FOR PUBLICATION
 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
      FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

ERRIS EDGERLY,                        
               Plaintiff-Appellant,
               v.                           No. 05-15080
CITY AND COUNTY OF SAN                       D.C. No.
FRANCISCO; DAVID GOFF; JOHN               CV-03-02169-WHA
CONEFREY; FREDERICK SCHIFF,
            Defendants-Appellees.
                                      

ERRIS EDGERLY,                        
               Plaintiff-Appellant,
                                            No. 05-15382
               v.
CITY AND COUNTY OF SAN                       D.C. No.
                                          CV-03-02169-WHA
FRANCISCO; DAVID GOFF; JOHN
                                              OPINION
CONEFREY; FREDERICK SCHIFF,
            Defendants-Appellees.
                                      
       Appeal from the United States District Court
         for the Northern District of California
        William H. Alsup, Distict Judge, Presiding

                Argued and Submitted
      November 13, 2006—San Francisco, California

                    Filed July 17, 2007

    Before: William C. Canby, Jr., John T. Noonan, and
             Richard A. Paez, Circuit Judges.

                  Opinion by Judge Paez

                           8613
        EDGERLY v. CITY   AND   COUNTY   OF   SAN FRANCISCO   8617


                          COUNSEL

Gregory M. Haynes, San Francisco, California, for plaintiff-
appellant Erris Edgerly.

Dennis J. Herrera, City Attorney, Joanne Hoeper, Chief Trial
Attorney, Sean F. Connolly, Deputy City Attorney, San Fran-
cisco City Attorney’s Office, San Francisco, California, for
defendants-appellees City and County of San Francisco, John
Conefrey, and David Goff.
8618      EDGERLY v. CITY      AND   COUNTY    OF   SAN FRANCISCO
Jeremy Sugerman, Daniel J. O’Rielly, Gordon-Creed, Kelley,
Holl & Sugerman, LLP, San Francisco, California, for
defendant-appellee Frederick Schiff.


                                OPINION

PAEZ, Circuit Judge:

   San Francisco Police Department Officers David Goff and
John Conefrey (“Officers”) arrested Erris Edgerly for tres-
passing within the gated area of the Martin Luther King/
Marcus Garvey Housing Cooperative (“Cooperative”). The
Officers transported Edgerly to the local police station, where
they searched him for contraband. The search did not reveal
any contraband and Sergeant Frederick Schiff, the police
supervisor on duty at the time, authorized the Officers to issue
Edgerly a citation for trespass and release him. Edgerly was
not prosecuted for trespass or any other offense. Edgerly then
filed this § 1983 action against the Officers, Schiff, and the
City and County of San Francisco (“City”), alleging that the
Officers unlawfully arrested and searched him in violation of
the Fourth Amendment, and that Schiff and the City were lia-
ble for the Officers’ unconstitutional actions. He also asserted
various state tort claims against the Officers, Schiff, and the
City.

   In ruling on the parties’ motions for summary judgment,1
the district court dismissed Edgerly’s § 1983 claims against
the City and all claims against Schiff, but found that there
were genuine issues of material fact with regard to Edgerly’s
constitutional and state law claims against the Officers and
  1
    The Officers and City filed joint motions for summary judgment and,
later at trial, for judgment as a matter of law. Schiff filed separate motions.
Edgerly filed a motion for partial summary judgment and requested partial
judgment as a matter of law on his arrest claims.
         EDGERLY v. CITY   AND   COUNTY   OF   SAN FRANCISCO     8619
state law claims against the City, and therefore allowed those
claims to proceed to trial.

   Following the presentation of all evidence, the district court
granted the defendants’ motion for judgment as a matter of
law under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 50(a) and dis-
missed Edgerly’s remaining claims. The court also awarded
attorneys’ fees to Schiff under 42 U.S.C. § 1988 and imposed
sanctions against Edgerly and his attorney, Gregory Haynes,
under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 11(b). We have juris-
diction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We reverse in part,
affirm in part, and remand for further proceedings.

   On Edgerly’s arrest claims, we hold as a matter of law that
the Officers did not have probable cause to arrest Edgerly for
trespass in violation of then-section 602(l), now section
602(m), of the California Penal Code, or any other criminal
statute identified by the Officers and City. We also hold that
the Officers are not entitled to qualified immunity for the
arrest. Accordingly, Edgerly is entitled to judgment as a mat-
ter of law on the arrest claims and we reverse and remand for
a determination of damages.

   On Edgerly’s search claims, we hold that, viewing the evi-
dence in the light most favorable to Edgerly, a reasonable jury
could find that the Officers subjected him to an unreasonable
search in violation of the Fourth Amendment. We also hold
that the Officers are not entitled to qualified immunity for the
search. Consequently, we reverse and remand Edgerly’s
search claims for further proceedings.

   Finally, as to Edgerly’s other claims, we reverse (1) the
Rule 50(a) ruling dismissing his additional state law claims
against the Officers and the City, and (2) the grant of sum-
mary judgment dismissing his § 1983 Monell2 claims against
the City. We affirm, however, (1) the grant of summary judg-
  2
   Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs. of New York, 

(1978).
8620      EDGERLY v. CITY        AND   COUNTY   OF   SAN FRANCISCO
ment to Schiff, (2) the award of attorneys’ fees to Schiff under
42 U.S.C. § 1988, and (3) the award of sanctions against
Edgerly and his counsel.

                            I.    Background

   In reviewing the district court’s summary judgment ruling,
we consider only the evidence submitted in connection with
the parties’ motions, which consisted primarily of their pre-
trial depositions. Conversely, in reviewing the district court’s
Rule 50(a) ruling, we consider only the evidence presented at
trial. However, other than one discrepancy in Edgerly’s testi-
mony that is not relevant to our disposition,3 there were no
significant differences between the parties’ depositions and
trial testimony. Therefore, we do not expressly distinguish
between the two in our description of the facts.

