NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                               File Name: 20a0615n.06

                                          No. 19-5951

                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                              )                         FILED
                                                        )                    Oct 30, 2020
        Plaintiff-Appellee,                             )               DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
                                                        )
 v.                                                     )      ON APPEAL FROM THE
                                                        )      UNITED STATES DISTRICT
 JESSE GRAY,                                            )      COURT FOR THE EASTERN
                                                        )      DISTRICT OF KENTUCKY
         Defendant-Appellant.                           )



Before: STRANCH, BUSH, and LARSEN, Circuit Judges.

       PER CURIAM. Jesse Gray appeals his conviction for possessing with intent to distribute

forty or more grams of fentanyl and possessing four firearms in furtherance of the drug offense.

He argues that the district court improperly denied his motion to suppress incriminating evidence

obtained from searches of an apartment he shared with Lawanna Hudson, his girlfriend and a co-

defendant. For the reasons outlined below, we hold that (1) based on Hudson’s consent to the

initial warrantless searches of the apartment, those searches did not violate Gray’s Fourth

Amendment rights; and (2) the evidence obtained from the warrantless searches properly served

as the basis for a valid warrant obtained for the final search of the apartment. Therefore, we

AFFIRM.

                                                I.

       This case arises from a domestic violence call made by Hudson to the police on June 15,

2018. She called to report an argument with Gray that had turned violent in their shared apartment
No. 19-5951, United States v. Jesse Gray


in Lexington, Kentucky. There, the responding officers encountered Gray on the stairs outside of

the apartment. The officers then knocked on the front door of the apartment. Hudson, surrounded

by her small children, opened the door from inside the apartment and invited the officers in.

        Once the officers had entered her home, Hudson offered them details regarding the

domestic violence. According to Hudson, it had begun after she confronted Gray for slashing her

tires. Hudson stepped toward the kitchen and gestured for the officers to follow as she described

her argument with Gray. Pointing toward the bedroom, Hudson recounted that Gray had taken a

nightstand from the bedroom and smashed it on the kitchen floor. He had also, according to

Hudson, pulled her hair and thrown her to the ground. Hudson told officers that she had responded

to Gray by “bust[ing] up” a TV in the room. R. 28-1, 01:10–01:30 (noting that it was damaged

with her key). The broken nightstand was visible on the kitchen floor next to an open bedroom

door.

        Officer Christopher Flannery, one of the police officers at the scene, walked over to the

broken nightstand and into the open bedroom from which it came. He surveyed the bedroom with

a flashlight for approximately twenty seconds while Hudson, who had followed him, retrieved her

identification card and explained which of the various belongings scattered across the room

belonged to her and which belonged to Gray. A small sack of marijuana was visible on the bed,

and bags containing pills and marijuana stems were nearby on the floor. Hudson told Flannery

that she had been “smoking weed” earlier. R. 65 at PageID 269. Flannery then followed Hudson

back to the kitchen.

        Based on Hudson’s statements and the damage visible in the apartment, the officers

arrested Gray. They discovered more marijuana and a substantial amount of cash on Gray’s




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No. 19-5951, United States v. Jesse Gray


person. Flannery then returned to the previously searched bedroom, where he spent roughly fifteen

seconds looking again at the bags containing pills and marijuana stems.

       Flannery next came back to the kitchen and asked Hudson for her consent to search the

entirety of the bedroom. Hudson replied, “Go ahead. I don’t have [anything] back there.” R. 28-

6, 00:24–00:26. Flannery then went outside the apartment and asked Gray for consent to search

the room, to which Gray stated, “this is [Hudson’s] house.” R. 28-8, 00:04–00:06. When Flannery

again asked Gray whether he “ha[d] a problem” with the officers searching the bedroom, Gray

responded, “No.” R. 28-8, 00:09–00:12; see also Appellant Br. at 9–10.

