ARRIE W. DAVIS (Retired, Specially Assigned), J.

The following opening remarks by Judge Hollander, writing for this Court in Mayor & City Council of Baltimore City v. Ernest A. Johnson, 156 Md.App. 569, 572-73, 847 A.2d 1190 (2004) (footnote omitted), aff'd, 387 Md. 1, 874 A.2d 439 (2005), provide an excellent introduction for our discussion in the instant case:

In Johnson, the surviving wholly dependent spouse of Ernest Johnson was ruled to be ineligible for dual benefits. The legislative response to the Ernest Johnson case is the starting point for the similar quest for dual benefits by the surviving wholly dependent spouse of another first responder.

This is an appeal by Janice T. Johnson, claimant, from the decision by the Circuit Court for Baltimore City reversing an award of survivor's benefits by a decision of the Workers' Compensation Commission.1 Claimant seeks the same relief that was denied Mrs. Ernest Johnson in the above-referenced, celebrated case, but avers that the General Assembly has stepped in to remedy deficiencies in the Workers' Compensation Act that led to the denial of dual recovery in the Ernest A. Johnson case.2 We have jurisdiction to consider whether claimant is entitled to collect both the pension for the employee's time of service as well as her survivor's compensation benefits, and thus avoid the effect of the Act's general offset provision.3 For the reasons set forth below, we shall hold that appellant is not so entitled, because amendments to the provision at issue may not apply retroactively, and we shall therefore affirm the judgment of the circuit court.

BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURE

The employee, Felix L. Johnson, Jr., served as a firefighter for the City of Baltimore from October 13, 1964 until his retirement on June 9, 1990. On July 2, 1990, the employee and claimant were married. On November 7, 2005, the employee died due to a myocardial infarction. Claimant began receiving pension survivorship benefits at the rate of $266.92 per week. On January 10, 2006, claimant filed a dependent's claim for death benefits under the Act. She alleged that the employee's demise from "heart disease resulting in death" was due to the fact that he had been "continuously exposed to heat, smoke, noxious fumes and the product of combustion[.]"

On October 1, 2009, the claim went to a hearing before the Workers' Compensation Commission. On December 4, the Commission awarded benefits to the claimant. This Order was amended on February 26, 2010 to effect a nominal change in the amount of the award. In the Amended Award, the Commission first ruled that the employee sustained an occupational disease and that he died as a result thereof on November 7, 2005. The Commission further ruled that claimant was "wholly dependent" upon the employee for support and also concluded that the "Employer and Insurer are entitled to a set off under Section 9-503 of the Labor Article."4 The effect of the Commission's application of the specific offset provision set forth in Section 9-503(e) was to enhance claimants total recovery and to avoid the dollar for dollar offset at Section 9-610. See Md. Code (1991, 1999 Repl.Vol. 2007 Supp.), §§ 9-503(e), 9-610 of the Labor and Employment Article ("LE" or Act).

The Employer petitioned for judicial review of the Commission's award in the Circuit Court for Baltimore City. See Section 9-737 of the Workers' Compensation Act, Md.Code (1999, 2008 Repl.Vol., 2009 Supp.), § 9-737 of the Labor and Employment Article. Both parties filed cross-motions for summary judgment in the circuit court. Md. Rule 2-501. On September 1, 2010, following a hearing on these motions, the court entered summary judgment in favor of the Employer and also denied appellant's motion.5 This timely appeal followed.