   The material evidence regarding Edgerly’s arrest is not in
dispute. On August 29, 2000, while on daytime patrol, Offi-
cers Goff and Conefrey drove by the Cooperative and
observed Edgerly standing inside the fence that surrounds the
property, next to a playground area. “No trespassing” signs
were posted at the Cooperative’s gated entrances. The Offi-
cers continued on their patrol and returned about five minutes
later to find Edgerly standing at the same location. According
to the Officers, they knew that Edgerly did not live at the
Cooperative and that he had previously been arrested for a
drug offense at a nearby street corner.4
  3
     At his deposition, Edgerly testified that he told the Officers before the
arrest that he was at the Cooperative “waiting for a resident.” At trial,
however, he did not testify that he told the Officers why he was at the
Cooperative. In granting judgment as a matter of law for the Officers, the
district court mistakenly concluded that the absence of this testimony was
critical. As we explain below, the Officers lacked probable cause whether
or not Edgerly told them that he was waiting for a resident.
   4
     The Officers also testified that the cooperative was in a high-crime area
known for drug dealing and that Edgerly was an “associate” of neighbor-
          EDGERLY v. CITY      AND   COUNTY   OF   SAN FRANCISCO        8621
   The Officers stopped their car, approached Edgerly, and
asked him “what he was doing.” According to the Officers,
Edgerly responded that he was “just chilling,” which meant
“just hanging out for no reason.”5 Having “determin[ed] that
he had no specific reason to be [at the Cooperative],” the Offi-
cers arrested Edgerly for trespassing in violation of California
Penal Code section 602(l). The Officers testified that Edgerly
was trespassing because he was loitering on the property and
the Cooperative’s management had requested that officers
enforce the “no trespassing” signs.

   After the arrest, the Officers conducted a pat-down search
of Edgerly and transported him to the Park Police Station,
where they performed an additional search. There is conflict-
ing evidence regarding the station search. Edgerly testified
that Officer Goff asked him to remove his shoes and socks,
pull his pants down to his ankles, and bend over and cough.
He also testified that Goff looked inside his boxer shorts
before telling him that he could get dressed. The Officers,
however, testified that Goff conducted only a routine clothing
search. In any event, the search did not reveal any contraband.
Sergeant Schiff was the supervisor on duty at the police sta-
tion at the time, but he was not aware of the arrest or search
until after they were completed, at which time he authorized
the Officers to cite and release Edgerly. Edgerly was never
prosecuted for any offense.

hood gang members. Edgerly testified that he lived one block away from
the Cooperative and regularly visited his friends who lived there. He also
testified that he rang the doorbell to a friend’s home shortly before his
arrest and that he was waiting for her to return home when he was
arrested.
   5
     Edgerly’s trial testimony was slightly different. He testified that the
Officers asked him whether he lived at the Cooperative and that he said
“no.” We agree with the district court that this minor difference is not rele-
vant to the probable cause analysis. Crediting either version of events,
Edgerly did not provide the Officers with a specific explanation for his
presence, but neither did he refuse to offer an explanation or suggest that
he was on the premises for an unlawful purpose.
8622      EDGERLY v. CITY    AND   COUNTY   OF   SAN FRANCISCO
   Edgerly filed a complaint against the Officers, Schiff, and
the City in the Superior Court of California, seeking damages
under § 1983 for violations of his Fourth Amendment rights.
Edgerly also alleged state law claims for negligence, negli-
gent and intentional infliction of emotional distress, false
arrest, and unlawful search. The City properly removed the
case to federal court. After the parties completed discovery,
the district court granted summary judgment to the City on
Edgerly’s § 1983 Monell claims and to Schiff on all claims
against him. The court found, however, that there were genu-
ine issues of material fact with regard to Edgerly’s § 1983 and
state law claims against the Officers and state law claims
against the City, and therefore denied summary judgment on
those claims.

   At trial, at the close of all the evidence, the district court
granted the Officers and City’s motion for judgment as a mat-
ter of law “for the reasons stated on the record and memoran-
dum submitted by [the Officers and City].”6 The court ruled
that, as a matter of law, the Officers had probable cause to
arrest Edgerly, if not under section 602(l), then under another
state trespassing or loitering statute. As the court explained at
the Rule 50 hearing:

      On this record and these circumstances no jury could
      find otherwise than these officers had probable cause
      to believe a crime of some sort had been committed.
      That’s true even if it wasn’t 602(l). It didn’t have to
      be 602(l). In addition, I want to say that counsel
      should have brought to my attention California Penal
      Code 602.8. . . . But I want to say that I’m not limit-
      ing my analysis to 602.8. I am adopting each and
  6
   Although Edgerly did not file a separate Rule 50(a) motion, he
requested that the court rule as a matter of law that the Officers lacked
probable cause to arrest him, in his “Response to Defendants’ Request for
Curative Instructions and Plaintiff’s Request for order of No probable
cause for 602(L) trespass arrest.”
         EDGERLY v. CITY     AND   COUNTY   OF   SAN FRANCISCO     8623
      every other provision that the City Attorney’s Office
      has suggested . . . .7

   The court also held that the Officers’ search of Edgerly at
the police station was not a strip search and was reasonable
under the Fourth Amendment. In the alternative, the court
held that, under federal and state law, the Officers were enti-
tled to immunity from all of Edgerly’s claims.

   After entry of judgment, the district court granted Schiff’s
motion for attorneys’ fees, because Edgerly failed to dismiss
Schiff after discovery revealed that the claims against him
lacked merit. The court also granted Schiff’s motion for sanc-
tions against Edgerly and his attorney, finding that they filed
two frivolous motions for reconsideration of the court’s sum-
mary judgment ruling.

                           II.   Discussion

                 A.    Officers Goff and Conefrey

  We review de novo the district court’s order granting the
Officers and City’s motion for judgment as a matter of law
under Rule 50(a). See Santos v. Gates, 

, 851 (9th
Cir. 2002). “Judgment as a matter of law is appropriate when
the evidence presented at trial permits only one reasonable
conclusion.” 

1983 Unlawful Arrest Claim

                  a.   Probable Cause to Arrest

  Edgerly argues that the Officers arrested him without prob-
able cause, in violation of the Fourth Amendment. To deter-
  7
   As we discuss below, the Officers and City suggested that probable
cause also existed to arrest Edgerly under California Penal Code sections
602.5 and 647(h).
8624    EDGERLY v. CITY   AND   COUNTY   OF   SAN FRANCISCO
mine whether the Officers had probable cause at the time of
the arrest, we consider “whether at that moment the facts and
circumstances within [the Officers’] knowledge . . . were suf-
ficient to warrant a prudent man in believing that the peti-
tioner had committed or was committing an offense.” Beck v.
Ohio, 

, 91 (1964). Although conclusive evidence
of guilt is not necessary to establish probable cause, “mere
suspicion, common rumor, or even strong reason to suspect
are not enough.” United States v. Lopez, 

, 1072
(9th Cir. 2007) (alteration omitted). Generally, officers need
not have probable cause for every element of the offense, but
they must have probable cause for specific intent when it is
a required element. 

