NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE REHEARING
                      MOTION AND, IF FILED, DETERMINED


                                             IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL

                                             OF FLORIDA

                                             SECOND DISTRICT



PORTALP INTERNATIONAL SAS, a                 )
French corporation,                          )
                                             )
              Appellant,                     )
                                             )
v.                                           )      Case No. 2D15-1676
                                             )
DANIEL ZULOAGA and PORTALP USA,              )
INC., a Florida corporation,                 )
                                             )
              Appellees.                     )
                                             )

Opinion filed December 18, 2015.

Appeal pursuant to Fla. R. App. P. 9.130
from the Circuit Court for Collier County;
James R. Shenko, Judge.

Robert J. Alwine of Robert Allen Law,
Miami; and Alexander L. Palenzuela of
Law Offices of Alexander L. Palenzuela,
P.A., Miami, for Appellant.

William Diaz-Garcia and Steven V. Blount
of Blount Law, PL, Naples, for Appellee
Daniel Zuloaga.

No appearance for Appellee Portalp USA,
Inc., a Florida corporation.



BLACK, Judge.
              Portalp International SAS challenges the trial court's order denying its

motion to quash service of process, asserting that Daniel Zuloaga's attempt to serve it in

France via Federal Express is invalid under the Hague Convention on the Service

Abroad of Judicial and Extrajudicial Documents in Civil or Commercial Matters article

10(a), November 15, 1965, 20 U.S.T. 361, 658 U.N.T.S. 163 (Hague Convention).

Portalp International argues that by the plain meaning of the text of article 10(a), the

Hague Convention only permits the mailing of judicial documents after process has

been served. We agree with the trial court's finding that the Hague Convention permits

service of process by mail and affirm.

   I.     Background

              Mr. Zuloaga was the president of Portalp USA, LLC. After Portalp USA

terminated Mr. Zuloaga's employment, he filed a lawsuit for breach of employment

agreement against Portalp USA and its French majority shareholder, Portalp

International. 1 To effect service of process on Portalp International, Mr. Zuloaga sent

the summons and complaint by Federal Express to Portalp International's corporate

office in Fontaine, France. A copy of the Federal Express "proof-of-delivery" printout

was attached to the notice of filing proof of service indicating that these documents were

delivered to Portalp International's corporate office and signed for by "BEL." In

response to the notice, Portalp International entered a limited appearance and filed a

motion to quash service of process for failure to comply with the requirements of the




              1
                This appeal only concerns the method by which Mr. Zuloaga attempted to
effect service of process on Portalp International in France. Portalp USA did not
participate in this appeal.


                                            -2-
Hague Convention. Portalp International argued that the Hague Convention does not

allow for service of process by mail and therefore that service of process was invalid.

The trial court found Ackermann v. Levine, 

(2d. Cir. 1986), and Lestrade

v. United States, 

(S.D. Fla. 1996), which held that article 10(a)

permits service of process by mail, to be persuasive, and it concluded that service of

process was valid.

   II.    Standard of review

              "When a trial court rules on a motion to quash service of process, we

review that ruling de novo." Baker v. Stearns Bank, N.A., 

, 1125 (Fla. 2d

DCA 2012). Likewise, we review de novo the trial court's interpretation of a treaty. See

Wigley v. Hares, 

, 940 (Fla. 4th DCA 2011) (quoting In re Application of

Adan, 

, 390 (3d Cir. 2006)).

   III.   Discussion

              Section 48.194(1), Florida Statutes (2014), provides, in part, that "[s]ervice

of process on persons outside the United States may be required to conform to the

provisions of the Hague Convention on the Service Abroad of Judicial and Extrajudicial

Documents in Civil or Commercial Matters." "In Florida, the Hague Convention applies

in all cases 'where there is occasion to transmit a judicial or extrajudicial document for

service abroad.' " Grupo Radio Centro S.A.B. de C.V. v. Am. Merch. Banking Grp., Inc.,

, 151 (Fla. 3d DCA 2011) (quoting Chabert v. Bacquie, 

,

812 (Fla. 4th DCA 1997)); see SDS-IC v. Fla. Concentrates Int'l, LLC, 

,

391 (Fla. 2d DCA 2015) ("Article 1 of the Hague Convention provides that it 'shall apply

in all cases, in civil or commercial matters, where there is occasion to transmit a judicial




                                            -3-
or extrajudicial document for service abroad.' " (quoting Hague 

)). And where it applies, "compliance with the [Hague] Convention is mandatory."