DISCUSSION

Standard of Review

We recently pointed out that "[a]ppellate scrutiny of a workers' compensation decision depends upon the manner of the circuit court's judicial review of the Commission's decision." Doe v. Buccini Pollin Grp., Inc., 201 Md.App. 409, 419, 29 A.3d 999 (2011). We there cited to "two modalities of judicial review," viz. a review on the existing record generated before the Commission and a "new evidentiary hearing and decision before a jury[.]" Id. (quoting Baltimore County v. Kelly, 391 Md. 64, 67-68, 891 A.2d 1103 (2006)). These approaches are embodied in LE § 9-745, which articulates the manner by which judicial proceedings are to be conducted.6

In the case before us, the issue was joined and decided on cross-motions for summary judgment. Where the case is in this appellate posture, our review of the circuit court's judgment is plenary, see Hemmings v. Pelham Wood Ltd. Liab. Ltd. P'ship, 375 Md. 522, 533, 826 A.2d 443 (2003), because a resolution on summary judgment is one of law, and, as Judge Greene recently pointed out for the Court of Appeals, an appellate court reviews the summary judgment decision of the circuit court "for legal correctness." Wal Mart Stores, Inc. v. Holmes, 416 Md. 346, 358, 7 A.3d 13 (2010). See Muskin v. State Dep't of Assessments and Taxation, 422 Md. 544, 554-55, 30 A.3d 962 (2011); Chesek v. Jones, 406 Md. 446, 458, 959 A.2d 795 (2008); Doe v. Buccini, supra, 201 Md. App. at 420, 29 A.3d 999 (review of conclusions of law de novo). Judicial review of agency decisions is constrained. Although we accord due respect for the Commission's interpretation of its organic statute, see Wal Mart v. Holmes, supra, 416 Md. at 359, 7 A.3d 13; cf. Kim v. Maryland State Board of Physicians, 423 Md. 523, 537, 32 A.3d 30 (2011) (deference to agency interpretation of own regulations), and are mindful that the Commission's decision is "presumed to be prima facie correct," LE § 9-745(b)(1); Kim, 423 Md. at 536, 32 A.3d 30 "this presumption does not extend to questions of law, which we review independently." Montgomery County v. Deibler, 423 Md. 54, 60, 31 A.3d 191 (2011) (citing Wal Mart v. Holmes, supra, 416 Md. at 357, 7 A.3d 13).

Introduction—First Principles

The fundamental purpose of the Workers' Compensation Act

Doe v. Buccini, supra, 201 Md.App. at 420, 29 A.3d 999 (citation omitted). Such legislation is remedial and it is to be "`construed as liberally in favor of the injured employees as its provisions will permit in order to effectuate its benevolent purposes.'" Deibler, 423 Md. at 61, 31 A.3d 191 (quoting Design Kitchen & Baths v. Lagos, 388 Md. 718, 724, 882 A.2d 817 (2005)). See Cambridge Mfg. Co. v. Johnson, 160 Md. 248, 252-53, 153 A. 283 (1931) (articulating "philosophy" of the Act). We likewise recognize that worker's compensation legislation strikes a balance between the competing interests of both employees and employers, Doe v. Buccini, 201 Md. App. at 420, 29 A.3d 999 because of the "`need to provide some form of financial benefits to the injured or sick employees and the need, of both employers and employees, to avoid expensive and unpredictable litigation over accidents in the workplace.'" Sanchez v. Potomac Abatement, Inc., 417 Md. 76, 82 n. 4, 8 A.3d 737 (2010) (quoting DeBusk v. Johns Hopkins Hospital, 342 Md. 432, 438, 677 A.2d 73 (1996)). See Polomski v. Mayor & City Council of Baltimore, 344 Md. 70, 76-77, 83, 684 A.2d 1338 (1996) (noting diverse interests). Nonetheless, courts are enjoined to construe workers' compensation legislation liberally. See Keystone Masonry Corp. v. Hernandez, 156 Md.App. 496, 513, 847 A.2d 493 (2004).

