Third District Court of Appeal
                               State of Florida

                         Opinion filed November 9, 2016.
         Not final until disposition of timely filed motion for rehearing.

                               ________________

                               No. 3D14-2588
                         Lower Tribunal No. 10-60245
                             ________________


                   G4S Secure Solutions USA, Inc., etc.,
                                    Appellant,

                                        vs.

                                Taliya Golzar,
                                    Appellee.


      An Appeal from the Circuit Court for Miami-Dade County, Jose M.
Rodriguez, Judge.

      Hicks, Porter, Ebenfeld & Stein, P.A., and Mark Hicks and Shannon Debus-
Horn; Kenny Nachwalter, P.A., and Jeffrey T. Foreman and Victoria Wilson, for
appellant.

      The Ferraro Law Firm, P.A., and David A. Jagolinzer; O’Quinn
Stumphauzer & Sloman, and Jeffrey H. Sloman and Christopher E. Gottfried, for
appellee.

Before SHEPHERD, ROTHENBERG and SCALES, JJ.

      SCALES, J.
      Appellant,    defendant   below,   G4S    Secure   Solutions   USA,     Inc.

(“Wackenhut”) appeals a final judgment rendered after a jury verdict in favor of

Appellee, plaintiff below, Taliya Golzar (“Golzar”). Because Florida’s impact rule

precludes recovery of damages in tort cases for emotional distress absent any

physical injury, we reverse.

      I. Facts

      A. Wackenhut hires Owens as a security officer

      Wackenhut is a private security company providing security services

throughout the United States, including Miami-Dade County. In November of

2008, Eric Owens (“Owens”) submitted an employment application for a position

as a security guard with Wackenhut. A Wackenhut human resources manager

interviewed Owens, and following the interview, Wackenhut hired Owens as a

security officer. Owens successfully passed Wackenhut’s training program, drug

screening, and medical examination, and received the applicable security guard

licenses from the State of Florida. In Owens’s employment application he marked

the “no” box in response to a question asking whether Owens had any criminal

convictions.

      Wackenhut, through a subsidiary, also performed a background check on

Owens, which revealed that Owens had been convicted in California for a

misdemeanor disorderly conduct charge in 2004, but the background check



                                         2
revealed no details about the offense. Wackenhut never asked Owens why he had

not disclosed the offense on his employment application, and Wackenhut did not

attempt to obtain any of the paperwork from Owens’s 2004 California conviction.

As it was later revealed, the specific offense for which Owens was convicted under

California’s disorderly conduct statute was prowling and peeking into an inhabited

building.

      B. The incident

      In June of 2010, Wackenhut assigned Owens to its security account for Old

Cutler Bay, a residential community in Miami-Dade County. At around 2:40 a.m.

on August 15, 2010, while Owens was on patrol duty in Old Cutler Bay, Owens

used his cellular phone to record a video of Golzar, who was about to enter her

senior year in high school, in a state of undress. Golzar observed Owens’s hand

holding up his cellphone pressed on her window and, being quite alarmed at the

sight, banged on the window and alerted others in her home of the incident.

      After recording the video of Golzar, Owens fled from the Golzar home and

drove back to the guardhouse in Old Cutler Bay. Shortly after Owens’s return to

the guardhouse, one of Golzar’s friends drove to the guardhouse and informed

Wackenhut officers of the incident. Owens returned to Golzar’s home, ostensibly

to “investigate” the incident he caused. Owens misrepresented to Golzar’s family

that Owens had seen a prowler and that he had called the police.



                                         3
      When the police did not arrive at Golzar’s home, Golzar’s mother phoned

the police and learned that, despite Owens’s statement to the contrary, the police

had not been notified of the incident. Ultimately, the police recovered Owens’s

phone, which Owens had hidden in a retaining wall near his car. Owens came to

the police station and confessed to videotaping Golzar on that night and on two

prior occasions. Owens was immediately terminated by Wackenhut and ultimately

convicted of two criminal counts of video voyeurism.1

      C. Golzar’s claims against Wackenhut

      On November 18, 2010, Golzar filed the instant lawsuit against Wackenhut

seeking both compensatory and punitive damages. Golzar claimed Wackenhut had

negligently hired, retained, and supervised Owens. The basis of Golzar’s

negligence claims was that Wakenhut should have known Owens had been

convicted of peeking and prowling in California in 2004, and thus, Wackenhut was

negligent in allowing Owens to work as a security guard in residential areas.