       The officers’ search of the bedroom revealed a magnetic lock box attached to a metal bed

frame, which contained approximately 200 grams of a heroin and fentanyl mixture. In addition,

the officers seized a kilo press commonly used by drug traffickers, acetone (also commonly used

in preparing drugs), a safe, baggies, and a loaded firearm.

       In reliance on this seized evidence, officers obtained a warrant to search the rest of

Hudson’s apartment and the safe. Officer Danny Page, who arrived after Officer Flannery had

retrieved the marijuana and placed it on the kitchen table, prepared the search warrant affidavit.

In the affidavit, Officer Page erroneously stated that the marijuana had been found on the kitchen

table, as opposed to in the bedroom. During the ensuing search pursuant to the search warrant, the

police found multiple loaded firearms, cocaine, cash, and marijuana inside the safe. Officers also

found pawn shop receipts linking Gray to the items in the safe.

       A federal grand jury then indicted Gray and Hudson for possession with intent to distribute

forty grams or more of a substance containing a detectable amount of fentanyl (Count 1) and

possession of a firearm in furtherance of a drug trafficking crime (Counts 2 and 4). Gray was also

charged with being a felon in possession of a firearm (Count 3).


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No. 19-5951, United States v. Jesse Gray


       Gray and Hudson filed a joint motion to suppress the evidence obtained at the apartment.

The district court denied the motion. Subsequently, Gray pleaded guilty to possessing with intent

to distribute forty or more grams of fentanyl and possessing four firearms in furtherance of the

drug offense. The terms of the plea deal reserved Gray’s right to appeal the district court’s denial

of his motion to suppress. The district court then sentenced Gray to a 132-month term of

imprisonment. Gray timely filed a notice of appeal.

                                                II.

       On appeal, Gray challenges the district court’s denial of his motion to suppress the evidence

that officers seized from the apartment. Gray’s argument implicates four discrete searches of the

bedroom: (i) Flannery’s first search, shortly after entering the apartment; (ii) Flannery’s second

search, after Gray’s arrest; (iii) Flannery’s third search, after explicitly asking Hudson and Gray

for consent; and (iv) the fourth search, pursuant to the search warrant. Gray argues that the first

three searches were unlawful and, consequently, that the evidence uncovered from execution of

the search warrant must be suppressed because the warrant was obtained with information derived

from those earlier unconstitutional searches.

       “When reviewing the denial of a motion to suppress, we review the district court’s legal

conclusions de novo and the factual findings for clear error.” United States v. Taylor, 

, 511 (6th Cir. 2001) (citing United States v. Bates, 

, 794 (6th Cir. 1996)). “When

a district court has denied a motion to suppress, [this court] consider[s] the evidence in the light

most favorable to the government” and “will overturn the district court’s factual findings only if

we have the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.” United States v.

Long, 

, 572 (6th Cir. 2006) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).




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No. 19-5951, United States v. Jesse Gray


   A. The Warrantless Searches

       We first address the searches of the apartment conducted by the officers before they

obtained the warrant. As we explain below, the constitutionality of these searches is established

by undisputed facts that demonstrate that Hudson’s consent led to the chain of events in those

searches.

       We reach our holding based on well-established law in this area. The Fourth Amendment,

of course, “guarantees the right to be free from unreasonable searches and seizures.” 

. Among the grounds to deem a search and seizure constitutionally reasonable are if

they are “made pursuant to a warrant,”

person whose property is to be searched gives

consent, United States v. Carter, 

, 587 (6th Cir. 2004) (en banc).

       “Consent to a search may be in the form of words, gesture, or conduct.”

and citation omitted). In order to justify a search by consent, “[t]he government

bears the burden of demonstrating by a preponderance of the evidence, through ‘clear and positive

testimony,’ that the consent was voluntary, unequivocal, specific, intelligently given, and

uncontaminated by any duress and coercion.’” United States v. Alexander, 

, 918 (6th

Cir. 2020) (quoting United States v. Canipe, 

, 602 (6th Cir. 2009)); see also Bumper

v. North Carolina, 

, 548 (1968).