Volkswagenwerk Aktiengesellschaft v. Schlunk, 

, 705 (1988).

              The sole issue raised by Portalp International on appeal is whether service

of process by mail is permissible under article 10(a) of the Hague Convention. 2 Article

10(a) of the Hague Convention states that "[p]rovided the State of destination does not

object, the present Convention shall not interfere with . . . the freedom to send judicial

documents, by postal channels, directly to persons abroad." Hague 

(emphasis added). 3 This is an issue of first impression in Florida, 4 though

several circuits of the U.S. courts of appeals and several Florida federal district courts

have considered the issue, resulting in a split of authority. The issue has not been

addressed by the U.S. Supreme Court or the Eleventh Circuit.

              The prevailing view among the circuits of the U.S. court of appeals that



              2
               Though Portalp International stated at the hearing on the motion to quash
service of process that the Florida Rules of Civil Procedure do not permit service by
mail absent consent from the receiving party, it did not present any argument in that
regard and it does not address that issue on appeal.
              3
               Article 21 of the Hague Convention requires each contracting state to
indicate whether they object to article 10, and France has not objected to article 10.
See Research Sys. Corp. v. IPSOS Publicite, 

, 926 (7th Cir. 2002);
France—Central Authority & practical information, Hague Conference on Private
International Law, http://www.hcch.net/index_en.php?act=authorities.details&aid=256
(last updated September 4, 2015). Further, Portalp International has not raised the
issue of whether Federal Express is a postal channel contemplated by the Hague
Convention.
              4
                In addressing a different issue arising under the Hague Convention, the
Fourth District Court of Appeal stated, "We understand the clerk's notice and the
appellant's citation not to be initial process but instead to be papers covered by [a]rticle
10(a) of the Hague Service Convention." 

.



                                            -4-
have addressed this issue is that article 10(a) permits service by mail, provided the

destination country has not objected. See Brockmeyer v. May, 

, 803 (9th

Cir. 2004); 

; see also Research Sys. Corp. v. IPSOS

Publicite, 

, 926 (7th Cir. 2002); Koehler v. Dodwell, 

, 308 (4th

Cir. 1998). The courts in Brockmeyer and Ackermann looked beyond the text to the

intention of the drafters and the purpose of the Hague Convention to reach this

conclusion. 

; 

-40. Several

Florida federal district court opinions are consistent with this line of authority. See, e.g.,

Geopolymer Sinkhole Specialist, Inc. v. Uretek Worldwide Oy, No. 8:15–cv–1690–T–

36JSS, 

(M.D. Fla. Aug. 12, 2015); TracFone Wireless, Inc. v.

Unlimited PCS Inc., 

(S.D. Fla. 2012); Julien v. Williams, No. 8:10–cv–

2358–T–24 TBM, 

(M.D. Fla. Dec. 15, 2010); Conax Fla. Corp. v.

Astrium Ltd., 

(M.D. Fla. 2007); Lestrade, 

.

              Conversely, the Fifth and Eighth Circuits determined that article 10(a)

does not permit service of process by mail and that article 10(a) only applies to the

sending of post-service documents. Nuovo Pignone, SpA v. STORMAN ASIA M/V, 

, 384 (5th Cir. 2002); Bankston v. Toyota Motor Corp., 

, 174 (8th

Cir. 1989). Relying on canons of statutory construction, these courts determined that

the language of the Hague Convention was conclusive and reasoned that had the

drafters intended to allow for service of process by mail they would have used the term

"serve" or "service" in article 10(a) instead of the term "send" since forms of the term

"service" were otherwise used throughout the Hague Convention. See Nuovo 

; 

. A number of Florida federal district




                                             -5-
court opinions are consistent with this line of authority. See, e.g., Intelsat Corp. v.