      D. Golzar’s damages

      Golzar sought compensatory, non-economic damages for the past and future

emotional trauma caused by the incident. At trial, there was no evidence that

Golzar had suffered any type of physical injury, and it was undisputed that Owens

never touched or had any other physical contact with Golzar. Golzar did claim that,
1 There is no evidence that the videos were ever transferred from Owens’s phone

onto a computer, uploaded to the Internet, or otherwise shared with anyone.


                                         4
following the incident, she experienced some generalized illnesses and physical

problems including weight gain, nightmares, and feelings of anxiety.

      After the incident, in her senior year in high school, Golzar ran track, played

soccer, and excelled academically. She was accepted at Duke University and

awarded a full scholarship. At Duke, she also was involved in a number of

extracurricular activities and excelled academically.

      After trial, the jury returned a verdict in Golzar’s favor finding that

Wackenhut had negligently hired, retained, and supervised Owens. The jury

awarded Golzar $1,332,588.08 in damages.2

      E. Wackenhut’s motions for summary judgment and directed verdict

      Prior to trial, Wackenhut moved for summary judgment on the ground that

Florida’s impact rule precluded recovery of the purely non-economic damages for

emotional trauma that Golzar had suffered and might suffer in the future.

Wackenhut made a similar motion for directed verdict at the conclusion of

Golzar’s case in chief, and in post-trial motions.3 The trial court denied all of

Wackenhut’s “impact rule” motions.

2 The basis for the jury’s damage award was, as Golzar’s counsel argued in closing,
equal to the cumulative hourly pay that Owens would have received as a
Wackenhut employee from the date of the incident until the day Owens would
reach the age of sixty-five.
3 Wackenhut also made a post-trial motion pursuant to section 768.74 of the

Florida Statutes seeking a remittitur of the non-economic damages awarded.
Because of our decision, we need not, and do not, reach Golzar’s argument that
Wackenhut’s motion for remittitur was untimely.

                                          5
         Wackenhut timely brings this appeal of the trial court’s order denying its

Motions to Set Aside the Jury Verdict and Judgment and to Enter Judgment in

Accordance with its Motion for Directed Verdict and Amended Motion for New

Trial.

         II. Standard of Review

         When reviewing a pure question of law, such as the trial court’s denial of

Wackenhut’s impact rule motions, our standard of review is de novo. Keck v.

Eminisor, 

, 363 (Fla. 2012).

         III. Analysis

         The issue before this Court is whether Florida’s impact rule precludes

Golzar from recovering against Wackenhut purely non-economic damages for

emotional distress for the torts of negligent hiring, negligent retention, and

negligent supervision.

         A. The impact rule in Florida

         Florida’s impact rule provides that “before a plaintiff can recover damages

for emotional distress caused by the negligence of another, the emotional distress

suffered must flow from physical injuries the plaintiff sustained in an impact. The

rule actually requires some impact on the plaintiff, or, in certain situations, the

manifestation of severe emotional distress such as physical injuries or illness.” Fla.

Dep’t of Corrs. v. Abril, 

, 206 (Fla. 2007) (citations and internal



                                          6
quotation marks omitted). The policy behind Florida’s impact rule is that

“compensatory damages for emotional distress are ‘spiritually intangible,’ are

beyond the limits of judicial action, and should be dealt with through legislative

action rather than judicial decisions.” R.J. v. Humana of Fla., Inc., 

,

362 (Fla. 1995).

      The Florida Supreme Court has crafted limited exceptions to Florida’s

impact rule, recognizing that certain torts are necessarily devoid of physical harm

and are of such a nature that the only foreseeable damages resulting from those

torts are emotional damages that are non-economic in nature.

      For example, in Abril, the Court recognized that “. . . the only reasonable

damages arising from a breach of [Florida’s HIV confidentiality statute] are

emotional distress . . . 

. Similarly, our Supreme Court has

noted that Florida’s impact rule does not apply to any intentional tort such as

defamation, invasion of privacy and intentional infliction of emotional distress.

