted Gluk and Baker
for the channel stuffing. At trial, Raffle and Applegate testified that Gluk and
Baker knew of the fraud; Gluk and Baker testified that they did not. The key
question for the jury was whether to believe Gluk and Baker or to believe the
government.
The district court made several significant evidentiary rulings
challenged on appeal. First, the defendants sought to introduce the Latham
report, the SEC’s clawback complaint against Baker and Gluk, and two memos
regarding the SEC investigation that the SEC had prepared for the DOJ. As
discussed in more detail below, these memos both summarized the SEC
investigation. The 2010 SEC memo stated that “Raffle and Applegate . . .
misled [Gluk] about whether certain DiscoCare sales satisfied the company’s
4
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revenue recognition criteria. . . . Raffle also misled the company and its
external auditor about the true [fraudulent] reason for certain product
exchanges by DiscoCare and another distributor.” The 2011 memo expanded
on the contents of the earlier memo and provided a somewhat more detailed
summary of the investigation; this memo stated that Raffle and Applegate
“orchestrated a scheme to materially misstate ArthroCare’s publicly reported
revenue and earnings.”
According to Gluk and Baker, these documents would have corroborated
their claim that they did not know of the fraud. Specifically, the documents
would have shown that independent, neutral investigators determined that
Raffle and Applegate—and not Gluk and Baker—had carried out and
concealed the fraud. Because no other independent testimony corroborated the
defendant’s version of events, they argued that this evidence was essential to
their defense. The district court disagreed, and excluded all these documents
as more prejudicial than probative.
The district court’s second important evidentiary ruling concerned
evidence of uncharged misconduct. Specifically, the government sought to
introduce testimony about the uncharged medical fraud that allegedly took
place at DiscoCare. The district court allowed this testimony, over objection.
The jury returned a guilty verdict. At sentencing, the court determined
that Baker must forfeit his net proceeds (a different amount than the proceeds
directly traceable to the fraud, see note 11 below) from selling ArthroCare stock
during the period of the fraud, an amount equal to $22,165,030.78. This appeal
followed.
II.
Gluk and Baker argue that the district court’s evidentiary rulings were
incorrect in two ways: the rulings kept evidence out that should have been let
in, and it let in evidence that should have been kept out. We agree on both
5
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counts, and accordingly reverse the defendants’ convictions.
We review the district court’s evidentiary rulings for abuse of discretion,
subject to harmless error review. United States v. El-Mezain, 664 F.3d 467,
494 (5th Cir. 2011).
A.
We first consider the district court’s exclusion of the SEC documents.
First, were the documents hearsay? The parties agree that the SEC documents
fit the definition of hearsay. See Fed. R. Evid. 801. The defendants, however,
argue that the documents are nonetheless admissible for their truth because
of the 803(8)(iii) hearsay exclusion. Rule 803(8) provides that “[a] record or
statement of a public office [is admissible] if: (A) it sets out: . . . (iii) in a civil
case or against the government in a criminal case, factual findings from a
legally authorized investigation; and (B) the opponent does not show that the
source of information or other circumstances indicate a lack of
trustworthiness.” Fed. R. Evid. 803 (emphasis added). 3
The government responds that SEC documents did not set out “factual
findings from a legally authorized investigation.” In support of this argument,
the government cites Smith v. Isuzu Motors, Ltd., 137 F.3d 859 (5th Cir. 1998).
In Isuzu Motors, we carved out a narrow restriction to 803(8)(iii) 4: we held that
otherwise-qualifying agency reports are not “factual findings from a legally
authorized investigation” if they “embody the positions and opinions of
individual staff members [of an agency], which the agency ultimately declined
to accept.”
Id. at 862. Thus, under Isuzu Motors, when an agency disavows
3If the documents contain factual findings that qualify for 803(8), they are not
rendered “inadmissible merely because [the documents] state a conclusion or opinion. As
long as the conclusion is based on a factual investigation and satisfies the Rule’s
trustworthiness requirement, it should be admissible along with other portions of the report.”