       Consent can come from anyone with “common authority” over the property. See United

States v. Moore, 

, 223 (6th Cir. 1990). “This is so, in part, because ‘a joint occupant

assumes the risk of his co-occupant exposing their common private areas to a search.’” United

States v. Beasley, 199 F. App’x 418, 424 (6th Cir. 2006) (quoting 

).

Nevertheless, “consent of one resident cannot override the express objection to search or entry by




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No. 19-5951, United States v. Jesse Gray


another, physically-present resident.”

n.1 (citing Georgia v. Randolph, 

,

106 (2006)).

   1. The First and Second Searches

       The district court held that the first and second warrantless searches of the bedroom were

constitutional as protective sweeps. We agree that those searches were constitutional but affirm

on a different ground—namely, that Hudson’s consent to Flannery’s initial search of the bedroom

is a sufficient basis on which to uphold both searches. Therefore, we need not address whether

these searches qualify as protective sweeps. This court is “free to affirm . . . on any basis supported

by the record . . . especially . . . where the underlying facts are undisputed.” Angel v. Kentucky,

, 264 (6th Cir. 2002). Here, undisputed facts establish that Hudson gave consent that

led to the first and second searches.

       “Whether consent was free and voluntary so as to waive the warrant requirement of the

Fourth Amendment is ‘a question of fact to be determined from the totality of all the

circumstances.’” 

(quoting Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 

, 227

(1973)). Furthermore, “the scope of the consent given determines the permissible scope of the

search.” United States v. Garrido-Santana, 

, 575 (6th Cir. 2004) (citation omitted).

The standard for measuring the scope of a person’s consent is objective reasonableness. Florida

v. Jimeno, 

, 251 (1991). Considering Hudson’s “words, gesture[s], [and] conduct,”

, we ask how “the typical reasonable person [would] have

understood . . . the exchange” between her and the officers, United States v. Lucas, 

,

175 (6th Cir. 2011) (quoting 

).

       A reasonable person interprets the scope of a consensual search in light of its purpose. See

(“Generally, the expressed object of the search defines the scope


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No. 19-5951, United States v. Jesse Gray


of that search.”). Thus, in Garrido-Santana, we held that the insertion of a fiber optic scope into

a car’s gas tank was within the scope of the driver’s consent to search the car for drugs.

Because the purpose of the search was to look for drugs, we concluded that a reasonable

person would have understood the scope of the driver’s consent to include “any container within

th[e] vehicle that might have held illegal contraband,” even the gas tank.

see also 

–78 (holding that the district court did not clearly err by concluding that the search

of a computer was within the scope of a consent to search the house for “narcotics-related

evidence”).

       Here, the purpose of the officers’ entry into the apartment was the corroboration of

Hudson’s allegations against Gray. Hudson had called the police to report the altercation with

Gray. When the officers arrived, she immediately invited them inside and began to describe the

incident. She motioned the officers into the kitchen, pointing to debris from the altercation on the

floor. That debris included a broken nightstand lying in front of an open bedroom door. Hudson

then explained that Gray had taken the nightstand from the bedroom before smashing it on the

floor and that a TV was “bust[ed] up” in the bedroom. A reasonable person would have understood

Hudson’s consent as permitting the officers to survey the bedroom where part of the alleged

altercation took place. See 

.

