MARKMAN, J.

Plaintiff, Beverly Duffy, was injured while riding an off-road vehicle on what is commonly known as the Little Manistee Trail ("the Trail"). The state of Michigan owns the Trail, and the Department of Natural Resources (DNR) maintains it. Plaintiff sued both entities, and throughout this litigation has set forth various theories to avoid the grant of governmental immunity provided to defendants in the governmental tort liability act (GTLA), MCL 691.1401 et seq. In the lower courts, she argued that defendants had a duty to maintain the Trail in reasonable repair pursuant to what is generally referred to as the `highway exception' to governmental immunity because the Trail is a "trailway" that falls within the statutory definition of "highway." See MCL 691.1401(e); MCL 691.1402(1). In this Court, plaintiff now contends that we should conclude that the Trail is either a "forest road" or a "road" for purposes of the GTLA and that defendants therefore have a duty to maintain this "road" pursuant to the highway exception.

Therefore, this case requires us to determine whether the Little Manistee Trail is a "highway" for the purposes of governmental immunity because the state only has a duty to maintain the Trail in reasonable repair pursuant to the highway exception if it is, in fact, a "highway" under MCL 691.1401(e). We note that this is a question of first impression in the particular context of this case. For although Michigan courts are familiar with the highway exception to governmental immunity, we are unaware of any case in which a person who has been injured while riding an off-road vehicle on a state trail has claimed that the trail constitutes a "highway" for purposes of the highway exception.

We conclude that the Trail is not a "highway" under MCL 691.1401(e). The Trail is properly classified as a "trailway" within the distinct meaning of that word in Michigan's statutory law, and this "trailway"—which is miles away from any highway—is not within the scope of the highway exception because it is not a "trailway. . . on the highway." Id. Furthermore, because the Legislature determined that only trailways on the highway are deemed highways, and because this Trail therefore is clearly not a highway, we refuse plaintiff's invitation to avoid the statute and make the Trail into a highway by calling it a road. In summary, all roads, forest roads, trails, trailways, and highways in this case lead to the conclusion that plaintiff's claim is barred by governmental immunity. Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the Court of Appeals.

I. FACTS & HISTORY

Plaintiff, together with her husband and friends, were riding off-road vehicles (ORVs) on the Little Manistee Trail, located in Lake County. Just as plaintiff was about to negotiate a left turn, she ran over some exposed wooden boards that had been partially buried. This caused her ORV to bounce into the air, throwing plaintiff against nearby tree trunks and resulting in serious spinal injuries.

The Trail serves mixed uses, and the DNR has designated it variously as an "ORV route," an "ORV trail," and a "snowmobile trail." Plaintiff was injured on the portion of the Trail designated as an "ORV route," which signifies that any licensed motor vehicle can operate on that part of the Trail. The Trail is part of a comprehensive system of recreational trailways, which by statute the DNR is obligated to maintain and manage for off-road vehicles. See MCL 324.81123. The state funds the ORV Trail Improvement Fund through the state treasury, and the DNR is authorized to provide grants to local units of government, nonprofit agencies, and individuals to maintain this system of trails, routes, and forest roads. The Little Manistee Trail is maintained by the Irons Area Tourist Association, a nonprofit corporation.

Plaintiff sued defendants on the basis of the highway exception to governmental immunity.1 Defendants moved for summary disposition, arguing that the Trail is not a "highway" and, as a result, that they had no duty to maintain it in reasonable repair pursuant to the highway exception. The trial court denied this motion, ruling that the Trail fits within the definition of a "highway" in MCL 691.1401(e), which specifically includes "trailways." According to the trial court, "there is no dispute that the Little Manistee is a trailway," and it proceeded to hold that defendants were not exempt from the duty to maintain the Trail. The Court of Appeals reversed. Duffy v. Dep't of Natural Resources, unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of Appeals, issued March 9, 2010 (Docket No. 289644, 2010 WL 785949). The Court of Appeals agreed with the trial court that the Trail is properly classified as a "trailway" and falls within the definition of "highway" in MCL 691.1401(e). According to the Court of Appeals, "[t]here can be no real dispute that this is a trailway . . . ." Id. at 3. However, the panel concluded that the limited liability granted to the state in MCL 691.1402(1) applies to all trailways. As a result, it ruled that the highway exception did not apply to plaintiff's suit. Plaintiff then filed an application for leave to appeal, which this Court granted. Duffy v. Dep't of Natural Resources, 488 Mich. 861, 788 N.W.2d 15 (2010).