Rowell v. Holt, 

, 479 (Fla. 2003).

      B.   Impact rule application to the torts of negligent hiring, negligent

      retention, and negligent supervision

      Against this backdrop, we analyze the torts of negligent hiring, negligent

retention, and negligent supervision,4 i.e., the three causes of action alleged against

4 “A claim for negligent hiring arises when, before the time the employee is hired,
the employer knew or should have known that the employee was unfit. Liability in

                                          7
Wackenhut by Golzar. Specifically, we must determine, as a matter of first

impression, whether to include these torts as limited exceptions to Florida’s impact

rule. At the outset, we note that we have been provided no Florida case in which a

court has not applied the impact rule to claims of negligent hiring, negligent

retention, and negligent supervision.

      In fact, several federal courts have applied Florida’s impact rule to preclude

a plaintiff’s recovery of purely non-economic damages for these torts. See Resley

v. Ritz-Carlton Hotel Co., 

, 1449 (M.D. Fla. 1997) (holding that

a plaintiff’s negligent retention and hiring claims failed at summary judgment

because the plaintiff did not allege physical injury, thereby satisfying Florida’s

impact rule); see also Jenks v. Naples Cmty. Hosp., Inc., 

,

1257-58 (M.D. Fla. 2011) (granting defendant’s summary judgment on negligent

supervision and retention claim where plaintiff failed to allege an impact and failed

to provide any evidence showing that emotional distress aggravated plaintiff’s

breast cancer); Weld v. Se. Cos., Inc., 

, 1323 (M.D. Fla. 1998)

(granting motion to dismiss negligent supervision cause of action for failure to

state a claim where plaintiff’s complaint failed to satisfy the impact rule); Degitz v.

these cases focuses on the adequacy of the employer’s pre-employment
investigation into the employee’s background. Liability for negligent supervision
or retention, however, occurs after employment begins, where the employer knows
or should know of an employee’s unfitness and fails to take further action such as
investigating, discharge or reassignment.” Malicki v. Doe, 

, 362
n.15 (Fla. 2002) (internal citations omitted).

                                          8
S. Mgmt. Servs., Inc., 

, 1462 (M.D. Fla. 1998) (applying

Florida’s impact rule to plaintiff’s negligent retention claim and granting

defendant’s summary judgment “to the extent [p]laintiff seeks damages for

emotional distress”).

      Additionally, in addressing whether Florida’s impact rule applies to the tort

of negligent training, this Court has expressly held that the impact rule precludes

recovery for such purely non-economic damages. Miami-Dade Cty. v. Cardoso,

(Fla. 3d DCA 2006).

      C. Abril

      Nevertheless, Golzar argues that the Florida Supreme Court’s decision in

Abril, which post-dates our decision in Cardoso, expands by implication the

exceptions to Florida’s impact rule. We do not read Abril so broadly.

       In Abril, a medical lab, contracted by Florida’s Department of Corrections,

faxed false HIV test results of a Department of Corrections employee in violation

of Florida’s HIV confidentiality statute, section 381.004 (3)(f) of the Florida

Statutes. The trial court dismissed Abril’s actions seeking compensatory damages

for mental anguish and emotional distress based upon Florida’s impact rule.

Abril’s lawsuit was reinstated after Florida’s Supreme Court determined that

violation of Florida’s HIV confidentiality statute is the type of tort for which the




                                         9
only reasonably foreseeable damages are emotional distress damages. 

.

      D. Abril distinguished

      While Golzar’s damages stemming from Wackenhut’s failure to properly

investigate Owens’s prior California conviction are, like Abril’s damages,

emotional distress damages, it can hardly be said that the only reasonably

foreseeable damages from any negligent hiring, negligent retention, and negligent

supervision tort are emotional distress damages.

      Indeed, Florida jurisprudence is replete with examples of an employer being

held liable for personal injury damages and economic damages for its negligent

hiring, negligent retention, or negligent supervision. See, e.g., Tallahassee

Furniture Co., Inc. v. Harrison, 

(Fla. 1st DCA 1991) (affirming a

jury verdict for negligent retention where furniture deliveryman brutally attacked

plaintiff in her home); Abbott v. Payne, 

(Fla. 4th DCA 1984)

(reversing order granting motion to dismiss where plaintiff sufficiently stated a

cause of action for negligent hiring when a former employer broke into plaintiff’s

home at night and physically assaulted her); Williams v. Feather Sound, Inc., 

(Fla. 2d DCA 1980) (reversing order granting summary judgment

where condominium negligently hired a maintenance man who assaulted a tenant).