       Hudson’s subsequent lack of objection to Flannery’s entry into the bedroom confirms that

conclusion. Although “mere acquiescence does not suffice to establish free and voluntary

consent,” United States v. Moon, 

, 538 (6th Cir. 2008), we have repeatedly considered

the absence of any objection when measuring the scope of an otherwise valid consent. See 

(“Lucas did not at any time object to the computer search that was taking place in

his presence, nor did he withdraw his consent to search.”); 

(“During the


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No. 19-5951, United States v. Jesse Gray


search, Canipe made no attempt to revoke or delimit the scope of his omnibus consent . . . .”);

(“We note that, although defendant had the opportunity to do

so, he never objected to the officers’ search of the gas tank and, thus, neither clarified that the

scope of his sweeping consent excluded such a search nor revoked his consent.”).1 Here, after

explaining that part of the altercation took place in the bedroom and gesturing toward the broken

nightstand on the floor next to the open bedroom door, Hudson followed Flannery into the bedroom

and made no objection as the officer surveyed the room to corroborate her story. A reasonable

person observing this encounter would have concluded that Flannery acted within the scope of

Hudson’s consent. See 

.

       This is not to say that officers may search the entirety of a house or apartment whenever

they receive consent to come inside. The scope of a person’s consent depends on the context of

the entire situation. See 

. Thus, generally, “consent to enter one’s threshold

for the limited purpose of talking about an investigation does not include permission to enter a

bedroom . . . .” 

. But where, as here, officers receive “subsequent implied

consent” to carry their investigation further into the apartment, entry into a bedroom is permissible.

See

officers were in the house, Cajigas gave a subsequent implied consent

to let them enter the bedroom by not objecting when the officers followed her into the bedroom.”).

Here, Flannery’s first search of the bedroom did not exceed the scope of the express and implied


1
  Other circuits have applied similar reasoning. See, e.g., United States v. Davis, 

(Table), 

, at *3 (4th Cir. 1995) (“Afolabi let the officials into the apartment,
walked into the living room/dining area, continued into the bedroom, and did not object as the
officials followed him.”); United States v. Mejia, 

, 466 (9th Cir. 1991), abrogated on
other grounds by Koon v. United States, 

(1996) (“Presumably, a reasonable person
who objected to the officers’ following her would have said so.”); United States v. Pena, 

, 1515 (10th Cir. 1990) (“[F]ailure to object to the continuation of the search under these
circumstances may be considered an indication that the search was within the scope of the
consent.” (citation omitted)).
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No. 19-5951, United States v. Jesse Gray


consent Hudson provided when she invited the officers into the apartment, described the incident,

gestured to the officers to survey the damage, and followed Flannery into the bedroom without

objecting as he sought to corroborate her allegations. Accordingly, based on Hudson’s consent,

we AFFIRM the district court’s holding that the first search was constitutional.

       Our decision with respect to the first search also disposes of Gray’s argument with respect

to the second search. Flannery returned to the bedroom intending to seize the bags of pills and

marijuana stems after seeing those items in plain view during the first consensual search, but he

decided not to seize anything at that time. The second search accordingly yielded no information

or evidence that Flannery had not already gleaned. Thus, we need not address whether the second

search was constitutional based on consent or some other ground, because “[e]vidence ‘will not be

excluded . . . unless the illegality is at least the “but for” cause of the discovery of the evidence,’

unless[,] that is[,] ‘the challenged evidence is in some sense the product of illegal governmental

activity.’” United States v. Clariot, 

, 553 (6th Cir. 2011) (second alteration in original)

(citation omitted). The second search yielded nothing new.

       Therefore, based on Hudson’s consent, we AFFIRM the district court’s judgment that the

evidence obtained from the first and second warrantless searches is admissible.

   2. The Third Search

       Hudson’s consent also establishes the constitutionality of the third search. The district

court upheld the search on this ground, which we review for clear error. See United States v.

Erwin, 

, 822 (6th Cir. 1998) (en banc).

       The proof demonstrates no clear error in the district court’s findings that Gray initially

disclaimed an ownership or privacy interest in the apartment and that Hudson gave consent to the




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No. 19-5951, United States v. Jesse Gray


search. Hudson called the police to come to the apartment and, once the officers arrived, indicated

that they should investigate the scene of the alleged domestic violence.