Beech Aircraft Corp. v. Rainey, 488 U.S. 153, 170 (1988).
4 At the time Isuzu Motors was decided, the current 803(8)(iii) was 803(8)(C).
6
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(“declines to accept”) a report prepared by a staff member, that report does not
qualify for the 803(8)(iii) exclusion. Conversely, if the agency takes no action,
then a report prepared by a staff member in the ordinary course of duty and
circulated outside the agency is exactly the sort of “factual findings from a
legally authorized investigation” that 803(8)(iii) is designed to exclude from the
prohibition on hearsay.
Further, the facts of Isuzu Motors shed light on what it means for an
agency to “decline to accept” the findings in a document. In Isuzu Motors, a
member of Congress “asked [the National Highway Traffic Safety
Administration] to establish stability standards for certain types of passenger
vehicles.” Id. at 862. In response to that request, NHTSA staff members
prepared three initial memos that endorsed the Congressman’s position. After
further consideration, however, “[t]he NHTSA ultimately rejected the . . .
petition.”
Id.
We held that this subsequent rejection established that the NHTSA had
“declined to accept” the findings in the memos and thus that the memos were
not “factual findings” that could be ascribed to the agency.
Id. Thus, Isuzu
Motors applies where the agency has taken some affirmative action to disavow
the findings contained in a document—such as issuing a subsequent
determination rejecting the findings of the earlier document.
Turning to the facts of this case, the SEC documents are covered by rule
803(8)—and are therefore admissible for the truth of their contents—unless
record evidence shows that the SEC “declined to accept” the positions in those
documents or otherwise disavowed the findings in any way.
We begin with the 2010 SEC memo. 5 The heading of this memo states
5 This memo provides an overview of the SEC investigation and states that “Raffle
and Applegate also mislead the company’s CFO [i.e., Gluk] about whether certain DiscoCare
sales satisfied the company’s revenue recognition criteria. . . . Raffle and Applegate
7
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that it is from “SEC” and to “Main Justice,” a synonym for the DOJ. Based on
this heading, the memo appears to be an official communication from the SEC
to the DOJ. Thus, it seems to be a “factual finding” of the SEC and therefore
to be admissible under rule 803(8)(iii).
Nevertheless, the government argues that the report is not admissible
under 803(8)(iii), as interpreted by Isuzu Motors. According to the government,
the 2010 memo was not “approved by the Commission” at its highest levels,
and thereby is not a “factual finding” by the SEC. This argument, however,
gets the Isuzu Motors analysis precisely backwards. Isuzu Motors does not
allow agency reports only when those reports are endorsed at the highest level.
Instead, Isuzu Motors only forbids agency reports when they have been
disavowed in some way. Here, no evidence suggests that the SEC disavowed
the contents of the 2010 memo; consequently, that memo represents “factual
findings from a legally authorized investigation” and is admissible under rule
803(8)(iii).
The same analysis applies to the second memo from the SEC to the DOJ
that Gluk and Baker seek to introduce. 6 Unlike the first memo, the heading of
the second memo states that the memo is from an individual—SEC attorney
Jim Etri—rather than from the SEC as an entity. Etri, however, was the
author of both memos and no evidence suggests that the SEC repudiated the
second memo’s findings or that they were made outside of Etri’s capacity as an
SEC attorney.
intentionally withheld this information from ArthroCare’s CFO to prevent the revenue from
being reversed. . . . Raffle also mislead the company and its external auditor about the true
[fraudulent] reason for certain product exchanges by DiscoCare and another distributor.”
6 The second memo provides a slightly longer summary of the SEC enforcement. It
“summarizes the misdeeds of John Raffle and David Applegate” and explains how “[t]hey
orchestrated a scheme to materially misstate ArthroCare’s publicly reported revenue and
earnings.” It also makes multiple references to Raffle’s “lies” to “ArthroCare accounting
staff.”