   [1] Also, shortly before the district court entered judgment
for the Officers and City under Rule 50(a), the Supreme Court
decided Devenpeck v. Alford, 

(2004), reversing
our decision in Alford v. Haner, 

(9th Cir. 2003),
and overturning our precedent holding that probable cause
supports an arrest only if probable cause existed for the
offense invoked by the arresting officers or a closely related
offense. See 

. The Court held
that, because the probable cause standard is objective, proba-
ble cause supports an arrest so long as the arresting officers
had probable cause to arrest the suspect for any criminal
offense, regardless of their stated reason for the arrest. See 

however, an arrest is still unlawful unless
probable cause existed under a specific criminal statute. See

(remanding for the Ninth Circuit to address whether
probable cause existed to arrest respondent for “obstructing a
law-enforcement officer or for impersonating a law-
enforcement officer”); see also Alford v. Haner, 

, 937 (9th Cir. 2006) (holding, on remand from Deven-
peck, that probable cause existed because there was “suffi-
cient evidence in the record to support a finding of objective
probable cause to arrest Alford for the misdemeanor offense
of criminal impersonation in the second degree”). It is there-
fore not enough, as the Officers and City argue, that probable
          EDGERLY v. CITY     AND   COUNTY   OF   SAN FRANCISCO       8625
cause existed to arrest Edgerly for some metaphysical crimi-
nal offense;8 they must ultimately point to a particular statu-
tory offense.

   [2] We conclude that the Officers did not have probable
cause to arrest Edgerly for any offense identified by the Offi-
cers and City. The Officers cited Edgerly for violating Cali-
fornia Penal Code section 602(l), now section 602(m). Under
this section, a person commits a trespass if he or she “will-
fully . . . [e]nter[s] and occup[ies] real property or structures
of any kind without the consent of the owner.” Long before
Edgerly’s arrest, however, the California Supreme Court had
clearly established that section 602(l) “requires occupation of
the property, a ‘nontransient, continuous type of posses-
sion.’ ” In re Catalano, 

, 234 n.8 (Cal. 1981)
(quoting People v. Wilkinson, 

, 264 (Cal.
App. Dep’t Super. Ct. 1967)). As Wilkinson explained, sec-
tion 602(l) requires the specific “inten[t] to remain perma-
nently, or until 

; see also Cal.
Jury Instr., Crim., No. 16.340 (6th ed. 1996) (requiring, for a
conviction under section 602(l), proof that the defendant “en-
tered and occupied the property with the specific intent to dis-
possess those lawfully entitled to possession”).

   [3] Here, the Officers knew only that Edgerly was not a res-
ident of the Cooperative and that he had been on the property
for a matter of minutes. On the basis of these facts, a reason-
able officer would not have believed that Edgerly had violated
or was about to violate section 602(l).

  [4] Nor did probable cause exist to arrest Edgerly for any
of the other criminal offenses suggested by the Officers and
  8
    In their brief on appeal, the Officers and City do not argue with speci-
ficity that probable cause existed to arrest Edgerly under a trespassing or
loitering statute; indeed, they do not even mention any relevant statutes.
They argue only that the Officers “had probable cause to arrest Edgerly
for some type of trespass.”
8626      EDGERLY v. CITY    AND   COUNTY   OF   SAN FRANCISCO
City to the district court. First, under California Penal Code
section 647(h), loitering also has a specific intent requirement,
for which the Officers clearly had no probable cause.9 Specifi-
cally, that section requires that the alleged loiterer “delay or
linger” on the property “for the purpose of committing a
crime as opportunity may be discovered.”10 Id.; see also In re
Joshua M., 

, 664-65 (Cal. Ct. App.
2001) (noting that the California courts first added this “spe-
cific intent element” to the state’s loitering statute in 1961,
and that “[t]he Legislature included this intent element when
it redrafted [the loitering statute] as present section 647, sub-
division (h)”); Cal. Jury Instr., Crim., No. 16.445 (6th ed.
1996) (requiring, for a conviction under section 647(h), proof
that the defendant “had a specific intent to commit a crime if
[he or she] discovered the opportunity to do so”).

   Second, the 2000 version of California Penal Code section
602.5 in effect at the time of Edgerly’s arrest, which prohib-
ited “enter[ing] or remain[ing] in any noncommercial dwell-
ing house, apartment, or other such place,”11 applied by its
terms only to “structures of the most private character, i.e.,
places of habitation.” In re D.C.L., 

, 55 (Cal.
App. 1978) (holding that unauthorized entry of a shed adja-
   9
     California Penal Code section 647(h) provides, in full: “[Everyone
who] loiters, prowls, or wanders upon the private property of another, at
any time, without visible or lawful business with the owner or occupant
[is guilty of disorderly conduct, a misdemeanor]. As used in this subdivi-
sion, ‘loiter’ means to delay or linger without a lawful purpose for being
on the property and for the purpose of committing a crime as opportunity
may be discovered.”
   10
      Although we recognize that the probable cause and qualified immu-
nity standards are objective, see 

; Bingham v. City
of Manhattan Beach, 

, 950 (9th Cir. 2003), we note that the
Officers and City do not argue, and the Officers did not testify, that the
Officers had probable cause to believe that Edgerly was on the Coopera-
tive property for the purpose of committing a crime.
   11
      Effective January 1, 2001, California amended section 602.5 to
replace “other such place” with “other residential place.” 2000 Cal. Stat.
ch. 3 (S.B. No. 1486).
          EDGERLY v. CITY      AND   COUNTY    OF   SAN FRANCISCO        8627
cent to a house does not violate the section).12 A reasonable
officer would not have believed that Edgerly, who was stand-
ing in the Cooperative’s playground area, had entered or was
about to enter a dwelling unit in the Cooperative in violation
of section 602.5.