Multivision TV LLC, 

(S.D. Fla. 2010); Arco Elecs. Control Ltd. v.

Core Int'l, 

(S.D. Fla. 1992); Wasden v. Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd., 

(M.D. Fla. 1990); McClenon v. Nissan Motor Corp., 

(N.D.

Fla. 1989); In re MAK Petroleum, Inc., 

(Bankr. M.D. Fla. 2010). Portalp

International urges this court to adopt the position taken by the Fifth and Eighth Circuits

and give effect to the plain meaning of the text of article 10(a).

              "As a general matter, a treaty is a contract, though between nations. Its

interpretation normally is, like a contract's interpretation, a matter of determining the

parties' intent." See BG Grp. PLC v. Republic of Argentina, 

, 1208

(2014) (citations omitted). "When interpreting a treaty, we 'begin with the text of the

treaty and the context in which the written words are used.' " 

(emphasis added) (quoting Société Nationale Industrielle Aérospatiale v.

U.S. Dist. Court for the S. Dist. of Iowa, 

, 534 (1987)); see Gandara v.

Bennett, 

, 827 (11th Cir. 2008) ("[A] treaty must be interpreted as a whole

in light of its object and purpose, including the preamble." (quoting Cornejo v. County of

San Diego, 

, 861 n.13 (9th Cir. 2007))). "The clear import of treaty

language controls unless application of the words of the treaty according to their

obvious 'meaning effects a result inconsistent with the intent or expectations of its

signatories.' " In re Comm'rs Subpoenas, 

, 1294 (11th Cir. 2003) (quoting

Sumitomo Shoji Am., Inc. v. Avagliano, 

, 180 (1982)), overruling on other

grounds by Intel Corp. v. Advanced Micro Devices, Inc., 

(2004). As such,

only where the "treaty text is ambiguous when read in context in light of its object and




                                            -6-
purpose [should] extraneous sources . . . be consulted to elucidate the parties' intent."

In re Comm'rs 

.

              The preamble of the Hague Convention provides that it was created to

simplify and expedite the service of judicial and extrajudicial documents abroad. Hague

; accord Grupo Radio 

("The Hague

Convention is a multilateral treaty that was formulated in 1964 . . . to provide a simpler

way to serve process abroad, to assure that defendants sued in foreign jurisdictions

would receive actual and timely notice of suit, and to facilitate proof of service abroad."

(quoting 

)). Further, article 1, defining the scope,

provides that the Hague Convention only applies "where there is occasion to transmit a

judicial or extrajudicial document for service abroad." 

(emphasis added) (quoting Hague 

). This limiting language

was included in the final text of the Hague Convention to address the delegates'

criticisms that the language in the preliminary draft "suggested that the [Hague]

Convention could apply to transmissions abroad that do not culminate in service."

. Interpreting article 10(a) to apply only to post-

service documents would be inconsistent with the Hague Convention's purpose and

scope. Therefore, it is appropriate to consult extraneous sources such as "the history of

the treaty, the negotiations, and the practical construction adopted by the parties" to

determine the meaning of article 10(a). 

n.1 (quoting Choctaw

Nation of Indians v. United States, 

, 431-32 (1943)); accord Chan v.

Korean Air Lines, Ltd., 

, 134 (1989); see also 

("Other general rules of construction may be brought to bear on difficult or




                                            -7-
ambiguous passages.").

              In analyzing whether article 10(a) of the Hague Convention was intended

to permit service by mail, the court in Brockmeyer considered various extraneous

sources including commentaries on the history of the Hague Convention negotiations.