8
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Finally, the SEC’s clawback complaint unambiguously represents an
official action of the SEC. In the case of all three SEC documents, they were
transmitted or filed by an SEC attorney to others outside the SEC. When an
agency professional transmits a document to others outside the agency, that
document is presumptively a factual finding of the agency. That presumption
could be easily rebutted by evidence that others in the agency, such as
superiors, had disavowed the contents of the document or otherwise “declined
to accept” those contents. The government has not presented any evidence that
any SEC employee “declined to accept” the contents of the SEC memos or the
SEC clawback complaint.
Accordingly, we hold that all three SEC documents are admissible for
the truth of their contents under rule 803(8)(iii). 7
B.
We thus turn to the question under Rule 403 of whether the district court
abused its discretion in determining that that prejudicial effect of the SEC
documents substantially outweighed their probative value.
The government argues that the reports would have improperly
influenced and thus prejudiced the jury in performing its duties because the
SEC examined no more information than the jury. According to the
government, the SEC was essentially a fact-finding body, no more capable than
the jury of determining whether Gluk and Baker had committed accounting
fraud. The government worried that the “jury may have [incorrectly] believed
that the SEC [was] better positioned to make factual findings”; that is to say
that the jury may have been intimidated into blindly adopting the SEC’s
7 This hearsay exception does not apply to the Latham report; thus, that report is
hearsay. Additionally, we express no opinion regarding whether some statements contained
within the SEC documents could themselves be hearsay. If so, this second level of hearsay
would be inadmissible—unless, of course, some other exception or exclusion applied to the
hearsay within hearsay.
9
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conclusions when the jury’s fair judgment should be the sole determinant of
guilt or innocence. But the jury is perfectly capable of weighing the evidence
contained in the SEC documents against other evidence to the contrary and
making an independent decision. Weighing evidence against other evidence is
a core function of the jury, and we find no reason to be concerned that a
properly instructed jury would improperly defer to the SEC’s findings.
Moreover, Gluk and Baker argue that the SEC documents were highly
probative precisely because the SEC was better positioned to make factual
findings and that professional findings would have been highly probative of the
defendants’ culpability. SEC staff are experts in understanding and
evaluating financial fraud. Administrative findings, the defendants assert, are
admissible precisely because administrative expertise might aid the jury. The
defendants’ arguments may be an overstatement, but we have touched on this
issue before, in Smith v. Universal Services, Inc., 454 F.2d 154 (5th Cir. 1972).
In Smith, we held that EEOC reports, though not binding, are
nevertheless admissible at trial. In effect, Smith held that an EEOC report
can assist the jury in the same way an expert’s testimony would. “The fact
that an [EEOC] investigator, trained and experienced in the area of
discriminatory practices and the various methods by which they can be
secreted, has found that it is likely that such an unlawful practice has occurred,
is highly probative of the ultimate issue involved in such cases.” Id. at 157
(emphasis added). 8 Gluk and Baker point out numerous cases that have
followed this same reasoning, both for the EEOC and other agencies. E.g.,
Hodge v. Seiler,
558 F.2d 284, 288 (5th Cir. 1977) (admitting a HUD report).
8The government, citing out-of-circuit law, argues that the expertise of the agency
preparing a report does not increase the probative value of a report prepared by that agency.
See Coleman v. Home Depot, Inc., 306 F.3d 1333, 1345 (3d Cir. 2002). This argument flatly
contradicts Smith and we reject it.
10
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The government contends that these cases should be limited to the
EEOC context and should not apply to SEC investigations. The government
points out that, as this case demonstrates, financial-fraud cases can turn on
credibility determinations—which is indeed the sole providence of the jury.
But employment discrimination cases are equally likely to turn on credibility
determinations; thus, the relevance of witness credibility provides no more
reason to exclude SEC documents than to exclude EEOC reports. Moreover,
investigations of employment discrimination and investigations of accounting
fraud both typically involve complex legal intricacies where expert
administrative guidance may assist the jury in weighing the evidence. In
short, we see no relevant distinction between the SEC memos and an EEOC
report; both are “highly probative.” Smith, 454 F.2d at 157.