   Finally, probable cause could not have existed to place
Edgerly under custodial arrest pursuant to California Penal
Code section 602.8(a). As an initial matter, it is doubtful that
the section applies to residential property, as it prohibits enter-
ing, without written permission, “lands under cultivation or
enclosed by fence . . . [or] uncultivated or unenclosed lands
where signs forbidding trespass are displayed at intervals not
less than three to a mile.”13 In any event, a first offense under
section 602.8(a) is punishable only “as an infraction” and,
under clearly established California law, “[i]n all cases . . . in
which a person is arrested for an infraction, a peace officer
shall only require the arrestee to present . . . satisfactory
[proof of identity] and to sign a written promise to appear.”
Cal. Penal Code § 853.5. “Only if the arrestee refuses to sign
a written promise, has no satisfactory identification, or refuses
to provide a thumbprint or fingerprint may the arrestee be
taken into custody.” 

Officers did not testify that Edgerly refused to
provide identification, fingerprints, or a signed written prom-
ise to appear, or that they had reason to believe that he previ-
  12
      As In re D.C.L. also noted, to construe the section otherwise “would
be inconsistent with the legislative intent expressed in [section 602(l)], in
that a penalty could be imposed for an unauthorized entry of any noncom-
mercial structure even though no substantial occupation occurred.” 

   13
      As the California Court of Appeal explained in Quarterman v. Kefau-
ver, citing section 602.8(a), among other statutes: “This sampling of stat-
utes suggests that when the Legislature refers to land as . . . under
cultivation . . . the ordinary import of the description usually is to agricul-
tural land . . . , or at least rural land as opposed to urban backyards.” 

, 745-46 (Cal. Ct. App. 1997).”
8628      EDGERLY v. CITY     AND   COUNTY   OF   SAN FRANCISCO
ously violated section 602.8(a). Thus, even if a reasonable
officer might have believed that Edgerly had violated section
602.8(a), the Officers lacked probable cause to place Edgerly
under custodial arrest on this basis.

  [5] In sum, the facts and circumstances within the Officers’
knowledge were not sufficient for a reasonable officer to
believe that Edgerly had violated or was about to violate any
California criminal statute that permitted custodial arrest,14
and we therefore conclude that the Officers did not have prob-
able cause to arrest Edgerly.15 See 

.
  14
    The Officers and City do not refer us to any relevant municipal code
for which probable cause to arrest may have existed.
  15
     In Blankenhorn v. City of Orange, we recently held that city police
officers had probable cause to arrest Blankenhorn for trespass under Cali-
fornia Penal Code sections 602(j) and 602(n), now sections 602(k) and
602(o). See 

, 473-75 (9th Cir. 2007). Blankenhorn, however,
involved a unique set of facts distinct from those in the instant case, and
dealt with two sections of the California Penal Code that clearly do not
apply here.
   The officers arrested Blankenhorn at a shopping mall where, six months
before, mall security had issued him written notice evicting and perma-
nently banning him from the premises. Mall security also asked the offi-
cers to arrest Blankenhorn on the night of the arrest. In light of these
circumstances, we held that “[r]easonable officers could have thought that
Blankenhorn, knowing he had been banned a few months earlier, could
have intended that his presence would constitute ‘injury to property rights’
or ‘interference’ with [the mall’s] business,” in violation of then-section
602(j). 

(quoting Cal. Penal Code § 602(j)). Likewise, we
held that reasonable officers could have concluded that Blankenhorn vio-
lated then-section 602(n), by his “ ‘[r]efus[al] or fail[ure] to leave’ after
being issued the Notice Forbidding Trespass.” 

Penal
Code § 602(n)) (alterations in original).
   In light of these differences, although Blankenhorn also involved an
arrest for trespass under the California Penal Code, it does not affect our
analysis of Edgerly’s unlawful arrest claims.
        EDGERLY v. CITY   AND   COUNTY   OF   SAN FRANCISCO   8629
            b.   Qualified Immunity for the Arrest

   [6] We must also determine, however, whether the Officers
are entitled to qualified immunity for the arrest. As the
Supreme Court explained in Saucier v. Katz, 

(2001), police officers are entitled to qualified immunity from
§ 1983 claims unless (1) their alleged conduct violated a con-
stitutional right, and (2) that right was clearly established. 

In determining whether a right was clearly estab-
lished, we do not consider the right as a “general proposition.”

Rather, “[t]he relevant, dispositive inquiry . . . is
whether it would be clear to a reasonable officer that his con-
duct was unlawful in the situation he confronted.” 

   [7] Here, the Officers violated Edgerly’s constitutional
rights under the Fourth Amendment by arresting him without
probable cause. The qualified immunity analysis therefore
distills down to a single particularized inquiry: whether “a
reasonable officer could have believed that probable cause
existed [for the] arrest” under the circumstances. Hunter v.
Bryant, 

, 228 (1991). If so, the arresting officers
are entitled to qualified immunity. Conversely, if a “reason-
able officer could [not] have believed [the arrest] to be lawful,
in light of clearly established law and the information the
[arresting] officers possessed,” then the arresting officers are
not entitled to immunity. 

(final alteration in origi-
nal).

   [8] We conclude that the Officers are not entitled to quali-
fied immunity. At the time of the arrest, it was clear under
established California law that Edgerly’s brief and otherwise
unremarkable presence within the Cooperative’s gated, out-
side area did not violate any criminal statute. See 

28.

   First, as we explained above with regard to then-section
602(l), it was clearly established well before Edgerly’s arrest
that a person committed a trespass under that section only if
8630    EDGERLY v. CITY   AND   COUNTY   OF   SAN FRANCISCO
he or she had the specific intent to permanently dispossess the
lawful owner of the property. Given Edgerly’s unremarkable
presence on Cooperative property for a matter of minutes, no
reasonable officer could have believed that probable cause
existed to arrest Edgerly under section 602(l).

   Similarly, no reasonable officer could have believed that
probable cause existed to arrest Edgerly under section 647(h),
in light of its express specific intent requirement. As we
explained above, a person violates section 647(h) only if he
or she lingers on private property for the purpose of commit-
ting a crime. Here, Edgerly was simply standing at the Coop-
erative’s playground area for about five minutes, and the
Officers had no additional information that Edgerly specifi-
cally intended to commit a crime at that time.