LE §§ 9-502, 9-503—The Occupational Disease Provisions

An "occupational disease" has been defined as "one which arises from causes incident to the profession or labor of the party's occupation or calling. It has its origin in the inherent nature or mode of work of the profession or industry, and it is the usual result or concomitant."7 Polomski, 344 Md. at 78 n. 8, 684 A.2d 1338 (quoting Victory Sparkler Co. v. Francks, 147 Md. 368, 379, 128 A. 635 (1925)). Although the Maryland Workers' Compensation Act in roughly its present form dates from 1914, see 1914 Md. Laws Chap. 800, the first occupational disease provisions did not appear in the Statute until May 24, 1939, when they were added to the Maryland Workmen's Compensation Act.8 1939 Laws of Maryland, Chap. 465. See J. Nicholas Shriver, Jr., The Maryland Occupational Disease Law, 4 MD. L.REV. 133, 135, 139 (1940). See also Polomski, 344 Md. at 77-78, 684 A.2d 1338. The Act was again amended in 1951 to provide that all occupational diseases were compensable, provided that a claimant could establish a nexus between the disease and his or her employment. 1951 Laws of Md., Chap. 287 § 22(a).9

Section 9-502 of the Labor and Employment Article sets forth the compensation provisions for occupational diseases. LE §§ 9-502(a)—(d) provide:

In Polomski, the Court of Appeals observed that the General Assembly in 1971 addressed the need for legislation that accounted for increased risks from occupational disease for certain public employees—initially fire fighters—who faced especial hazards due to the risks and demands of their profession:

Polomski, 344 Md. at 78, 684 A.2d 1338. In its present form, LE § 9-503(a) thus accords "special treatment to employees in particular professions" who are afflicted with certain enumerated occupational diseases by creating a presumption of compensability for workers such as firefighters, police officers and other employees in certain occupations.10 See [Ernest] Johnson v. Mayor & City Council of Baltimore City, 387 Md. 1, 15, 874 A.2d 439 (2005).

Of particular relevance, LE § 9-503(a) provides:

Md.Code (1991, 2008 Repl.Vol., 2009 Supp.), § 9-503(a) of the Labor & Employment Article. The offset provision at LE § 9-503(e) in turn now permits the recovery of dual benefits, subject to the amount capped by the employee's weekly salary, as follows:

LE § 9-503(e) (emphasis added). The emphasized language reflects an amendment to Section 9-503(e) that extends the dual recovery to qualified surviving dependents. See 2007 Md. Laws, Chaps. 350, 351. This is the measure of recovery that has been sought by claimant in the case before us, and had been claimed unsuccessfully by Mrs. Ernest Johnson in 2005. We first review the decisions from this Court and the Court of Appeals in Ernest Johnson v. Mayor & City Council that provide a context for claimant's attempt to recover dual benefits subject only to the LE § 9-503(e)(2) offset.

Ernest Johnson v. Mayor & City Council of Baltimore City

Ernest Johnson (no relation to the firefighter in the case before us), had served as a Baltimore City firefighter for thirty-two years. He was diagnosed with colon cancer, and died from that disease on March 11, 1994. There was no dispute that his illness constituted an occupational disease, or that Mrs. Ernest Johnson was a wholly dependent survivor. She began receiving a service pension benefit from the City. She also filed a claim for survivor's benefits under the Worker's Compensation Act. Both the Workers' Compensation Commission and the circuit court concluded that Mrs. Johnson was entitled to both the pension and the compensation benefits, subject to a set-off as provided in LE § 9-503(e)(2), which capped the total weekly recovery in the amount of the firefighter's weekly salary, instead of the dollar-for-dollar offset directed by LE § 9-610, the Act's general offset provision.

The City appealed to this Court, which reversed. Mayor & City Council of Baltimore City v. [Ernest] Johnson, 156 Md.App. 569, 847 A.2d 1190 (2004), aff'd, 387 Md. 1, 874 A.2d 439 (2005). There, we recognized the "core values" of workers' compensation legislation, as well as the liberal construction required to ascertain a statute's meaning, id., 156 Md.App. at 594, 847 A.2d 1190, but cautioned that we may not "stifle the plain meaning of the Act, or exceed its purposes, [just] so that the injured worker may prevail." Id. (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). We further noted that "the Act has a purpose broader than serving the interests of employers and their employees ... The needs and expectations of society, in addition to those of the work force, come into play." Id. at 595, 847 A.2d 1190 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). Even assuming that the General Assembly had inadvertently omitted language offering dual recovery in favor of dependents, we pointed out that, "[w]hen an omission in the language of a statute ... appeared to be the obvious result of inadvertence, a court may not invade the function of the legislature by reading missing language into a statute[.]"11 Id., 156 Md.App. at 596, 847 A.2d 1190 (citations and internal quotation marks omitted).

