The production and maintenance employees at the Uniroyal Technology Corporation ("Uniroyal") plant in Warsaw, Indiana, in an election held on February 10, 1995, voted to have the United Paperworkers International Union ("Union") represent them as their exclusive bargaining representative. Uniroyal challenged the election. It alleged that the employees were denied a free choice because the Union had engaged in impermissible conduct by improperly injecting religious issues into the campaign and by materially misrepresenting other important campaign issues. The National Labor Relations Board ("NLRB" or "Board"), on July 20, 1995, adopted the hearing officer's recommendations, overruled Uniroyal's objections, and certified the election. Following the Board's certification, Uniroyal refused to bargain with the Union. The Board then determined that the employer's refusal to bargain was an unfair labor practice and ordered Uniroyal to bargain in good faith with the Union. Uniroyal now petitions for review of the NLRB order; the Board cross-applies for enforcement of its order. Because the Board's finding of an unfair labor practice is supported by substantial evidence in the record, considered as a whole, we enforce the Board's order and deny Uniroyal's cross-petition.

* BACKGROUND

Uniroyal's plant in Warsaw, Indiana manufactures sheet plastic that is eventually used in products such as attache cases and medical equipment. The facility employs approximately 130 hourly employees and 40 salaried employees. In early December 1994, the Union began an attempt to organize the production and maintenance workers at the plant and held several organizational meetings for employees interested in helping to organize the facility. Alfredo "Al" Lozano, an extruder operator on the midnight shift at the plant, attended one of the organizational meetings and volunteered to become a member of the Union's in-plant organizing committee.1

Beginning in the early part of December, Mr. Lozano attempted to get other employees to sign union authorization cards and answered questions about the Union. At some point in early December, Mr. Lozano approached a fellow extruder operator and friend, Tim Ellis, and sought to get him to sign a union authorization card. Mr. Ellis, who worked next to Mr. Lozano on the midnight shift, indicated that he was unsure whether he was interested in signing the card. Mr. Lozano retorted that unless he, Mr. Ellis, were to stand up against the company and support the Union, he would be the same kind of person who would end up taking the "Mark of the Beast" in the last days--the days leading up to judgment day. Mr. Ellis testified that this comment hurt his feelings. The following day, Mr. Lozano apologized to Mr. Ellis for the comment he had made.

On December 22, 1994, the Union filed a petition with the NLRB seeking to represent the maintenance and production employees at the Warsaw plant. On February 10, 1995, the Board conducted an election by secret ballot at the facility, resulting in 62 of the valid 122 votes in favor of the Union and 60 in favor of the employer. Uniroyal challenged the results of the election. It alleged that the employees had been intimidated in the exercise of their Section 7 rights2 by the Union's use of impermissible religious appeals and threats and by the Union's material misrepresentations during the course of the campaign. The employer alleged that the conversation between Mr. Lozano and Mr. Ellis took place after the petition had been filed and that the "Mark of the Beast" comment circulated among the employees throughout the campaign, infecting the conditions necessary for a fair representation election. Uniroyal also complained that the Union built upon the "Mark of the Beast" comment and further injected religion into the campaign in two of its campaign newsletters. In one of these newsletters, an article entitled "Man of God offers advice" recounts the advice a Protestant clergyman gave to a group of young men trying to decide whether to join a union. The other newsletter refers to Uniroyal's outside legal counsel as the "devil's number one draft pick." These newsletters were distributed several weeks before the election--more than a month after the Lozano/Ellis conversation occurred. Finally, Uniroyal also challenged the election on the basis of several union misrepresentations regarding the company dental, vision and pension plans. In each case, the Union corrected these mischaracterizations.

A hearing officer of the Board conducted a two-day hearing during which the employer's objections to the election were considered. The hearing officer heard testimony from sixteen witnesses. On May 12, 1995, he issued his Report on Objections to the Election with Findings of Fact and Recommendations, which the Board adopted. The NLRB certified the Union as the exclusive bargaining agent on July 20, 1995.