                                        10
      Plainly, unlike in Abril, economic damages, as well as emotional distress

damages, are reasonably foreseeable when an employer fails to screen and vet an

employee properly. We do not view the torts of negligent hiring, negligent

retention, and negligent supervision as torts in which the only foreseeable damages

are non-economic damages; therefore, we conclude that Abril is distinguishable.5

             a. “Merger” of Owens’s and Wakenhut’s conduct

      Understandably, but without citing any precedent, Golzar urges us

essentially to merge Owens’s intentional conduct (that is, his invasion of Golzar’s

privacy) with Wackenhut’s negligent conduct, without differentiating between the

two parties’ distinct actions. Golzar argues that when the only foreseeable damages

stemming from an employee’s intentional conduct are non-economic, then

Florida’s impact rule should have no applicability to the employer’s negligent

conduct that facilitated the employee’s intentional conduct.

5 In his compelling dissent, J. Shepherd suggests that modern Florida Supreme
Court jurisprudence requires the application of the impact rule on an ad-hoc, case-
by-case basis. And, because “[n]one of the legal or historically advanced policy
reasons for the application of the impact rule” are present, the impact rule should
go into torpor in this case. While J. Shepherd might be correct in “divin[ing] what
the Florida Supreme Court would do if presented with the facts of our case,” we
are reminded of the late economist Edgar Fiedler’s admonition: He who lives by
the crystal ball soon learns to eat ground glass. We are more reticent than J.
Shepherd to relegate the impact rule to the impact suggestion. Until either the
Legislature or the Florida Supreme Court abrogates it, the impact rule remains
essential to a plaintiff seeking recovery for emotional distress damages, i.e., in
order to recover non-economic emotional distress damages, a plaintiff must show
that the emotional distress flowed from physical injuries sustained in an impact.
Humana of Fla., 

.

                                         11
      Almost by definition, however, the torts of negligent hiring, negligent

retention, and negligent supervision are fundamentally distinct from the

employee’s underlying, intentional wrong. Florida’s impact rule applies only to the

torts of negligent hiring, negligent retention, and negligent supervision. In our

view, blurring the distinction would be the functional equivalent of imposing

vicarious liability on an employer for the intentional tortious conduct of its

employee. Florida courts have consistently rejected this notion. See Hennagan v.

Dep’t of Highway Safety & Motor Vehicles, 

, 750 (Fla. 1st DCA

1985). We do not read Abril so as to require such a “merger.”

             b. Vicarious liability

      Finally, Golzar suggests that Abril can be read to impose vicarious liability

on an employer when it is foreseeable that the damages resulting from both (i) the

employee’s intentional tort, and (ii) the employer’s negligent hiring, are purely

non-economic.

      We do not read Abril as standing for the proposition that an employer is

somehow vicariously liable for the intentional tort of its employee. Importantly, in

Abril, the Department of Corrections was vicariously responsible pursuant to

statute for the negligence of the 

. No such statutory

undertaking is implicated in this case.




                                          12
      There is no indication in Abril, or in any other case cited to us, that an

employer should be vicariously liable for an intentional tort of its employee

committed outside the scope of employment. See Goss v. Human Servs. Assocs,

Inc., 

, 132 (Fla. 5th DCA 2012).

      IV. Conclusion

      While we are indeed sympathetic with Golzar in this case, and find Owens’s

behavior to be reprehensible, in our view, these considerations are not sufficient to

waive the applicability of Florida’s impact rule to the torts of negligent hiring,

negligent retention, and negligent supervision.

      We reverse the judgment on appeal and remand with instructions to enter

final judgment in favor of Wackenhut.

      ROTHENBERG, J., concurs.



                             G4S Secure Solutions USA, Inc., etc. v. Taliya Golzar
                                                           Case No.: 3D14-2588


      SHEPHERD J., dissenting.