         Gray cannot show that the district court clearly erred in determining that Hudson’s consent

was clear and unequivocal. As Officer Flannery testified, when he asked Hudson if he could search

the apartment, she responded: “Go ahead. I don’t have [anything] back there.” R. 65 at PageID

275. Body camera footage from the scene supports Officer Flannery’s testimony. R. 28-6, 00:24–

00:26.

         There was also no clear error in the district court’s finding that Hudson’s consent was

voluntary. Gray offers no evidence suggesting that Officer Flannery engaged in a coercive

interrogation of Hudson to gain her consent. See Gray’s Brief at 9–10. Quite to the contrary, in

fact: Hudson affirmatively called the police to report a domestic violence incident, invited the

officers into her home, and then provided details of her fight with Gray—all actions that suggest

she was seeking their help to investigate the domestic violence and corroborate her claims. See

Smith v. City of Wyoming, 

, 712 (6th Cir. 2016).

         Finally, Hudson’s consent alone was sufficient to justify the officers’ search. Like the co-

inhabitant of the property in Beasley, Gray had the right as a co-habitant to object to the search.

He, however, initially responded to the search request by expressly disclaiming any ownership or

privacy interest in the apartment. See Beasley, 199 F. App’x at 424. When Flannery asked Gray

again whether he “ha[d] a problem” with the officers searching the bedroom, Gray responded,

“No.” R. 28-8, 00:09–00:12. Gray’s assertion that he did not give consent is of no import, given

that it is undisputed that Gray initially disclaimed any ownership or privacy interest and that

Hudson gave her consent.




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No. 19-5951, United States v. Jesse Gray


       Accordingly, we AFFIRM the district court’s judgment that the third search was

constitutional.

   B. The Search Warrant

       Finally, Gray seeks to invalidate the search warrant obtained by way of the affidavit

provided by Officer Page. Gray claims that the information in the affidavit was “taint[ed],” Gray’s

Brief at 8, because the information related to evidence that was unconstitutionally seized during

the first three searches of the residence. Gray also argues that because the affidavit contained

inaccurate information regarding the location of the original bag of marijuana, it lacked sufficient

details to show probable cause and justify the issuing of a warrant. We find none of these

arguments to be persuasive.

       Because, as explained above, the first search was constitutional, all of the evidence the

officers obtained from that search and verified through the follow-up second search—including

the bags of marijuana and white pills—were properly included in Officer Page’s affidavit.

Likewise, because there was consent to the third search of the bedroom, the affidavit properly

referenced that evidence as well. This proof included a magnetic lock box containing 200 grams

of a heroin and fentanyl mixture, a kilo press commonly used by drug traffickers, acetone

commonly used for the preparation of drugs, a safe, baggies, and a loaded firearm.

       Officer Page’s affidavit properly outlined all of the evidence seized by the officers during

the warrantless—but lawful—three searches. The only mistake in the affidavit related to the

description of the location of the marijuana. The drug was erroneously described as being found

on the kitchen table, as opposed to the bedroom, where it was actually seized before being placed

on the table by Officer Flannery. Nonetheless, the affidavit’s misstatement of location was

immaterial. Gray’s charges—(1) possession with intent to distribute forty grams or more of a


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No. 19-5951, United States v. Jesse Gray


substance containing a detectable amount of fentanyl; (2) possession of a firearm in furtherance of

a drug trafficking crime; and (3) being a felon in possession of a firearm—all relied necessarily on

the existence of the evidence obtained from the third lawful search that had nothing to do with

whether the baggie of marijuana was located in the kitchen, as opposed to in the bedroom.

Consequently, the “lawfully obtained information amount[ed] to probable cause and would have

justified issuance of the warrant apart from the tainted information” regarding the location of the

baggie. United States v. Smith, 

, 1056 (6th Cir. 1984) (citation omitted).

       Accordingly, we AFFIRM the district court’s denial of the motion to suppress evidence

seized pursuant to the search warrant, because the search warrant was substantiated by sufficient

evidence to establish probable cause. See

       For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM Gray’s judgment of conviction.




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