   Nor could a reasonable officer have believed that probable
cause existed to arrest Edgerly under the applicable version of
section 602.5, since none of the facts known to the Officers
suggested that Edgerly had entered or was about to enter any
of the Cooperative’s dwelling units. As we explained above,
and the California courts had emphasized prior to Edgerly’s
arrest, the section applied by its express terms only to actual
places of habitation—dwelling houses or apartments—not
playground areas.

   Finally, even assuming a reasonable officer could have
believed that Edgerly had violated section 602.8(a), a reason-
able officer could not have believed that probable cause
existed to arrest Edgerly for the violation. As we explained
in Bingham v. City of Manhattan Beach, “in evaluating a cus-
todial arrest . . . federal courts must determine the reasonable-
ness of the arrest in reference to state law governing the

(alteration omitted). Thus, because
California law “prohibits arresting someone solely for being
an unlicensed driver,” we concluded in Bingham that
“[a]rresting Bingham solely on that basis clearly is not an
action that a reasonable officer could have believed lawful.”
          EDGERLY v. CITY     AND   COUNTY   OF   SAN FRANCISCO       8631

internal quotation marks omitted). Here,
too, no reasonable officer could have believed that it was law-
ful to place Edgerly under custodial arrest solely on the basis
of section 602.8(a). As we explained above, California law
prohibits custodial arrests for a first offense under the circum-
stances of the instant case.

   [9] In sum, we conclude that the Officers lacked probable
cause to arrest Edgerly for any offense and, because no rea-
sonable officer could have believed otherwise, that they are
not entitled to qualified immunity for the arrest. We therefore
reverse and remand for the district court to enter judgment in
favor of Edgerly on the issues of probable cause and qualified
immunity for the arrest, and for further proceedings on the
issue of damages.

            2.   Section 1983 Unlawful Search Claim

   We also conclude that the district court erroneously entered
judgment as a matter of law for the Officers on Edgerly’s
§ 1983 unlawful search claim. Viewing the evidence at trial
in the light most favorable to Edgerly, a reasonable jury could
find that the Officers’ search of Edgerly at the police station
was unreasonable, in violation of the Fourth Amendment.
Also, because no reasonable officer could have believed, in
light of clearly established law, that the search as described by
Edgerly was constitutional, the Officers are not entitled to
qualified immunity for the search. Because the evidence from
trial permits more than one reasonable conclusion as to the
constitutionality of the search, we remand for further proceed-
ings.16
  16
     Notably, Edgerly does not argue that the search was unconstitutional
because it followed in a “continuous and unbroken sequence” from the
unlawful arrest. Lucero v. Donovan, 

, 20 (9th Cir. 1965) (“If
the arrest [was] unlawful, then liability could follow, as to [the arresting
officer], for the arrest and the events which followed in legally unbroken
sequence.”); see also Heck v. Humphrey, 

, 484 (1994) (hold-
8632      EDGERLY v. CITY    AND   COUNTY   OF   SAN FRANCISCO
                a.   Reasonableness of the Search

   To determine whether a search is reasonable under the
Fourth Amendment, we balance “the need for the particular
search against the invasion of personal rights that the search
entails.” Way v. County of Ventura, 

, 1160 (9th
Cir. 2006). State law is also relevant in analyzing the reason-
ableness of a search under the Fourth Amendment. See Reed
v. Hoy, 

, 330 n.5 (9th Cir. 1989); see also

.

   [10] We have held that “arrestees charged with minor
offenses may be subjected to a strip search only if jail offi-
cials possess a reasonable suspicion that the individual
arrestee is carrying or concealing contraband.” Fuller v. M.G.
Jewelry, 

, 1446 (9th Cir. 1991) (citing Giles v.
Ackerman, 

(9th Cir. 1984), overruled in part on
other grounds by Hodgers-Durgin v. de la Vina, 

(9th Cir. 1999)). Similarly, California Penal Code sec-
tion 4030(f) prohibits strip searches of persons arrested for
minor offenses “except those involving, weapons, controlled
substances or violence,” unless the officer has a “reasonable
suspicion based on specific and articulable facts to believe
such person is concealing a weapon or contraband.”17

ing that common law tort rules provide the appropriate starting point for
assessing § 1983 damages, and that damages for false arrest tort claims
“cover the time of detention up until issuance of process or arraignment”
(citation omitted)); United States v. Jenkins, 

, 1089 (2d Cir.
1989) (“[B]ecause Jenkins’ arrest . . . was illegal, no valid inventory
search could have been based on that arrest.”). Because Edgerly did not
raise this argument, we deem it waived and therefore do not address it. If
the district court deems it appropriate on remand, however, it may allow
Edgerly to raise this issue.
   17
      We recently held, however, addressing section 4030, that not all drug
offenses provide reasonable suspicion for a strip search. See 

. We have also held that not all felony offenses provide the
requisite suspicion. See Kennedy v. Los Angeles Police Dep’t, 

, 711 (9th Cir. 1990), implied overruling on other grounds recognized
by Act Up!/Portland v. Bagley, 

, 872 (9th Cir. 1993).
          EDGERLY v. CITY      AND   COUNTY   OF   SAN FRANCISCO        8633
   [11] We have also held that visually inspecting a person’s
naked body, even without a “visual examination of body cavi-
ties,” constitutes a strip search.18 See 

,
618. Additionally, California’s reasonable definition of a
“strip search” informs our Fourth Amendment analysis in the
instant case. See 

n.5; see also 

. California Penal Code section 4030(c)
expressly defines a strip search as a “search which requires a
person to remove or arrange some or all of his or her clothing
so as to permit a visual inspection of the underclothing,
breasts, buttocks, or genitalia of such person.”

