United States Court of Appeals
                          FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                   ___________

                                   No. 07-1407
                                   ___________

United States,                          *
                                        *
             Appellee,                  *
                                        * Appeal from the United States
      v.                                * District Court for the
                                        * Western District of Missouri.
Reubin R. Sanders,                      *
                                        *
             Appellant.                 *
                                   ___________

                             Submitted: October 16, 2007
                                 Filed: December 20, 2007
                                 ___________

Before BYE, BOWMAN, and SMITH, Circuit Judges.
                           ___________

BOWMAN, Circuit Judge.

       Reubin R. Sanders was indicted for being a felon in possession of a firearm.
See 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). He filed a motion to suppress evidence of the firearm,
arguing that it was the product of an illegal seizure. The District Court1 denied the
motion, and Sanders pleaded guilty to the charge while reserving the right to appeal
the evidentiary issue. Sanders now exercises that right to appeal. We affirm.


      1
        The Honorable Scott O. Wright, United States District Judge for the Western
District of Missouri, adopting the Report and Recommendation of the Honorable
John T. Maughmer, United States Magistrate Judge for the Western District of
Missouri.
        The facts in this case are not in dispute. At approximately 6:30 p.m. on
January 23, 2006, Officer Toni Uredi of the Jackson County, Missouri, Sheriff's
Department observed Donald Wilson driving a Plymouth Acclaim in Kansas City,
Missouri. Aware that Wilson's driver's license was suspended, Officer Uredi began
following the car. Officer Uredi radioed in the car's license plate information and was
told that the license plate number was not registered to a Plymouth Acclaim.2 Officer
Uredi activated his lights and initiated a traffic stop of the car. The car stopped in a
parking lot next to an apartment building in what Officer Uredi considered to be a
high-crime area. Before Officer Uredi could approach the car, Sanders, who was a
passenger in the front seat, got out. Officer Uredi immediately ordered Sanders to
reenter the car, which Sanders did after Officer Uredi repeated the order two more
times. Officer Uredi then approached the driver's side of the car to speak with Wilson.
As he neared the car, Officer Uredi saw a black pistol grip protruding from Sanders's
left front pocket. Officer Uredi radioed for assistance. After other officers arrived,
Sanders was forcibly removed from the car, and a semiautomatic pistol was removed
from his pocket.

       Sanders was arrested and charged with unlawful possession of a firearm under
18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). Sanders filed a motion to suppress evidence of the gun on the
ground that he was unlawfully seized when Officer Uredi ordered him to reenter the
car, making evidence of the gun found on his person the so-called "poisonous fruit"
of the seizure. Following an evidentiary hearing, the magistrate judge recommended
that the motion to suppress be denied. The District Court adopted the magistrate
judge's recommendation and denied the motion. Sanders entered a conditional plea
of guilty, reserving the right to appeal the denial of his motion to suppress. He now
timely appeals the evidentiary ruling.

      2
       This information was erroneous; after stopping the car and making an arrest,
Officer Uredi learned that the license plate number was registered to a Plymouth
Acclaim.

                                          -2-
       "On appeal from a denial of a motion to suppress, we review for clear error the
factual findings of the district court and we review de novo the legal determination
that the Fourth Amendment was not violated." United States v. Robinson, 

, 834 (8th Cir. 2006). Evidence that is the "'fruit'" of a seizure that violates the
Fourth Amendment is not admissible. United States v. Vega-Rico, 

, 979
(8th Cir. 2005) (quoting Wong Sun v. United States, 

, 485 (1963)).

       Sanders does not contest the legality of the initial stop of Wilson's car. Sanders
argues, rather, that Officer Uredi violated his Fourth Amendment rights by
subsequently ordering him to reenter the stopped car—thereby detaining
him—without a basis to infer that he was involved in criminal activity. If the
detention was not reasonable under the Fourth Amendment, then the gun found as a
result of the detention was the fruit of an illegal seizure and evidence of it should have
been suppressed.

       While the Supreme Court has not addressed this particular issue, it has decided
the closely analogous question of whether a police officer may order a passenger in
a vehicle to exit the vehicle during a lawful traffic stop. Maryland v. Wilson, 

, 410 (1997). Applying Fourth Amendment jurisprudence, the Court balanced the
"'public interest'" in police officer safety with the right of passengers to be "'free from
arbitrary interference by law officers.'" 

(quoting Pennsylvania v. Mimms,

, 109 (1977) (per curiam)).3 On the public interest side of the balance,
the Court deemed police officer safety a "weighty interest." 

The Court
cited statistics of assaults and killings of police officers during traffic pursuits and
stops, and it noted that when there is more than one occupant in a vehicle, "the
possible sources of harm to the officer" are increased. 

personal liberty side
of the balance, the Court considered that passengers might have a stronger liberty


      3
        In Mimms, the Court adopted a bright-line rule that a police officer may order
the driver of a lawfully stopped car to exit the vehicle.

                                           -3-
interest than drivers but noted, "[A]s a practical matter, the passengers are already
stopped by virtue of the stop of the vehicle." 

see also Brendlin v.
California, 

, 2407 (2007) (holding that when a police officer makes a
traffic stop, the passenger in the car, in addition to the driver, is seized because a
reasonable passenger would not believe himself free to leave). "The only change in
their circumstances which will result from ordering them out of the car is that they
will be outside of, rather than inside of, the stopped car." 

.
This intrusion on passengers is "minimal," according to the Court. 

       The Court concluded that "as a matter of course," a police officer may order
passengers of a lawfully stopped car "to get out of the car pending completion of the
stop." 

415.4 In reaching its decision, the Court found "guidance by
analogy" in Michigan v. Summers, a case holding that police officers could order a
person leaving a house to reenter the house and remain there while officers executed
a search warrant. 