II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

This Court reviews de novo a trial court's decision on a motion for summary disposition. Ostroth v. Warren Regency, GP, LLC, 474 Mich. 36, 40, 709 N.W.2d 589 (2006). Matters of statutory interpretation are also reviewed de novo. Id.

III. HIGHWAY EXCEPTION TO GOVERNMENTAL IMMUNITY

The GTLA shields a governmental agency from tort liability "if the governmental agency is engaged in the exercise or discharge of a governmental function."2 MCL 691.1407(1). The existence and scope of governmental immunity was solely a creation of the courts until the Legislature enacted the GTLA in 1964, which codified several exceptions to governmental immunity that permit a plaintiff to pursue a claim against a governmental agency. This case concerns the highway exception to governmental immunity, MCL 691.1402(1), which provides in relevant part:

The reference to "trailways" in the fourth and final sentence was added by 1999 PA 205. The GTLA further provides in MCL 691.1401(e) its own definition of "highway," which states that [as] used in this act:

The inclusion of "trailways" in the definition of "highway" was also done in 1999 PA 205. The GTLA does not define other terms in MCL 691.1401(e), including in particular "road" or "trailways."

Although this Court has never before considered the exact issues presented in this case, it has on many occasions interpreted the highway exception. See, e.g., Robinson v. City of Lansing, 486 Mich. 1, 782 N.W.2d 171 (2010); Grimes v. Dep't of Transp., 475 Mich. 72, 715 N.W.2d 275 (2006); Nawrocki v. Macomb Co. Rd. Comm., 463 Mich. 143, 615 N.W.2d 702 (2000); Suttles v. Dep't of Transp., 457 Mich. 635, 578 N.W.2d 295 (1998). These decisions are instructive and offer some general principles to guide us.

First, this Court has recognized that the language of the highway exception is not altogether clear. Indeed, we have described the highway exception as "problematic," Nawrocki, 463 Mich. at 167 n. 24, 615 N.W.2d 702, and have noted that its language is "confusing for several reasons," Suttles, 457 Mich. at 643 n. 5, 578 N.W.2d 295 (citation and quotation marks omitted). In Grimes, 475 Mich. at 78, 715 N.W.2d 275, we identified a particular problem in the act, which we encounter again today—that is, "[b]eyond defining the term `highway,' the GTLA does not define [the] additional terms [in MCL 691.1401(e)]." The absence of statutory definitions for these terms is particularly troublesome in this case because not only are "road" and "trailway" undefined by the GTLA, but "trailway" is undefined in many general dictionaries as well. In determining whether defendants have a duty to maintain the Trail in reasonable repair because the Trail constitutes a "highway," we remain cognizant of the challenges presented by the drafting of the highway exception and mindful that we are "[c]onstrained to apply the statutory language as best as possible as written . . . ." Nawrocki, 463 Mich. at 171, 615 N.W.2d 702.

Second, as we recently explained in Robinson, 486 Mich. at 8 n. 4, 782 N.W.2d 171, we know that MCL 691.1402 and MCL 691.1401 must be read together as a single law:

See also Remus v. Grand Rapids, 274 Mich. 577, 581, 265 N.W. 755 (1936) ("In the construction of a particular statute, or in the interpretation of any of its provisions, all acts relating to the same subject, or having the same general purpose, should be read in connection with it, as together constituting one law.") (citations and quotation marks omitted). But cf. Grimes, 475 Mich. at 85, 715 N.W.2d 275 (in which we "decline[d] to consult the definitions contained in the [Michigan Vehicle Code] to inform our construction regarding the scope of the highway exception [in the GTLA]," warning that relying on "an unrelated statute to construe another is a perilous endeavor to be avoided by our courts").

