In 1968, appellant Leano pleaded guilty to two counts of concealing and transporting imported marijuana in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 176a,1 and was sentenced to 10 years' imprisonment on each count, to run concurrently. Ten years is the mandatory minimum sentence for violation of § 176a by one who has a prior drug conviction.

In Leano v. United States, 494 F.2d 361 (9th Cir. 1974) (Leano I), this court considered the validity of the district court's sentencing. We determined that the transcript on its face established a "reasonable probability" that "the sentencing judge enhanced punishment on the basis of a conviction void because (Leano) had not been afforded his Sixth Amendment right to counsel. United States v. Tucker, 404 U.S. 443, 92 S. Ct. 589, 30 L. Ed. 2d 592 (1972)." Id. at 362. We thus " 'remanded to the district court for resentencing without consideration of any prior convictions which is (Sic ) invalid under Gideon v. Wainright, 372 U.S. 335, 83 S. Ct. 792, 9 L. Ed. 2d 799 (1963).' " Id. at 363.

Upon remand the original sentencing judge reimposed the identical ten-year sentence, disclaiming reliance upon the invalid prior. Leano again appealed to this court. We consolidated the second Leano appeal with the appeal in Farrow v. United States, No. 74-2429. Although the panel in the consolidated Farrow-Leano appeal split as to the proper resolution of appellant Farrow's claims, it was unanimous in remanding Leano's cause for reconsideration of the sentence. Specifically, the panel wrote that the sentencing judge reimposed

upon Leano the identical ten-year sentence which the Leano I record shows he thought to be the "minimum" (based on the erroneous view that Leano was a second offender) at the time of the original sentencing. See 494 F.2d at 362-363 n.3. During the resentencing proceeding, the judge reiterated his earlier disclaimer of reliance on the certification of a prior conviction at the original sentencing even though, as we concluded in Leano I, the sentencing transcript manifests otherwise. In addition, the judge gave an "explanation" of his original sentencing at some length, taking the position that he had relied on a recommendation of a ten-year sentence contained in the presentence report. . . . However, the cover page of that presentence report . . . clearly indicates that the report was prepared under the assumption that Leano was a second offender . . . . Hence it appears that the judge's recollection of the sentencing proceeding has been dimmed by the intervening years ....

. . . (W)here, as here, there is no evidentiary basis for (the judge's "finding" that the original sentence was not enhanced based on improper factors), it must be deemed clearly erroneous, the sentence must be vacated, and the prisoner resentenced . . . . The matter now before us is in essentially the same posture as in Leano I. The substantial lingering doubt as to whether the original ten-year sentence may have been based on improper considerations hovers over the new sentence. Accordingly, that sentence must be vacated and the cause remanded for a fresh resentencing. For the judge's sake and the appearance of justice, the Chief Judge of the United States District Court for the Central District of California shall on remand designate a different judge to conduct the resentencing.

After the consolidated Farrow-Leano decision was issued, a rehearing en banc was granted in the cause of Farrow. No rehearing was requested in the cause of Leano. Accordingly, the mandate in Leano was not withdrawn. See Farrow v. United States, 580 F.2d 1339, 1344 n.1 (9th Cir. 1978) (en banc). Nonetheless, the consolidated Farrow-Leano opinion was withdrawn. Gelfuso v. Bell, 590 F.2d 754, 755 (9th Cir. 1978).

Pursuant to the Leano mandate, the remand of Leano was assigned to a different judge for reconsideration of the sentence. That judge reduced Leano's sentence from ten years to eight years on each count, to run concurrently.

Although the consolidated panel decision in Farrow-Leano has been withdrawn, and although the cause of Leano was not directly in issue in the en banc consideration of Farrow, this court en banc placed its imprimatur upon the panel's unanimous Leano analysis. The court en banc noted:

(W)here the district judge's disclaimer of reliance on the invalid priors is in fact contradicted by the record, we have held that the case must be remanded for resentencing without consideration of any prior conviction invalid under Gideon. Leano v. United States, 494 F.2d 361 (9th Cir. 1974). . . . Leano represented an exception to the procedures (approved in Farrow for Tucker claims) where there was "no support in the record for the court's statement that it had not relied on the prior," and indeed, "it was clear that the trial judge imposed the ten-year sentence Because of the prior conviction." Wilson v. United States, 534 F.2d at 131 (emphasis added).

Farrow, 580 F.2d at 1348 (en banc) (footnote omitted).

The court en banc also approved of our direction that a different judge should conduct the resentencing. After noting that "Tucker petitions . . . should ordinarily be decided by the original sentencing judge," 580 F.2d at 1351, the court en banc, through Judge Choy, added:

As our decisions in Leano . . . and Wilson v. United States, 534 F.2d 130, 133 (9th Cir. 1976) make clear, there is an important distinction between the ordinary Tucker case and cases in which the sentencing judge's determination of a § 2255 Tucker petition is inconsistent with the record. The fact that the record in Leano contradicted the sentencing judge's disclaimer of reliance on an allegedly invalid prior he considered the minimum sentence to be ten years, which could not have been the case if he had disregarded the challenged conviction was the basis for the author's concurrence in . . . remanding the case to a new judge for resentencing. . . . As stated in United States v. Robin, 553 F.2d 8, 11 (2d Cir. 1977), "(i)n the rare case where a judge has repeatedly adhered to an erroneous view after the error is called to his attention (citation omitted), reassignment to another judge may be advisable in order to avoid 'an exercise in futility (in which) the Court is merely marching up the hill only to march right down again,' United States v. Tucker, 404 U.S. 443, 452, 92 S. Ct. 589, 594, 30 L. Ed. 2d 592 (1972) (Blackmun, J., dissenting)."

Id. at 1351-52 n.20.

In short, this court's en banc decision in Farrow confirms the propriety of the remand of Leano to the district court with instruction for resentencing by a different judge.