   [12] Viewing the evidence in light most favorable to
Edgerly, a reasonable jury could find that the Officers strip
searched him. According to Edgerly’s trial testimony, Officer
Goff required him to arrange his clothing so as to permit a
visual inspection of his undergarments, by asking him to pull
his pants down to his ankles. Further, Edgerly’s testimony
that Goff looked inside his boxer shorts permits a reasonable
inference that Goff visually inspected his buttocks or genitalia.19
Therefore, if the jury credits Edgerly’s testimony, the Offi-
cers’ search was a strip search that required reasonable suspi-
cion.
  18
      Although we have not expressly decided whether requiring an arrestee
to expose only his or her undergarments constitutes a strip search, we have
held in the border search context that such a search “tend[s] toward [a]
strip search in that if conducted in public it can be said to result in embar-
rassment to one of reasonable sensibilities.” United States v. Palmer, 

, 723 (9th Cir. 1978). We further held that, although it is “hardly
feasible to enunciate a clear and simple standard for each possible degree
of intrusiveness,” such a search requires “suspicion . . . founded on facts
specifically relating to the person to be searched, and [that] the search [be]
no more intrusive than necessary to obtain the truth respecting the suspi-
cious circumstances.” 

their motion for judgment as a matter of law, the Officers and City
conceded that, crediting “Edgerly’s version of the search, and, giving a
most liberal interpretation of that search, . . . a visual search was con-
ducted of his genitalia.”
8634      EDGERLY v. CITY    AND   COUNTY   OF   SAN FRANCISCO
   [13] The Officers, however, did not testify that they had
reasonable suspicion for the search. Rather, they testified that
they arrested Edgerly only for trespass, a minor offense not
involving contraband, weapons, or violence. Also, Officer
Coneferey testified that Edgerly was not required to lower his
pants at the police station because there was no reason to
believe that he was concealing a weapon or contraband.

  [14] Accordingly, a reasonable jury could find that the
Officers strip searched Edgerly; and, if the Officers did strip
search Edgerly, they violated his Fourth Amendment rights,
because they did not have reasonable suspicion for the search.20

             b.   Qualified Immunity for the Search

   Because the facts alleged by Edgerly show that the Offi-
cers’ conduct violated his constitutional rights, see 

, the qualified immunity analysis again turns on a
single particularized inquiry: whether a reasonable officer
could have believed, in light of clearly established law, that
the search was constitutional. See 

see also 

.

   [15] We conclude that the Officers are not entitled to quali-
fied immunity for their alleged conduct of strip searching
Edgerly either by requiring him to reveal his undergarments
or by visually inspecting his genitalia or buttocks. As we
explained above, it is clearly established in the Ninth Circuit
that post-booking strip searches without reasonable suspicion
are unconstitutional. See 

. Moreover,
California law expressly defines a strip search to include the
  20
     In determining the reasonableness of the search under the Fourth
Amendment, a jury could also consider the fact that, if the Officers strip
searched Edgerly, they violated California law regardless of whether they
had reasonable suspicion for the search, because it was not authorized by
Sergeant Schiff. See Cal. Penal Code § 4030(f) (“No strip search . . . may
be conducted without the prior written authorization of the supervising
officer on duty.”).
        EDGERLY v. CITY   AND   COUNTY   OF   SAN FRANCISCO   8635
exposure of undergarments or visual inspection of buttocks or
genitalia, see Cal. Penal Code § 4030(c), and provides that it
is a criminal offense to knowingly and willfully perform such
searches on misdemeanor arrestees such as Edgerly without
reasonable suspicion. See 

(n). In light of this
clearly established law, no reasonable officer could have
believed the police station search, as described by Edgerly at
trial, to be lawful. See 

; see also

-02.

                    3.    State Law Claims

   [16] Because the analysis for Edgerly’s state law false
arrest claim is the same as for his § 1983 unlawful arrest
claim, we reverse and remand for the district court to enter
judgment in favor of Edgerly and to address the issue of dam-
ages in further proceedings. See Gillan v. City of San Marino,

, 167-68 (Cal. Ct. App. 2007) (holding
that a police officer who unlawfully arrests an individual
without probable cause is liable for false arrest, and that Cali-
fornia Government Code sections 820.2 and 821.6 do not pro-
vide immunity from such claims); cf. Cal. Penal Code
§ 847(b)(1) (providing that officers are entitled to immunity
from false arrest claims where they had “reasonable cause to
believe the arrest was lawful”); 

(holding that the arresting officers were entitled to immunity
from appellant’s state law false arrest claim because the offi-
cers had probable cause for the arrest).

   Also, although the legal basis for Edgerly’s state law
unlawful search claim is not entirely clear from his complaint
or the district court’s orders, it appears to be California Penal
Code section 4030(p), which provides a private right of action
for persons unlawfully strip searched in violation of the sec-
tion. If so, Edgerly’s state law unlawful search claim would
depend on the same disputed factual issues as his § 1983
unlawful search claim, and turn on the jury’s resolution of
these issues on remand. We therefore reverse and remand for
8636      EDGERLY v. CITY    AND   COUNTY   OF   SAN FRANCISCO
the district court to clarify the legal basis of this claim and to
proceed accordingly.21

   Edgerly’s claims for negligence and negligent and inten-
tional infliction of emotional distress, however, raise substan-
tial legal and factual questions beyond the lawfulness of
Edgerly’s arrest and search, such as whether Edgerly suffered
severe emotional distress and what duties the Officers owed
to Edgerly. Because the district court mistakenly concluded
that Edgerly’s arrest and search were lawful, it did not reach
these questions. We therefore remand these claims so that the
district court can address the necessary questions in the first
instance.

                            B.     The City

                 1.   Section 1983 Monell Claims

   We review de novo the district court’s order granting sum-
mary judgment to the City for Edgerly’s § 1983 claims
against it. See Anderson v. Warner, 

, 1067 (9th
Cir. 2006). Viewing the facts in the light most favorable to the
nonmoving party, “we must determine whether there are any
genuine issues of material fact and whether the district court
correctly applied the relevant substantive law.” 

clude that the district court erred in determining that Edgerly
could not maintain his § 1983 Monell claims against the City.
We therefore reverse the grant of summary judgment to the
City on these claims and remand for further proceedings.
  21
    As we explained above with regard to Edgerly’s § 1983 unlawful
search claim, the district court may, if it deems it appropriate, allow
Edgerly to raise the issue of whether he is entitled to damages for the
search simply because it was the result of his unlawful arrest. See supra
note 16; cf. Asgari v. City of Los Angeles, 

, 281 (Cal. 1997)
(“[A] police officer’s liability for false arrest does not include damages
caused by incarceration following the arrestee’s arraignment on formal
charges.”).
         EDGERLY v. CITY   AND   COUNTY   OF   SAN FRANCISCO   8637
   The Supreme Court has held that, “when execution of a
government’s policy or custom, whether made by its lawmak-
ers or by those whose edicts or acts may fairly be said to rep-
resent official policy, inflicts [a constitutional] injury [then]
the government as an entity is responsible under section
1983.” 