      Respectfully, there is no principled reason to excuse G4S Secure Solutions

USA, Inc., from responsibility for the invasion of privacy Taliya Golzar suffered in

this case at the hands of one of its employees. The Florida Supreme Court has long

acknowledged that the impact rule “generally is inapplicable to recognized torts in



                                         13
which damages are often predominantly emotional.” Kush v. Lloyd, 

, 422 (Fla. 1992). Included early on among those exceptions were “emotional

distress damages for torts such as invasion of privacy.” Gracey v. Eaker, 

348, 356 (Fla. 2002) (citing Kush at 422-23). Taliya suffered an invasion of her

privacy in this case. G4S had a “special professional duty” to each resident of the

gated community which it was engaged to protect. See Rowell v. Holt, 

, 479 (Fla. 2003) (holding that a public defender owed a special professional

duty to a client who had been unlawfully detained to obtain his immediate release).

It was foreseeable that a security guard who had once been a Peeping Tom would

engage in such conduct again. None of the legal or historically advanced policy

reasons for the application of the impact rule are served by denying Taliya

recovery from G4S in this case. Let me explain.



                                         A.

      This is a simple negligence case. After the evidence was adduced by the

parties at trial, the only viable count remaining at the close of the evidence was the

negligent hiring count.6    It is true that our High Court has not yet approved

recovery of damages in a claim for psychological trauma alone where the

6  The majority accurately depicts the differences between negligent hiring,
negligent supervision and negligent retention claims in footnote 4. The trial court
directed a verdict in favor of G4S on the negligent supervision claim during trial.
Taliya has not cross-appealed that ruling.

                                         14
proximate cause of the injury was negligent hiring. The fact connotes only that

such a case has not come before the Court. However, our High Court has approved

the recovery of compensatory damages in a wide variety of other types of simple

negligence cases where, as in the case before us, the only injury claimed was

psychological trauma. See Fla. Dep’t of Corr. v. Abril, 

, 204 (Fla.

2007) (holding the impact rule was inapplicable in an action for negligent failure of

a testing laboratory to ensure confidentiality and privacy of HIV test results); see

also 

(holding the impact rule was inapplicable to a legal

malpractice case against the Office of Public Defender for failure to obtain

immediate release of imprisoned client); Gracey, 

at 352-53 (holding the

impact rule was inapplicable in a negligence action against a psychotherapist,

alleging breach of fiduciary and statutory duty of confidentiality to patient); Hagan

v. Coca-Cola Bottling Co., 

, 1236 (Fla. 2001) (creating an

exception for ingestion of a contaminated food or beverage); Tanner v. Hartog, 

, 708 (Fla. 1997) (holding the impact rule was inapplicable to a claim of

negligent stillbirth); Gonzalez v. Metro. Dade Cty. Pub. Health Trust, 

(Fla. 1995) (creating an exception for negligent handling of a corpse); 

(holding the impact rule was inapplicable to a parent’s claim for

wrongful birth of their severely deformed child).




                                         15
      These cases establish a strong precedential authority for an exception in this

case. All of them are cases in which the only injury suffered by the plaintiff was

emotional. So it is here. At the time of the incident, Taliya was a minor who lived

with her parents in Old Cutler Bay, an exclusive waterfront community located in

Miami-Dade County. Years before this incident, Miami-Dade County formed Old

Cutler Bay into a Security Guard Special Taxing District and contracted with G4S

to provide security service.7 It is not disputable that G4S owed a duty to Taliya

and her family to protect them from unwanted intruders and criminals who might

wish to do harm to them or their property. They paid for the service. G4S’

employee, Eric Michael Owens, perpetrated a crime on Taliya. He was convicted

of two counts of video voyeurism, precisely what G4S was hired to prevent.8




7 There are twenty such similar Security Guard Special Taxing Districts in the
County, most also consisting of exclusive waterfront communities. The purpose of
the special district is to share the cost for the provision of security services in the
respective communities. See https://www.miamidade.gov/parks/library/notices/
special-taxing-district-security-guards.pdf (last visited June 25, 2016).
8 Under Florida law,

      A person commits the offense of video voyeurism if that person:
      (a) For his or her own amusement, entertainment, sexual arousal,
      gratification, or profit, or for the purpose of degrading or abusing
      another person, intentionally uses or installs an imaging device to
      secretly view, broadcast, or record a person, without that person's
      knowledge and consent, who is dressing, undressing, or privately
      exposing the body, at a place and time when that person has a
      reasonable expectation of privacy.
§ 810.145(2)(a), Fla. Stat. (2012).