The Court of Appeals affirmed. In so doing, the Court emphasized that a court may not "assume authority to read into the Act what the Legislature apparently deliberately left out." [Ernest] Johnson, 387 Md. at 14, 874 A.2d 439. In ruling that the language of LE § 9-503(e) of the Act as written was unambiguous, and that there was no basis to conclude that the dependents of deceased firefighters would be entitled to dual benefits, the Court explained:

Johnson, 387 Md. at 15-16, 19, 874 A.2d 439 (footnotes omitted).

Amended LE § 9-503(e)

Clearly aggrieved by the Court of Appeals' decision in Ernest Johnson, the General Assembly sought to remedy what was viewed as a defect in the current law, and amended LE § 9-503(e) to include surviving dependents of the enumerated public employees so they, too, would be entitled to benefit from the offset afforded by LE § 9-503(e). 2007 Md. Laws, Chaps. 350, 351. The title clauses for Senate Bill 752 and House Bill 1117 explained that the General Assembly was amending LE § 9-503(e):

The temporal reach of the amended version of LE § 9-503(e) lies at the heart of this appeal. If the current Statute applies, then claimant is entitled to dual recovery of her survivor's benefits under the Act as well as the employee's service pension. If the amendment is not applied retroactively, the instant claim is covered by the statute in force at the time of the employee's death. In that instance, claimant's recovery would be subject to the general offset provision found at LE § 9-610.

Statutory Interpretation

To determine the meaning and application of a statute, we must adhere to the "cardinal rule of statutory interpretation," which dictates that we "ascertain and effectuate the intention of the legislature." Chesek v. Jones, ante, 406 Md. 446, 458, 959 A.2d 795 (2008) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). "[O]ur primary goal is always `to discern the legislative purpose, the ends to be accomplished, or the evils to be remedied by a particular provision' ... We begin our analysis by first looking to the normal, plain meaning of the language of the statute...." Montgomery County Volunteer Fire-Rescue Ass'n v. Montgomery County Bd. of Elections, 418 Md. 463, 471, 15 A.3d 798 (2011) (citation omitted). Where the language is "clear and unambiguous and express[es] a plain meaning," we effectuate the provision as written. See Chesek, 406 Md. at 459, 959 A.2d 795 (quoting WFS Financial, Inc. v. Mayor & City Council of Baltimore, 402 Md. 1, 13, 935 A.2d 385 (2007)).

An Amendment's Temporal Reach— The Issue of Retroactivity

This appeal requires a corollary inquiry into whether the Legislature intended the statutory provision at issue to have retroactive effect. "Generally speaking, [t]he legislative function is principally concerned with the establishment of future rules of conduct." Doe v. Roe, 419 Md. 687, 699, 20 A.3d 787 (2011) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). It has been long established that there exists

Traore v. State, 290 Md. 585, 593, 431 A.2d 96 (1981) (citations omitted).12 Indeed, "the presumption against retroactive legislation is deeply rooted in our jurisprudence, and embodies a legal doctrine centuries older than our Republic." Landgraf v. USI Film Products, 511 U.S. 244, 265, 114 S.Ct. 1483, 128 L.Ed.2d 229 (1994). The "rationale underlying the general rule provides that retrospective application, which attempts to determine the legal significance of acts that occurred prior to the statute's effective date, increases the potential for interference with persons' substantive rights." WSSC v. Riverdale Heights Fire Co., 308 Md. 556, 561, 520 A.2d 1319 (1987).