. A municipality is liable under
Monell only if a municipal policy or custom was the “moving
force” behind the constitutional violation. City of Canton v.
Harris, 

, 388-89 (1989).

   Here, discovery revealed facts that, taken in the light most
favorable to Edgerly, establish municipal liability under
Monell for the Officers’ actions. First, with regard to Edger-
ly’s arrest, Sergeant Schiff testified at his deposition that
occupying a property for five to ten minutes would be suffi-
cient to constitute a violation of section 602(l). In explaining
his basis for this erroneous belief, Schiff testified that his ini-
tial training with the City specifically covered section 602(l)
and that he received periodic updates regarding enforcement
of the section. Schiff also testified that:

    We have had upwards of six captains in the eight
    years that I’ve been [in the district.] Each [of the
    captains] has received numerous complaints [from
    the Cooperative’s management and management at
    two other low income housing projects in the area]
    about the trespassing, the drug dealing, and requests
    to abate it, and those requests generally wind up in
    the lap of Officer[s] Goff and Conefrey.

   In his deposition, Officer Goff confirmed that, during his
tenure at the station, supervising officers had instructed him
about the requirements for enforcing section 602(l) at the
Cooperative and two other public housing projects in the area.
He believed that these instructions applied only at the housing
projects. Officer Goff also testified that “this particular prob-
lem, . . . outsiders hanging out, selling drugs in these particu-
8638    EDGERLY v. CITY   AND   COUNTY   OF   SAN FRANCISCO
lar properties,” had “been discussed for 17 years with
numerous supervisors.”

   Taking these facts in the light most favorable to Edgerly,
a jury could reasonably find that: (1) the City had a policy of
training its police officers to make arrests under section 602(l)
in situations where probable cause did not exist; (2) policy-
makers in the police department had implemented a policy of
making such unconstitutional arrests at the Cooperative; and
(3) these city policies were the moving force behind the Offi-
cers’ violation of Edgerly’s constitutional rights, since police
captains and supervisors directed Officers Goff and Conefrey
in particular to make such arrests. Thus, the district court
erred by dismissing Edgerly’s § 1983 Monell claim for unlaw-
ful arrest.

   [17] For similar reasons, we conclude that the district court
erroneously dismissed Edgerly’s § 1983 Monell claim prem-
ised on the Officers’ allegedly unconstitutional search. In his
deposition, Schiff testified that he followed “department poli-
cy” in requiring officers to request authorization only for full
body cavity searches and not for searches that constituted
strip searches under California Penal Code section 4030(c).
Further, the Officers testified at their depositions that requir-
ing an arrestee to remove his pants to reveal his underclothing
does not constitute a strip search or require supervisor
approval, and that they had conducted hundreds of such
searches. Taking these facts in the light most favorable to
Edgerly, a reasonable jury could find that: (1) the City had
implemented a policy of permitting unreasonable searches;
(2) the Officers were aware of this policy; and (3) the policy
was the moving force behind the Officers’ violation of Edger-
ly’s constitutional rights.

   We therefore reverse the district court’s dismissal of Edger-
ly’s § 1983 Monell claims against the City, and remand for
further proceedings.
         EDGERLY v. CITY   AND   COUNTY   OF   SAN FRANCISCO   8639
                     2.    State Law Claims

   [18] We also conclude that the district court erred by grant-
ing judgment as a matter of law for the City on Edgerly’s state
law tort claims. First, Edgerly is correct that the City is vicari-
ously liable for the Officers’ actions under California law,
which “has rejected the Monell rule and imposes liability on
[cities] under the doctrine of respondeat superior for acts of
[city] employees.” See Robinson v. Solano County, 

, 1016 (9th Cir. 2002) (en banc) (citing Cal. Gov. Code
§ 815.2). The City is therefore liable to the same extent as the
Officers for Edgerly’s state law claims against them, and
Edgerly may recover from the City any damages awarded on
remand. See 

claim that the City is directly liable for
his injuries because it negligently trained and supervised the
Officers, raises legal and factual questions that the district
court has not yet addressed, such as whether the City owed
Edgerly a relevant duty of care. We therefore remand this
claim for the district court to address the necessary questions
in the first instance.

                      C.    Sergeant Schiff

  We affirm, however, the district court’s grant of summary
judgment to Sergeant Schiff as to all claims against him.

   We have found supervisorial liability under § 1983 where
the supervisor “was personally involved in the constitutional
deprivation or a sufficient causal connection exists between
the supervisor’s unlawful conduct and the constitutional vio-
lation.” Lolli v. County of Orange, 

, 418 (9th Cir.
2003). Thus, supervisors “can be held liable for: 1) their own
culpable action or inaction in the training, supervision, or con-
trol of subordinates; 2) their acquiescence in the constitutional
deprivation of which a complaint is made; or 3) for conduct
that showed a reckless or callous indifference to the rights of
8640    EDGERLY v. CITY   AND   COUNTY   OF   SAN FRANCISCO
others.” Cunningham v. Gates, 

, 1292 (9th Cir.
2000).

   Taking the facts in the light most favorable to Edgerly, Ser-
geant Schiff was a police supervisor, responsible for the day-
to-day operations at the station when he was on duty, who
provided only informal training to officers—as Schiff testified
at his deposition, when officers asked him questions, he
would try to answer them. Schiff also testified, incorrectly,
that section 602(l) can involve a very brief trespass, and that
he had been involved in making such, likely unconstitutional,
arrests with other officers. Schiff further testified that, con-
trary to the requirements of section 4030, he requires officers
to request authorization from him only for full body cavity
searches, not for strip searches.

   These facts, however, do not establish supervisorial liabil-
ity for Schiff. No reasonable trier of fact could find that Schiff
had any personal involvement in the incident, since he was
not aware of the arrest or search until after they were com-
pleted, when he authorized the Officers to cite and release
Edgerly. Nor could a reasonable trier of fact find that a suffi-
cient causal connection existed between Schiff and the Offi-
cers’ unconstitutional actions. Schiff was not responsible for
station policy; he was required to enforce the rules and regula-
tions set forth by his supervising captain and other higher-
ranking officers. Cf. Redman v. County of San Diego, 

, 1446-48 (9th Cir. 1991) (holding, where petitioner
alleged that he was sexually assaulted in prison due to a defi-
cient inmate assignment policy, that a reasonable jury could
find supervisorial liability based on evidence that the defen-
dant sheriff was responsible for the “ultimate direction of
operations at the [prison]”). Nor do the facts suggest that
Schiff provided any training to Officers Goff or Conefrey in
particular, or that he was responsible for providing formal
training to any officers. See Canell v. Lightner, 

, 1213 (9th Cir. 1998) (holding that, to establish supervi-
         EDGERLY v. CITY    AND   COUNTY   OF   SAN FRANCISCO   8641
sorial liability for failure to train, a plaintiff must show that
the failure “amounted to deliberate indifference”).