In evaluating the election atmosphere, the NLRB determined that the critical time period was between December 22, 1994, the day the election petition was filed, and February 10, 1995, the day of the election. See Ideal Elec. & Mfg. Co., 134 N.L.R.B. 1275, 1278 (1961). The Board found that the alleged conversation between Mr. Lozano and Mr. Ellis did occur, as Mr. Ellis testified, and that it occurred in early December--several weeks before the Union's election petition was filed. The Board also found that Mr. Lozano apologized to Mr. Ellis the following day and that the apology appeased Mr. Ellis.3 The Board concluded that Mr. Lozano was not an agent of the Union and that the Union's two allegedly religious comments were unrelated to Mr. Lozano's comment. The Board further determined that, with respect to any circulation of Mr. Lozano's comment among the employees during the critical time period, the comment was nothing more than a matter of casual conversation. Finally, the Board also found that the Union had corrected all the misrepresentations it had made. Moreover, the NLRB, relying on Midland Nat'l Life Ins. Co., 263 N.L.R.B. 127, 133 (1982), held that the falsity of the campaign statements was not a basis for setting aside the election.4 In short, the Board decided that none of this pre-petition or campaign conduct was sufficiently objectionable to set aside the election.

After the Board certified the Union, Uniroyal continued to refuse to bargain. On September 25, 1995, the Union filed a complaint against Uniroyal, alleging the commission of an unfair labor practice by refusing to bargain with the certified Union. See National Labor Relations Act (the "NLRA" or "Act"), 29 U.S.C. § 158(a)(1), (5). The General Counsel, on October 6, 1995, issued a complaint. The Board issued an order transferring the proceeding to itself. The NLRB found that the company had not offered any new evidence that would require it to reexamine its representation decision. The Board, therefore, granted the General Counsel's motion for summary judgment and ordered the employer to cease and desist from its unfair labor practices, to bargain with the Union in good faith and to embody any agreement reached in a writing. Uniroyal petitioned for review of this order, and the Board cross-applied to this court to enforce the order.

We have jurisdiction to review applications for enforcement and petitions for review of Board decisions pursuant to Sections 10(e) and (f) of the NLRA, 29 U.S.C. §§ 160(e) and (f).5 In conducting our review, "we are reminded that '[t]he results of a Board-supervised and certified election are presumptively valid' "6 and that our review of the Board's decision to certify a union election is extremely limited.7 Thus, our standard of review is quite deferential: We are obligated to affirm the NLRB's findings of fact and its applications of law to fact if they are "supported by substantial evidence on the record considered as a whole." NLRB v. Winnebago Television Corp., 75 F.3d 1208, 1212 (7th Cir.1996) (citation and quotations omitted). Substantial evidence in this context is " 'such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support the Board's conclusion.' "8 We shall uphold the Board's legal conclusions that have a "reasonable basis in law."9 This deferential standard of review is appropriate in light of Congress' intent to confer upon the Board broad authority to develop national labor policy.10

Uniroyal challenges the Board's determination that the religious comments made before and during the campaign did not make the election unfair. The Board found, as a factual matter, that Mr. Lozano's comment to Mr. Ellis was made in early December, several weeks before the petition for an election was even filed, and that the comment was made only in Mr. Ellis' presence. It also found that Mr. Lozano apologized to Mr. Ellis the very next day. The Board noted that Mr. Ellis, rather than being intimidated by the comment and voting for the Union, became an ardent opponent of the Union and even, on occasion, wore a "vote no" anti-union button. The NLRB further determined that Mr. Lozano was not an agent of the Union when making his "Mark of the Beast" comment and that the two other instances in which the Union allegedly injected impermissible religious issues into the campaign were unrelated to Mr. Lozano's comment. Uniroyal challenges each of these factual findings.

In challenging the Board's determinations, the employer faces a heavy burden. A Board-run representation election is presumptively valid and the burden is on the objecting party to prove the election invalid.11 Here, Uniroyal, as the objecting party, must demonstrate that there is no substantial evidence in the record for the Board's findings and evaluation that the alleged objectionable conduct did not create an atmosphere of fear and reprisal so that the rational, uncoerced selection of a bargaining representative was rendered impossible. See Tuf-Flex Glass v. NLRB, 715 F.2d 291, 296 (7th Cir.1983).

We find adequate support in the record to uphold the Board's determination that Mr. Lozano's comment occurred in the pre-petition period--sometime in early December. A number of witnesses at the hearing testified as to the timing of the comment. Those witnesses placed the comment as being made as early as the first part of December to as late as the latter part of January. Mr. Lozano testified that, although he did not make the "Mark of the Beast" comment at all, he did discuss the Union with Mr. Ellis and tried to solicit Mr. Ellis' signature for a union authorization card. According to Mr. Lozano, this conversation occurred in the beginning of December. Mr. Ellis testified that the incident with Mr. Lozano occurred before the petition was filed, in "early December or ... later December." Tr. at 93. Other employees testified that, although they did not hear or participate in the conversation, to their knowledge, Mr. Lozano made his remark to Mr. Ellis later.12 From this widely varying testimony, the Board decided to rely upon the testimony of the two individuals most intimately involved in the incident, Mr. Ellis and Mr. Lozano, to determine the timing of their conversation. This determination finds substantial support in the record considered as a whole.