The government presents a slightly different argument regarding the
SEC clawback complaint. The government argues that “charging decisions”
are not highly probative because “many factors unrelated to guilt may
influence those decisions and their admission therefore risks misleading the
jury and confusing the issues.” United States v. Reed, 641 F.3d 992, 993 (8th
Cir. 2011). If Gluk and Baker sought to admit the mere fact that the SEC had
brought a clawback complaint, then the government’s argument would be
correct—the simple fact that the SEC brought a clawback complaint instead of
some other charge, is of very limited probative value.
In fact, however, Gluk and Baker do not seek to admit the charging
decision, as the defendant in Reed attempted to do. Rather, Gluk and Baker
want to admit the clawback complaint, which contains factual statements
helpful to their defense. These statements have the same probative value as
the similar statements in the memos. 9
9 Nor do we believe that discussion of the complaint would necessitate undue
11
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We accordingly hold that the SEC documents are adequately probative
in helping the jury weigh the credibility issues presented in this case. The
district court enjoys great discretion under rule 403 to exclude evidence. See
United States v. O'Keefe, 426 F.3d 274, 280 (5th Cir. 2005). Nonetheless, this
discretion is not unlimited. Viewed correctly, the probative value of the SEC
report exceeded any undue prejudicial effect. The jury was entitled to know
that the SEC conducted an investigation, and concluded that Raffle and
Applegate “mislead” the company, its accounting staff, and the CFO (Gluk) by
“withholding information” and “l[ying]”; the jury should also know that, after
conducting this investigation, the SEC chose to “not allege that Baker and
Gluk participated in the wrongful conduct” that occurred at ArthroCare. Of
course, the jury was also entitled to hear that the government conducted an
independent investigation and reached a different conclusion after securing
the cooperation of Raffle and Applegate. Armed with all relevant information,
the jury would then appropriately weigh the evidence and decide what to
believe. Accordingly, we hold that the district court abused its discretion in
determining that the SEC statements should be excluded under rule 403. 10
digressions into the details of the Sarbanes-Oxley clawback framework. The government is
free to point out that, to be entitled to a clawback, the SEC was not required to allege that
the defendants had any role in the fraud. The defendants, in turn, are free to point out that
the SEC went out of its way to state that it did “not allege that Baker and Gluk participated
in the wrongful conduct.” The jury can then draw whatever conclusions from these
arguments that it thinks best.
10 Gluk and Baker also argue that the district court abused its discretion by excluding
the Latham report. We disagree. As noted above, the Latham report does not qualify for a
hearsay exception and therefore is admissible only for impeachment purposes. The limited
admissibility of the Latham report significantly diminishes the probative value of the Latham
report. Further, as the government points out, Raffle and Applegate testified at length about
the Latham investigation, so the additional probative value of admitting the report is limited.
Nevertheless, as Gluk and Baker note, the Latham report had significant impeachment
value. Given this impeachment value, we are not prepared to hold that admitting it would
have been erroneous. At the same time, excluding it was not an abuse of the district court’s
considerable discretion.
12
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C.
The government next argues that, if the district court did err in
excluding the SEC statement, the error was harmless. See United States v. El-
Mezain, 664 F.3d 467, 525 (5th Cir. 2011). The government points out that the
SEC documents barely mention Gluk and Baker. Yet this argument actually
shows the harm of excluding the documents: The memos “provide[d] a high-
level overview of the underlying facts” surrounding ArthroCare’s fraud. That
a description of the ArthroCare fraud amounts to a chronicle of “the misdeed
of John Raffle and David Applegate” is particularly relevant, as is the claim
that Raffle and Applegate “orchestrated [the] scheme” and that “Baker and
Gluk [were not alleged to have] participated in the wrongful conduct.” The
very absence of Gluk and Baker from these documents actually supports the
story they presented to the jury: that they did not know about Raffle and
Applegate’s fraud. We are also unconvinced by the government’s argument
that the error was harmless because the jury had access to all the evidence
that formed the basis for the SEC report. That the SEC, a largely neutral
investigator, had concluded that Raffle and Applegate were at the center of the
fraud—and, indeed, had repeatedly lied to others at ArthroCare—could
appropriately assist the jury in weighing the evidence presented at trial. To
acknowledge a reasonable possibility, the jury could have ultimately accepted
the SEC reports as casting a reasonable doubt on the government’s case. That
is not harmless. Accordingly, we hold that the district court’s error in
excluding the SEC documents was not harmless and we reverse and remand
based on these errors.