The Court's decision in Langston v. Riffe, 359 Md. 396, 754 A.2d 389 (2000) is instructive. In that case, the Court confronted the issue of retroactive legislation in the context of three paternity actions. Two men who had been adjudged to be fathers sought to obtain blood or genetic testing in the hope of overturning declarations of paternity. The men sought relief under Section 5-1038 of the Family Law Article, as amended subsequent to their paternity adjudications. Md.Code (1984, 1991 Repl.Vol., 1995 Supp.), § 5-1038(a)(2)(i)2 of the Family Law Article ("FL"). In short, application of the amended FL § 5-1038(a)(2)(i)2 would permit the men to challenge the adjudication of paternity on the basis of a blood or genetic test that would exclude them as the father. Notwithstanding the logic of their position, the attempts by the adjudicated fathers met with some resistance. The principal stumbling block to the use of new technology, either to ascertain the true father or rule out someone who clearly was not, was the fact that the operative amendments came after their paternity adjudications. The mothers asserted that stringent rules governing the revisory authority of the trial courts were to apply. They argued for the application of stringent revisory procedures pursuant to Md. Rule 2-535 that would constrain a circuit court's authority to revise an adjudication of paternity. This had been the holding of the Court in Tandra S. v. Tyrone W., 336 Md. 303, 648 A.2d 439 (1994), the case which prompted the General Assembly to act.

A majority of the Court of Appeals in Langston ruled that the amendment to FL § 5-1038(a)(2)(i)2 should apply retroactively to afford relief to the adjudicated fathers, who were thus given the opportunity to rule out their paternity. Instead of the strict revisory rule set forth in Md. Rule 2-535 with its restrictive time constraints, FL § 5-1038(a)(2)(i)2 afforded access to a post-declaration blood or genetic test. The Court concluded that the General Assembly, in amending the statute, sought to negate the effects of the Tandra S. decision. Mindful of the presumption that amended statutes would be limited to prospective effect, the Court determined that the amendment was remedial and that it was aimed at all paternity claims and declarations. The legislative history of FL § 5-1038(a)(2)(i)2 likewise showed the Legislature's concern with the Tandra S. decision and its implications. The Court explained that, "[c]learly, the perceived injustices to putative fathers in situations similar to the putative fathers in the Tandra S. case could not be remedied by legislation with a strictly prospective effect." Langston, 359 Md. at 412, 754 A.2d 389 (footnote omitted). The Langston majority concluded:

Langston, 359 Md. at 417-18, 754 A.2d 389 (citation omitted).

Although we recite the facts in Langston at length, we also conclude that Langston is inapt. The remedies and prudential underlay in that case bear little resemblance to the legislative relief fashioned in LE § 9-503(e). While the value of that decision is the exposition of the applicable law, the facts before us part company with those before the Court in that case because the legislative relief sought for the adjudicated fathers was "procedural and remedial," while the amendments to LE § 9-503(e) are, at bottom, substantive. To place more focus on our inquiry, we turn to an exposition of relevant law as set forth by Judge Wilner, writing for the Court of Appeals:

Allstate Ins. Co. v. Kim, 376 Md. 276, 289-90, 829 A.2d 611 (2003). See generally, Pautsch v. Maryland Real Estate Comm'n, 423 Md. 229, 263-64, 31 A.3d 489 (2011).

Claimant emphasizes that two of the basic principles apply to this case, the second and third, and that their application dictates a retroactive application of LE § 9-503(e). To reiterate, the four principles announced in Kim and prior cases are

Kim, 376 Md. at 289, 829 A.2d 611. The first principle is always in play in a case such as this. The default presumption is that an amendment is forward-looking. Claimant also makes much of the fact that the Workers' Compensation Act is a remedial statute, and avers that the amendments to LE § 9-503(e) must be judged in this context. To be sure, that is the special nature of such legislation. Nevertheless, the fact that the statute is remedial is not dispositive where other interests are at work, viz., substantive or vested rights that are affected by a change in the law. The amendment to LE § 9-503(e) is not procedural, and while respectful of the general remedial nature of workers' compensation legislation and, further assuming that the General Assembly sought to remedy what was considered a "defect" in the existing law, we decline claimant's invitation to accept the retroactive temporal reach of the amended LE § 9-503(e). Although claimant's argument that the amendment to the Act is a remedial measure, her contention lacks sufficient force.