   [19] Accordingly, the district court properly dismissed
Edgerly’s § 1983 claims against Schiff. For similar reasons,
the court properly dismissed Edgerly’s state law claims
against Schiff. Each of these state law claims requires proof
of causation and, as discussed, the facts do not establish a suf-
ficient causal connection between Schiff and the Officers’
actions. We therefore affirm the district court’s grant of sum-
mary judgment to Schiff.

                       D.   Attorneys’ Fees

   We review an award of attorneys’ fees pursuant to 42
U.S.C. § 1988 for an abuse of discretion. LSO, Ltd. v. Stroh,

, 1160 (9th Cir. 2000). A district court may
award attorneys’ fees to a prevailing defendant “only where
the action brought is found to be unreasonable, frivolous,
meritless, or vexatious.”22 Patton v. County of Kings, 

, 1381 (9th Cir. 1988).

  Prior to Schiff’s deposition on May 4, 2004, his attorney
sent three letters to Edgerly’s attorney requesting that he dis-
miss Schiff because the Officers’ depositions established that
Schiff was not liable for the arrest or search. Edgerly’s attor-
ney declined to do so. After the district court ordered sum-
mary judgment on October 14, 2004, Schiff’s attorney filed a
motion for attorneys’ fees pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1988.

   The district court granted Schiff’s motion in part, awarding
him reasonable attorneys’ fees starting from May 11, 2004,
when the parties completed discovery. The court found that it
was reasonable for Edgerly not to dismiss Schiff before com-
pleting discovery, since it was possible that Schiff’s deposi-
tion would reveal that he had a more significant role in
  22
    Edgerly does not challenge the amount of the fee award.
8642      EDGERLY v. CITY      AND   COUNTY    OF   SAN FRANCISCO
training or supervising the Officers than the Officers’ deposi-
tions had disclosed. The court found, however, that it was
unreasonable for Edgerly not to dismiss Schiff after his depo-
sition confirmed that there was no basis for supervisorial lia-
bility.

   [20] We conclude that the district court did not abuse its
discretion in awarding reasonable post-discovery attorneys’
fees to Schiff.23

                              E.     Sanctions

   We also review a district court’s imposition of sanctions for
an abuse of discretion. Patelco Credit Union v. Sahni, 

, 912-13 (9th Cir. 2001). “A district court abuses its
discretion in imposing sanctions when it bases its decision on
an erroneous view of the law or on a clearly erroneous assess-
ment of the evidence.” 

A motion for reconsidera-
tion is sanctionable if it is frivolous, but not if it raises new
issues. See Conn v. Borjorquez, 

, 1421 (9th Cir.
1992).

   Here, the district court awarded sanctions against Edgerly
and his attorney, Gregory Haynes, under Federal Rule of Civil
Procedure 11(b) on the basis of its finding that they filed two
frivolous motions for reconsideration.24 Thus, the court
awarded sanctions in the amount of attorneys’ fees that Schiff
incurred in responding to the motions.
  23
      Edgerly also argues that the district court abused its discretion because
it decided the motion for attorneys’ fees without allowing oral argument.
Local Rule 7-1(b) for the Northern District of California, however, pro-
vides that a district court may decide motions without oral argument, and
,Edgerly does not explain why oral argument was necessary for the court
to rule properly on Schiff’s motion.
   24
      The district court also found in the alternative that the award of sanc-
tions was justified under 28 U.S.C. § 1987. Because we affirm the award
of sanctions under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 11(b), we do not
address this alternate basis for the sanctions.
          EDGERLY v. CITY    AND   COUNTY   OF   SAN FRANCISCO       8643
   [21] We conclude that the district court did not abuse its
discretion in imposing these sanctions. The court did not com-
mit any legal error and its finding that Edgerly and Haynes’
two motions for reconsideration did not raise any new issues
was not clearly erroneous.25

                           III.   Conclusion

   In sum, we conclude that the Officers unlawfully arrested
Edgerly without probable cause, and that they are not entitled
to qualified immunity for this violation of his Fourth Amend-
ment rights. We therefore reverse and remand for the district
court to enter judgment as a matter of law for Edgerly on his
§ 1983 unlawful arrest claim against the Officers and state
law false arrest claims against the Officers and the City, and
for further proceedings on the issue of damages.

   We further hold that, viewing the evidence in the light most
favorable to Edgerly, a reasonable jury could find that the
Officers unlawfully strip searched him in violation of the
Fourth Amendment and California Penal Code § 4030(f), and
that the Officers are not entitled to qualified immunity for the
search. We therefore reverse and remand for further proceed-
ings Edgerly’s § 1983 unlawful search claim against the Offi-
cers and state law unlawful search claims against the Officers
and the City.

   We also reverse and remand for the district court to address
in the first instance Edgerly’s state law negligence, negligent
infliction of emotional distress, and intentional infliction of
emotional distress claims against the Officers and the City,
and negligent training and supervision claim against the City.
Likewise, we reverse and remand for further proceedings
Edgerly’s § 1983 Monell claims against the City.
  25
    For the reasons discussed supra note 23, the district court did not
abuse its discretion in granting the motion without allowing oral argument.
8644    EDGERLY v. CITY   AND   COUNTY   OF   SAN FRANCISCO
   We affirm, however, the district court’s dismissal of all
claims against Schiff, grant of attorneys’ fees to Schiff, and
imposition of sanctions against Edgerly and his attorney,
Gregory Haynes.

  AFFIRMED in part, REVERSED in part, and
REMANDED for further proceedings consistent with this
opinion.

  In Appeal No. 05-15080, Edgerly shall recover his costs of
appeal.

  In Appeal No. 05-15382, the Appellees shall recover their
costs of appeal.