D.
Finally, Gluk and Baker argue that the district court erred by admitting
evidence of uncharged fraud that purportedly took place at DiscoCare. Baker
argues that:
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The [government’s] strategy, from evidence to argument, was
clear. The government recognized an obvious truth: accounting
fraud is bland. A straightforward attempt to prove an accounting
fraud case would be difficult, both because the rules of accounting
contain ample gray area and also because jurors might well be too
bored to care. In order to convict, jurors need to be outraged, and
few jurors are so moved by outsized accounts receivable and
improper revenue recognition. In order to spark a sense of outrage,
the prosecution went outside the charges proper. It went to the
DiscoCare fraud and its lurid details of needless incisions
performed at the behest of Florida ambulance chasers.
The defendants argue that this evidence was impermissible character evidence
and, in any event, was more prejudicial than probative. This evidence of
uncharged misconduct arguably creates the inference that Gluk and Baker
were bad people involved in shady operations and thus were the sort of people
who might have tolerated accounting fraud. The defendants strenuously
contend that using this type of evidence to demonstrate the character of the
defendant is impermissible under Federal Rule of Evidence 404.
The government, however, dismisses this argument, saying that
activities at DiscoCare were intrinsic to the charges of wire fraud and were
highly relevant. The government further argues that details about the
activities at DiscoCare explain why Gluk and Baker would make misleading
statements to investors (i.e., to hide those salacious details). Moreover,
evidence that shows how involved Gluk and Baker were with the DiscoCare
model demonstrates that they were involved in day-to-day operations of
DiscoCare in its relationship with ArthroCare; this involvement is relevant to
the credibility of their claim to have known nothing about Raffle’s and
Applegate’s fraud.
While at least some evidence of the DiscoCare conduct is undeniably
relevant to ArthroCare’s accounting fraud, the relevance of some limited
evidence does not license the government to introduce the magnitude of
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testimony it elicited; nor does that limited relevance allow the government to
emphasize the DiscoCare fraud, not chargeable to the defendants, in jury
arguments. Allowing such breadth of testimony relating to salacious goings-
on at DiscoCare was error.
We believe that the district court could have done more to police the line
between proper and improper evidence; it could have been more careful to
prevent the government from dwelling on the salacious details of DiscoCare’s
business practices that could not be charged to the defendants. Because we
reverse on other grounds, we need not determine whether this error
independently justifies reversal or, conversely, whether it would have been
harmless error in the absence of the reversible error we previously have
identified.
III.
Accordingly, for the reasons stated, we VACATE Baker and Gluk’s
convictions, and REMAND for a new trial. 11
VACATED and REMANDED.
11 Because we reverse the convictions, we do not reach Baker’s challenge to the
forfeiture calculation. We note, however, that forfeiture is not a fine (despite being subject to
the same Eighth Amendment limits). See United States v. Bajakajian, 524 U.S. 321, 328
(1998). As we read the relevant forfeiture statutes, they exist to require defendants to give
up the proceeds of their crimes, not to punish them for those crimes. See United States v.
Hatfield,
795 F. Supp. 2d 219 (E.D.N.Y. 2011). Requiring forfeiture of the entire value of
stock sold would require forfeiting compensation, even when that compensation is not
traceable to fraud.
15