We may even assume that, absent clear language to that effect in the amendment, the General Assembly intended a retroactive application of the amendment to LE § 9-503(e). We recognize that there is language in both legislative bills that amended LE § 9-503 to suggest that the General Assembly thought that the prior version of LE § 9-503(e) authorized dual benefits to wholly dependent survivors such as the claimant before us. The title clause for each bill, Senate Bill 752 and House Bill 1117, states that the amendments were proposed "[for] the purpose of clarifying that surviving dependents of certain individuals are eligible to receive the same workers' compensation benefits as the individual received at the time of death[.]" In Chesek v. Jones, the Court noted that the use of the term "clarifying" in the purpose clause of a bill would be one factor in legislative interpretation. Chesek, 406 Md. at 462, 959 A.2d 795. Certainly, there is authority from sister jurisdictions to the effect that a "clarifying" statute merely pronounces what has always been the law. See, e.g., In re Marriage of Fellows, 39 Cal.4th 179, 46 Cal.Rptr.3d 49, 138 P.3d 200, 202 (2006). We are likewise mindful of expectations by legislators that are consistent with this view, and suggestions that, in practice, wholly dependent survivors had always been granted dual benefits. This is the manner of legislative debate and comment that is relevant to ascertaining legislative intent when other interpretive tools fall short, because legislative testimony that is well taken and remarks by legislators themselves shed light on the intent behind a proposed enactment. See Toft v. State of Nevada ex rel. Pimentel, 108 Md.App. 206, 216, 671 A.2d 99 (1996). Yet, the Court of Appeals' decision in Johnson is conclusive—LE § 9-503(e), the law in effect prior to the 2007 Amendments did not authorize dual benefits such as are sought in the case before us.

Assuming that the General Assembly sought to endow LE § 9-503(e) with the temporal reach that claimant seeks, the inquiry does not end with a finding of legislative intent. Langston, 359 Md. at 418, 754 A.2d 389. This implicates the fourth principle set forth in Kim and related cases viz., "a statute will not be given that effect if it would impair vested rights, deny due process, or violate the prohibition against ex post facto laws." The Court has observed that "a remedial or procedural statute may not be applied retroactively if it will interfere with vested or substantive rights." Langston, 359 Md. at 418, 754 A.2d 389. In John Deere Constr. & Forestry Co. v. Reliable Tractor, Inc., 406 Md. 139, 957 A.2d 595 (2008), the Court, drawing from the Supreme Court's analysis in Landgraf, defined retroactive application as "one that `would impair rights a party possessed when he acted, increase a party's liability for past conduct, or impose new duties with respect to transactions already completed.'" John Deere, 406 Md. at 147, 957 A.2d 595 (quoting Landgraf, 511 U.S. at 280, 114 S.Ct. 1483).

Notwithstanding legislative recognition of a "custom" prior to the Court's decision in [Ernest] Johnson, the operative fact is that an enlarged class of persons is eligible to receive benefits not lawfully available to it prior to the 2007 amendments. We consider the decision by the Arkansas Court of Appeals in Clevenger v. City of Jonesboro, 2011 Ark.App. 579, 2011 WL 4585587 (2011), to be instructive. Clevenger, a retired firefighter, appealed from a decision by the Arkansas Workers' Compensation Commission ruling that the City of Jonesboro was entitled to an offset against his retirement disability benefits. At the time of Clevenger's injury, which ultimately resulted in his disability retirement, a provision of the Arkansas statute provided for a dollar-for-dollar reduction in an injured worker's benefits where the injured worker had previously received similar payments from other sources. See Ark.Code Ann. § 11-9-411(a)(2) (2008). The Arkansas legislature in 2009 amended the relevant provision to eliminate the setoff in certain instances and Clevenger asserted that the amended statute would have a retroactive effect and apply to his case to afford him relief from the setoff.