We also believe that the record amply supports the Board's finding that Mr. Lozano apologized to Mr. Ellis the next day. Mr. Ellis testified that Mr. Lozano had apologized to him the very next day.13 Also, Ms. Marshall testified that Mr. Ellis told her that Mr. Lozano had come up to him and apologized several days after Mr. Lozano made the remark.

The Board found that there was no evidence in the record that the Union had given Mr. Lozano the actual authority or that he had apparent authority to speak on behalf of the Union. Therefore, the Board reasoned, he was not an agent of the Union, and his "Mark of the Beast" statement could not be attributed to the Union. Although we have not always set out the clearest standards in our approach to the agency question in the Union election context,14 we noted in NLRB v. Service American Corp., 841 F.2d 191 (7th Cir.1988), that a number of other circuits have followed, and the NLRA supports, a liberal approach in construing agency in this context.15 Even following this more liberal approach in attributing the acts of employees to the Union, the record supports the NLRB's decision that Mr. Lozano was not acting as an agent of the Union. Mr. Lozano was not paid by the Union for any of his activities in support of the Union. The record discloses that Ted Sautter, the professional International Organizer, exclusively ran the Union campaign. Mr. Sautter testified that he was the only full-time employee of the Union and that he alone put together and issued the campaign literature, relying largely on materials sent to him by the Union. Mr. Sautter also distributed the educational materials given to the volunteers on the in-plant organization committee at the early organizational meetings and to other employees who asked for the information.16 Although Mr. Lozano was a member of the in-plant organizing committee, the record does not disclose that he had substantial union responsibilities.17 Nor does it indicate that the Union had manifested an intent to have Mr. Lozano generally speak or act on behalf of the Union or that other employees thought that he was vested with such authority.18

The question of whether an employee is an agent of the Union is a "very fact-specific issue." Kux Mfg. Co. v. NLRB, 890 F.2d 804, 809 (6th Cir.1989). The distinction between an employee-union supporter and employee-union agent is "a fine one." NLRB v. Herbert Halperin Distrib. Corp., 826 F.2d 287, 290 (4th Cir.1987). Deference to the NLRB's expertise in labor relations is especially appropriate in such situations. Here, the record amply supports the NLRB's factual determination that Mr. Lozano was not an agent of the Union.19

The Board determined that there was no connection between the Union's two instances of alleged injection of religion into the campaign and Mr. Lozano's comment. Uniroyal argues that the Union built upon, and thereby adopted, Mr. Lozano's inflammatory religious comment. The Board, however, found that the timing of the comments did not support the employer's contention that the Union was trying to capitalize on Mr. Lozano's statement. The Union's two newsletters, containing the allegedly religious remarks, were issued a month after Mr. Lozano made the comment to Mr. Ellis. Mr. Sautter testified that the items that appeared in the union newsletters were in no manner intended to build upon Mr. Lozano's pre-petition conduct.20 He further testified that the "Man of God offers advice" story came to him from the International Union. In addition, Uniroyal has failed to carry its burden in demonstrating that there is a connection between Mr. Lozano's "Mark of the Beast" comment and the newsletter story, "Man of God offers advice," which describes an incident in which a Protestant clergyman discussed the economic advantages of unionizing with some young men from his community. Likewise, Uniroyal has not shown the connection between either of these two comments and the newsletter story that refers to the company's outside labor counsel as the devil's number one draft pick.21 Thus, the record, considered as a whole, supports the Board's factual finding that the Union did not capitalize on Mr. Lozano's religious comment.

The Board, after a two-day hearing, evaluated the effect of Mr. Lozano's pre-petition comment and the Union's two pre-election religious statements made several weeks before the election on the campaign atmosphere. The NLRB determined that Mr. Lozano's conduct, which was unrelated to the Union's conduct, did not so pollute the campaign atmosphere that the election need be set aside. Uniroyal nevertheless argues that Mr. Lozano's comment was made during the critical time period, or at least circulated among the employees during the critical time, and caused quite a furor. The employer further contends that this comment, although perhaps not attributable to the Union, when coupled with the Union's statements, created such an atmosphere of fear and confusion that a free and fair election was impossible.22