                                          16
      The principal retort from the majority to this factual syllogism and mountain

of supporting authority is: “[Well], we have been provided no Florida case in

which a court has refused to apply the impact rule to claims of negligent hiring,

negligent retention and negligent supervision.” Of course not. The reason is that

the Florida Supreme Court has proceeded in this area on an ad hoc, “case-by-case

basis.” 

(“In short, the reach of the rule has been reduced

on an ad hoc basis as the court has weighed the merits of applying or not applying

the rule to particular circumstances.”).9 I can appreciate the majority’s reticence to

go where our Supreme Court has not yet gone. In one respect, we are being asked

to divine what the Florida Supreme Court would do if presented with the facts of

our case. However, ours is an independent constitutional court, and we have a

judicial responsibility to decide. See Ard v. Ard, 

, 587-88 (Fla. 1st

DCA 1981) (concluding that a district could not “avoid judicial responsibility” to

determine whether the relationship between spousal immunity from suit, as

recognized by the Florida Supreme Court, and parental immunity from suit, where

9 The majority draws our attention to four United States District Court cases in
which the courts applied the impact rule to prohibit recovery for either negligent
retention or supervision of an employee. See Maj. Op. at p. 9. However, most of
them pre-date the more recent expansions of the rule cited here, and, of course,
they are not binding on us. I also find puzzling the majority’s assertion at page 10
that because emotional distress damages are “[not] the only reasonably foreseeable
damages from any negligent hiring, negligent retention, and negligent supervision
tort,” that such a claim is barred when the harm is of a type not typically
accompanied by a physical impact, such as is the case here. This would seem to be
a non-sequitur.

                                         17
the Florida Supreme Court had only acknowledged the latter by dictum). I would

draw on the guidance we have and affirm the jury verdict on liability in this case.

                                         B.

      Because I would affirm the jury verdict on liability in this case, I must

address G4S’ alternate argument on appeal that it is entitled to a new trial on

compensatory damages or a remittitur of the award. Here, some chronology is

important.

      G4S timely served its Motion to Set Aside the Jury Verdict and Judgment

and to Enter Judgment in Accordance with the Motion for Directed Verdict10 or,

Alternative Motion for New Trial on May 29, 2014, fifteen days after the jury

returned its verdict in this case. See Fla. R. Civ. P. 1.530(b). G4S’ Alternative

Motion for New Trial did not include a request to the trial court to consider

ordering a remittitur or a new trial under section 768.74 of the Florida Statutes

(2014), on the ground that the verdict was “excessive.” See § 768.74(1)-(5). Nor

did the Alternative Motion for New Trial seek relief on any of the long-standing

common law grounds that “the verdict shocks the judicial conscience,” “the jury

[was] unduly influenced by passion or prejudice,” or that the verdict was “contrary

to the manifest weight of the evidence.” See Brown v. Estate of Stuckey, 

490, 498 (Fla. 1999).     Instead, G4S’ Alternative Motion for a New Trial

10These portions of the motion all relate to the impact rule issue previously
addressed.

                                         18
articulated two very specific “reasons” upon which it argued “the Court should

grant the Defendant a new trial . . . : (1) the issue of punitive damages was

improperly submitted to the jury, and (2) the statements from the website of

Defendant’s sister company, G4S Compliance and Investigations . . . , as well as a

document labeled ‘Wackenhut Screening Solutions’ (‘collectively Website

Statements’) should have been excluded.” (Emphasis added.) It was these two

specific “errors” which G4S claimed “prejudiced” it and caused “a grossly

excessive damage award.”