An administrative law judge ruled in Clevenger's favor, but the Commission reversed. The intermediate appellate court sided with the City on appeal and affirmed. The Court rejected Clevenger's complaint that the Commission erred by ruling that the statute was substantive and would not have retrospective application. The Court's rationale is relevant and merits extensive quotation:

Clevenger, 2011 Ark.App. 579 at 4-5 (emphasis added).

The decision by the Minnesota Supreme Court in Yaeger v. Delano Granite Works, 250 Minn. 303, 84 N.W.2d 363 (1957), is likewise instructive. An amendment to Minnesota's workers' compensation statute changed the source of additional compensation payments from a special compensation fund and imposed that obligation on employers and their carriers. The court held on constitutional grounds that the amendment would not apply, and explained:

Yaeger, 84 N.W.2d at 366 (citations omitted). In Tedford v. Workforce Safety & Ins., 738 N.W.2d 29 (N.D.2007), the WSI had been offsetting the claimant's federal social security retirement against his disability, pursuant to a statute that had been enacted subsequent to the date that he was determined to be totally disabled. The North Dakota Supreme Court ruled that the statute did not apply. The court explained:

Tedford, 738 N.W.2d at 34. Cf. Stonesifer v. State, 34 Md.App. 519, 524, 368 A.2d 492 (1977) (whether injured claimant entitled to recover under two compensation plans a question of substantive right). See Riley v. W.C.A.B., 997 A.2d 382, 389 (Pa.Cmwlth. 2010) (substantive right implicated when retroactive application of statute imposes new legal burdens on past transaction). See also, e.g., Hayes v. New Orleans Voodoo Football, Inc., 985 So.2d 259, 264-65 (La.App. 5 Cir.2008) (application of pre-amendment statute that directed offset of benefits).

In the final analysis, we conclude that the 2007 amendment to LE § 9-503(e) may not be applied retrospectively. The change in LE § 9-503(e) was intended by the General Assembly to address the Court's decision in Johnson and to clarify the law to provide for dual benefits to the surviving dependents of certain public employees who are presumed to have died because of their occupational disease. There is no clear directive from the General Assembly that the amendment should apply retrospectively. The amendment has an adverse impact on the size of the class of eligible claimants who would benefit, and this effects a substantive change in the "legal landscape" and enlarges the obligations of public employers. The amended law creates an "obligation" that the employer had not previously been required to meet. See Layton v. Howard County Bd. of Appeals, 399 Md. 36, 48, 922 A.2d 576 (2007).

Postscript

Claimant points out that, according to the legislative history, the financial impact on the State would be negligible. Yet, the impact from retroactive application of LE § 9-503(e) would not only be borne by the State, but by local governments. It is thus not clear that the impact of the new law on municipal and county employers such as the City of Baltimore would be de minimus, as claimant suggests.

We are also mindful of the Court's decision in Janda v. General Motors Corp., 237 Md. 161, 205 A.2d 228 (1964). The Court stated "[v]arious rules [that] have been formulated by the courts to aid in determining whether a statute is to be applied retrospectively or prospectively[]":

Janda, 237 Md. at 168-69, 205 A.2d 228. The fourth rule, which would direct the application of a statutory change to pending cases, was specifically disapproved in WSSC v. Riverdale Heights Fire Co., ante, 308 Md. at 565, 520 A.2d 1319. See generally, Layton v. Howard County Bd. of Appeals, 399 Md. 36, 63-64, 922 A.2d 576 (2007) (discussing continued authority of Yorkdale Corp. v. Powell, 237 Md. 121, 205 A.2d 269 (1964) in the context of zoning and land use—holding that changes in zoning law applied retroactively).

The amendments to LE § 9-503(e), as to the instant claim, do not apply.

JUDGMENT OF THE CIRCUIT COURT FOR BALTIMORE CITY AFFIRMED.

EACH PARTY TO BEAR ITS OWN COSTS.