"Traditionally, the Board and reviewing courts have been more reluctant to set aside an election because of misconduct by third parties, as compared with agents of the parties." Service American Corp., 841 F.2d at 195. This distinction recognizes both the difficulty that parties have in controlling third-party conduct and the burden of having to rerun elections.23 Evaluating whether the alleged conduct in fact has made the employees' free and fair choice for a bargaining agent impossible is a decision for the Board and is one to which we give substantial deference.24 Here, the Board determined that the election process was not impermissibly sullied by the single comment made by Mr. Lozano to one other employee several weeks before the Union filed the petition or by the unrelated statements in the Union newsletters. This decision is consistent with Board policy. The NLRB, in several cases, has held that instances in which employee-members of the in-house organizing committee making prejudicial or inflammatory remarks during the election do not constitute a basis for setting aside the election.25 The Board's determination here that even less weight should be given to such comments before the petition is even filed is well-founded. In this case, the alleged inflammatory comment was made several weeks before the election, and the target of the alleged threat, Mr. Ellis, did not thereafter support the Union; instead, he demonstrated an anti-union attitude, including, on occasion, wearing a "vote no" button.

The employer asserts that, even if Mr. Lozano made his remark to Mr. Ellis during the pre-petition period, the comment circulated among the plant's employees and caused such a stir that it created an atmosphere of fear and misunderstanding in which free choice in selecting a bargaining agent was impossible.26 Although several witnesses testified that the Lozano/Ellis incident was recounted on several occasions during the campaign, there is evidence in the record supporting the conclusion that the electorate was not intimidated by the alleged threat.27 Cf. NLRB v. Lovejoy Indus., 904 F.2d 397, 402 (7th Cir.1990) ("The statute does not require the Board to treat employees as if they were bacteria on a petri dish that must be kept free of contamination."). Considered as a whole, the record substantially supports the Board's view that the making and dissemination of the remark during the pre-election campaign did not so taint the process that a new election is required.28

Lastly, we find that the record amply supports the Board's refusal to set aside the election results based upon alleged union misstatements made during the campaign with respect to the pension, vision and dental plans. Uniroyal complains of two statements by the Union. On one occasion, Mr. Sautter, the professional union organizer, informed employees in the December 22 newsletter that they had lost their vision and dental plans, while the employees at another of Uniroyal's plants, represented by the Union, had retained these benefits. This statement apparently was untrue. The Board credited Mr. Sautter's testimony that he had corrected this misstatement, and that both Uniroyal and Mr. Sautter subsequently told employees that the other plant's employees had similarly lost their dental and vision benefits. In the same newsletter, Mr. Sautter published an article that indicated that, although Uniroyal's Warsaw, Indiana employees had lost some of their pension funds, the Uniroyal plant where the Union represented the employees had retained them. Again, Mr. Sautter informed the employees that he had been mistaken.

The Board currently reviews whether misstatements warrant setting aside a Board-conducted election under the Midland standard. Midland Nat'l Ins. Co., 263 N.L.R.B. 127 (1982). Under this standard, the Board:

will no longer probe into the truth or falsity of the parties' campaign statements, and ... will not set elections aside on the basis of misleading campaign statements. [The Board] will, however, intervene in cases where a party has used forged documents which render the voters unable to recognize propaganda for what it is. Thus [the Board] will set an election aside not because of the substance of the representation, but because of the deceptive manner in which it was made, a manner which renders employees unable to evaluate the forgery for what it is.

Midland, 263 N.L.R.B. at 133. We have, on occasion, left unanswered the question of whether we agree with the Board that only forged documents would warrant setting aside an election--intimating that there may be other circumstances in which the deceptive manner used by a party would likewise render employees unable to evaluate the campaign propaganda for what it is.29 We need not answer this question today. For wherever the outer boundaries of the Midland standard lie, the Union's conduct is not in their vicinity. Here, the misrepresentations were made in a union newsletter during the campaign and were clearly attributable to the Union, an interested, identifiable party. Uniroyal complains of only three misrepresentations that were made, and the Union informed the electorate that the Union was mistaken in each case. This situation seems to fall squarely in the heartland of the Midland doctrine--statements regarding a campaign issue that voters could easily recognize as propaganda. Consequently, the Board's refusal to set aside the election was supported by the record.

Because the Board's factual determinations are substantially supported by the record, considered as a whole, and its legal conclusions have a reasonable basis in law, the Board's order is enforced and Uniroyal's petition for review of the order is denied.

ENFORCEMENT GRANTED; REVIEW DENIED.