      Sixty-three days later, on July 31, 2014, G4S launched an effort to expand

the reasons it had earlier stated as the grounds for a new trial, first by serving a

Motion for Leave to Amend Its Alterative Motion for New Trial, and five days

after that, an Amended Motion for Leave to Amend Its Alternative Motion for

New Trial. G4S’ Motion for Leave to Amend sought only to “add a request for

remittitur” to its presently pending motion, citing for the first time to section

768.74, which authorizes such a motion. G4S’ Amended Motion for Leave to

Amend sought to expand the scope of the original Alternative Motion for New

Trial even further beyond the two specific “errors” originally asserted by invoking

the remaining subsections of section 768.74, making for the first time, the general

allegation that the “verdict is excessive based upon the evidence adduced at trial.”

Attached to G4S’ Amended Motion for Leave to Amend was a proposed, restated



                                        19
Motion to Set Aside the Jury Verdict and Judgment and to Enter Judgment in

Accordance with the Motion for Directed Verdict or, Alternative Motion for New

Trial, which recited every section of its original motion en haec verba, but now

included a brand new six-page subsection III.A., seeking both remittitur and

making a full-throated argument for new trial on all of the grounds that it had

omitted from its original motion.         The conclusion to the restated motion

acknowledged that these new grounds were, in fact, “additional reasons” for

granting a new trial. After reviewing Taliya’s response to the three motions,

including her objection to the motions to amend on the ground of timeliness, the

trial court denied all of G4S’ post-trial motions.

      With respect to the two motions to amend G4S’ timely served Alterative

Motion for New Trial, I believe the trial court was well within its discretion to

deny the motions on timeliness grounds as urged by Taliya.             A motion for

remittitur under section 768.74 is “‘essentially a conditional motion for a new

trial.’” See Hauss v. Waxman, 

, 759 (Fla. 4th DCA 2004) (quoting

Fire & Cas. Ins. Co. of Conn. v. Sealey, 

, 991 (Fla. 1st DCA 2002)).

Because a motion for remittitur is a conditional motion for new trial, it is subject to

Florida Rule of Civil Procedure 1.530(b) and the motion must be filed within

fifteen days after the jury renders the verdict. The motions in this case were served

eighty-three and seventy-eight days respectively, after the jury returned its verdict.



                                          20
      The test for determining whether the trial court abused its discretion in

denying these two motions is well established:

      Discretion, in this sense, is abused when the judicial action is
      arbitrary, fanciful, or unreasonable, which is another way of saying
      that discretion is abused only where no reasonable man would take the
      view adopted by the trial court. If reasonable men could differ as to
      the propriety of the action taken by the trial court, then it cannot be
      said that the trial court abused its discretion.

Canakaris v. Canakaris, 

, 1203 (Fla. 1980) (quoting Delno v.

Market Street Railway Company, 

, 967 (9th Cir. 1942)).

      In analyzing this issue, it is important to separate the timeliness objection

raised by Taliya in opposition to the two motions from the merits of the motions.

If the trial judge properly exercised his discretion in denying the motions to amend

on timeliness grounds, then it is not necessary to reach the merits of the arguments

made in the motions. In my view, it is not necessary to reach the merits of the

motions.   A careful study of G4S’s Alternative Motion for a New Trial and

proposed amendments allow but one inference: G4S was purposefully and

discreetly seeking to add grounds to its Alternative Motion for New Trial that it

had previously overlooked. Taliya called G4S on the tactic in her response to the

post-trial motions. The trial judge expressly acknowledged the response in his

order denying G4S’ post-trial motions. I do not believe it can be said that the trial

court acted “arbitrarily, fancifully or unreasonably” in denying the late filed

motions.   See Canakaris at 1203 (“If reasonable men could differ as to the


                                         21
propriety of the action taken by the trial court, then it cannot be said that the trial

court abused its discretion.”).

      As to the narrow grounds that were set forth in G4S’ timely filed Alternative

Motion for New Trial, I have no difficulty concluding that the trial judge properly

exercised his discretion in denying the motion for new trial made on those grounds.

The extensiveness of the two motions to amend suggests that G4S itself recognized

the inadequacy of its own timely filed motion.

                                   CONCLUSION

      The impact rule serves the salutary purpose of limiting recovery for

emotional damages “where we are most comfortable that real emotional distress

has occurred.” 

. In this case, however, the majority

creates an artificial impact rule limitation on a claimant’s ability to obtain redress

from the entity that put in motion the instrument of a harm which has been long

recognized as being compensable in our courts. I see no principled reason to apply

the impact rule to the facts of this case.




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