(citing Michigan v. Summers, 

(1981)). The Court invoked its statement in Summers that "'[t]he risk of harm to both
the police and the occupants is minimized if the officers routinely exercise
unquestioned command of the situation.'" 

(quoting 

–03).

       We believe that the reasoning in Wilson and Summers applies with equal force
to the situation before us, and we hold that Officer Uredi did not violate the Fourth
Amendment when he ordered Sanders to reenter the car. When Officer Uredi stopped
the car, he faced the same safety concerns discussed in Wilson. He was unassisted in
a high-crime area, it was dark, and he was outnumbered by the occupants in the car.
Officer Uredi testified that it is his usual practice at traffic stops to order all occupants
to remain in the vehicle until the completion of the stop. He does this out of concern


       4
       We have applied this rule in United States v. Beatty, 

, 813 (8th
Cir. 1999) and United States v. Coleman, 

, 904 (8th Cir. 1999).

                                            -4-
for his safety because he does not want "somebody [to] get . . . out of [his] sight." Tr.
of Suppression Hr'g at 26. As in Wilson, the concerns for officer safety in this case
were 

.5

       In contrast, the intrusion on Sanders's liberty interest was "minimal." 

As a passenger in a car that was pulled over by police, Sanders was seized as soon as
the car stopped. See 

(holding that a traffic stop results
in a seizure of passengers because a reasonable passenger "would not expect a police
officer to allow people to come and go freely from" the scene and because a
passenger's "attempt to leave the scene would be so obviously likely to prompt an
objection from the officer that no passenger would feel free to leave"). By ordering
Sanders to reenter the car, Officer Uredi simply reinstated the status quo; the only
change in Sanders's circumstances was that he was inside of, rather than outside of,
the stopped car. As soon as Sanders was back inside of the car, Officer Uredi
approached and saw the pistol grip protruding from Sanders's pocket. Thus, the
amount of time that Sanders was detained without reasonable suspicion that he had
committed a crime was de minimis.6 See 

("We thus


      5
         We reject Sanders's argument that "[b]ecause the stop occurred in the parking
lot of an apartment complex, rather than on the side of [a] road subject to heavy
traffic, the public safety concerns are not as weighty." Br. for Appellant at 8. The
Wilson Court considered a similar scenario: the danger to police officers arising from
oncoming traffic is generally not present in the case of 

.
The Court concluded, however, that the threat to officer safety remained a weighty
concern because "the fact that there is more than one occupant of the vehicle increases
the possible sources of harm to the officer." 

argues that a passenger who is prevented from leaving a car that has
stopped at the passenger's final destination faces a greater intrusion on his personal
liberties than a passenger (like the passenger in Wilson) who is ordered out of a car
and who is free to either leave or to wait until the completion of the stop to continue
his travel. See 

n.3 (expressing "no opinion" on whether "an
officer may forcibly detain a passenger for the entire duration of the stop" because the

                                           -5-
conclude that, even if a suspicionless seizure occurred during the period from the
conclusion of the lawful traffic stop until the officers unquestionably had probable
cause, it was a de minimis intrusion that did not constitute an unreasonable seizure
within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment."). We find this minimal intrusion on
Sanders's personal liberty far outweighed by the safety concerns of Officer Uredi. See

("What is at most a mere inconvenience cannot prevail when
balanced against legitimate concerns for the officer's safety."). As the Supreme Court
recognized in Summers and Wilson when facing analogous facts, "[t]he risk of harm
to both the police and the occupants is minimized if the officers routinely exercise
unquestioned command of the situation." 

–03, quoted in

.7


passenger there "was subjected to no detention based on the stopping of the car once
he had left it"). While Sanders may be correct, we nonetheless conclude that Sanders's
liberty interests were outweighed by the interest in Officer Uredi's safety when Officer
Uredi ordered Sanders back into the car at the onset of the stop. We need not reach
the more general question of whether an officer may detain a passenger for the
duration of a stop without reasonable suspicion that the passenger is or was engaged
in criminal activity.
      7
        We note that our holding is consistent with the opinions of every other circuit
to address this issue. See United States v. Williams, 

, 1034 (9th Cir.)
("We hold that under the Fourth Amendment it is reasonable for an officer to order a
passenger back into an automobile . . . because the concerns for officer safety . . . and
specifically the need for officers to exercise control . . . outweigh the marginal
intrusion on the passenger's liberty interest."), cert. denied, 

(2005);
United States v. Clark, 

, 1288 (11th Cir. 2003) (holding that officer did
not violate the Fourth Amendment when he ordered a passenger to reenter a car as a
means of protecting the officer's safety while investigating a crime); United States v.
Moorefield, 

, 11 (3rd Cir. 1997) (holding that "police officers may
constitutionally order occupants of cars to remain in the vehicle with their hands up
in the air"); cf. Rogala v. District of Columbia, 

, app. at 53 (D.C. Cir.
1998) (involving a passenger who did not attempt to leave the scene; summarily
affirming and reprinting the district court's opinion, which held that "it follows from
Maryland v. Wilson that a police officer has the power to reasonably control the

                                          -6-
       Because Officer Uredi's detention of Sanders was reasonable under the Fourth
Amendment, the gun found in Sanders's pocket was not the product of an illegal
search. Sanders's motion to suppress was properly denied. The judgment of the
District Court is affirmed.
                        ______________________________




situation by requiring a passenger to remain in a vehicle during a traffic stop"); see
also United States v. Holt, 

, 1223 (10th Cir. 2001) (en banc) (stating in
dictum that "during a routine traffic stop, an officer may . . . order the passengers to
remain in the vehicle").

                                          -7-