              According to the official Rapporteur's report, the first
              paragraph of [a]rticle 10 of the draft Convention, which
              "except for minor editorial changes" is identical to [a]rticle 10
              of the final Convention, was intended to permit service by
              mail. A "Handbook" published by the Permanent Bureau of
              the Hague Convention, which summarizes meetings of a
              "Special Commission of Experts," states that to interpret
              [a]rticle 10(a) not to permit service by mail would "contradict
              what seems to have been the implicit understanding of the
              delegates at the 1977 Special Commission meeting, and
              indeed of the legal literature on the Convention and its
              predecessor treaties." As further evidence of the
              understanding of the parties at the time the Hague
              Convention was signed, the United States delegate to the
              Hague Convention reported to Congress that [a]rticle 10(a)
              permitted service by mail.

(citations omitted); see Lozano v. Montoya Alverez,

, 1233 (2014) ("It is our 'responsibility to read the treaty in a manner

consistent with the shared expectations of the contracting parties.' " (quoting Olympic

Airways v. Husain, 

, 650 (2004))). The court reviewed the opinions of

signatory countries to the Hague Convention, which reflected an "essentially unanimous

view" that service by mail is permitted by the Hague Convention. 

; see also Abbott v. Abbott, 

, 16 (2010) (citing El Al Isr. Airlines, Ltd. v.

Tseng, 

, 176 (1999) (holding that in interpreting a treaty, the opinions of

other signatories are entitled to considerable weight)). Further, the court considered the

position taken by the United States Government. See 

("It is well

settled that the Executive Branch's interpretation of a treaty 'is entitled to great weight.' "



                                             -8-
(quoting Sumitomo Shoji 

)); Kolovrat v. Oregon, 

, 194

(1961) ("While courts interpret treaties for themselves, the meaning given them by the

departments of government particularly charged with their negotiation and enforcement

is given great weight."). Moreover, "[t]he United States government, through the State

Department, has specifically disapproved the Eighth Circuit's holding in Bankston," and

"State Department circulars also indicate that service by mail is permitted in

international civil litigation." 

.

              It is apparent that interpreting article 10(a) to permit service of process by

mail is consistent with the intent and expectations of the signatories. This interpretation

is also "consonant with the principles deemed controlling in the interpretation of

international agreements" to avoid "a narrow and restricted construction." See Factor v.

Laubenheimer, 

, 293 (1933). Furthermore, in reaching the opposing

conclusion that article 10(a) does not permit service of process by mail, the courts in

Nuovo Pignone and Bankston relied on canons of statutory construction, a practice the

Supreme Court has cautioned against. See 

(" 'A treaty is

in its nature a contract between . . . nations, not a legislative act.' That distinction has

been reflected in the way we interpret treaties. It is our 'responsibility to read the treaty

in a manner consistent with the shared expectations of the contracting parties.' " (first

quoting Foster v. Neilson, 

, 314 (1829) (Marshall, C.J.); then quoting 

)).

              Portalp International also emphasizes the concern addressed by the court

in McClenon that interpreting article 10(a) to permit service of process by mail would

render the "vast bulk of the [Hague] Convention . . . useless" because allowing service




                                             -9-
of process by mail would circumvent the rather involved procedure to effect service of

process otherwise provided for in the Hague Convention. See 

(citation omitted). However, effecting service of process as provided for in article

10(a) is only permitted if the destination country has not objected. See Hague

. And given the express limitation of the Hague Convention's

scope, which comports with its purpose, it is article 10(a) that would be rendered

"superfluous" if not interpreted to permit service by mail. Cf. 

(quoting Shoei Kako v. Superior Court, 

, 411 (Cal. App. Dep't

Super. Ct. 1973)).

   IV.    Conclusion

              We are persuaded by the Brockmeyer/Ackermann line of authority and

conclude that article 10(a) of the Hague Convention permits service of process by mail.

Therefore, we affirm the trial court's order denying Portalp International's motion to

quash service of process.

              Affirmed.



LaROSE and KHOUZAM, JJ., Concur.




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