When MCL 691.1402(1) and MCL 691.1401(e) are read in pari materia, it is clear that all governmental agencies have a duty to maintain highways within their jurisdiction in reasonable repair, but that this duty only extends to "highways" that fall within the definition of "highway" in MCL 691.1401(e). In addition, if the governmental agency is the state or a county road commission, as is the case here, the Legislature has further constricted the scope of the highway exception by limiting the portion of the highway covered by the exception. That is, these agencies have no duty under the highway exception to maintain "sidewalks, trailways, crosswalks, or any other installation outside of the improved portion of the highway designed for vehicular travel," MCL 691.1402(1), even though sidewalks, trailways, and crosswalks are included within the definition of "highway." The duty of municipalities and townships is not similarly limited.

Accordingly, determining whether the highway exception to governmental immunity applies to the facts of this case is a two-pronged inquiry. First, in order for defendants to have a duty to maintain the Little Manistee Trail in reasonable repair, the Trail must fall within the definition of "highway" set forth in MCL 691.1401(e), which again is "a road . . . that is open for public travel" and "includes . . . trailways. . . on the highway." Second, if the Trail is a "highway," defendants only have a duty to maintain it in reasonable repair if the Trail is part of the highway included within the limited duty of the state and county road commission. MCL 691.1402(1). Concerning the first prong, plaintiff argues that the Trail falls within the definition of "highway" in MCL 691.1401(e) because it is a "road"; alternatively, she argues in support of the lower courts' determinations that the Trail is a "trailway." Concerning the second prong, plaintiff argues that, as a "road," the Trail is not excluded from defendants' duty by MCL 691.1402(1) and, alternatively, that the limitation on the state's duty in MCL 691.1402(1) applies only to "trailways . . . outside of the improved portion of the highway designed for vehicular travel," not to all trailways, as the Court of Appeals concluded.

IV. TRAIL NOT A "HIGHWAY"

We now address the threshold question whether the Little Manistee Trail is a "highway" under MCL 691.1401(e). Neither party contends that the Trail could fall within the highway exception as anything other than a "road" or a "trailway." Although plaintiff originally argued that the Trail was indisputably a "trailway," and although both lower courts treated this issue as equally undisputed, in her appeal in this Court, she belatedly challenges this classification, arguing instead that the Trail is a "road" for purposes of the GTLA.3 We consider and reject both of plaintiff's arguments. First, we conclude that the Trail is a "trailway" within the distinct meaning of that word in Michigan's statutory law. Second, we conclude that the Trail is not a "trailway" covered under MCL 691.1401(e).

The following information about the Trail is relevant in determining its classification under the GTLA. As stated previously, the Trail is on land owned by the state, and it is maintained by and under the jurisdiction of the DNR. The Little Manistee Trail is one of four trail systems within Lake County, which bills itself as "Michigan's Outdoor Recreational Paradise" and actively promotes its more than 300 miles of trailways. A DNR witness, who specialized in the development and maintenance of forest roads and trails, provided an affidavit that stated:

Thus, according to the DNR, the Trail is both a "trail" and a "route." Plaintiff's accident occurred on the portion of the Trail that is considered a "route." Furthermore, according to the DNR, the Trail permits mixed uses. The Trail is "primarily" used for recreational vehicle riding purposes, and to that end, ORVs are permitted on all portions of the Trail year-round when passable (the Trail is not plowed in the winter), and snowmobiles are permitted in the winter. As a "secondary use," licensed four-wheel conventional vehicles are permitted on the "route" portion. Pictures included in plaintiff's index show signage reflecting these various uses, including a sign for "Mixed Traffic" and a weight-limit sign that permits trucks with more than one axle. These pictures show the Trail as an unpaved dirt path that has no shoulder, directly abuts dense forest, and appears wide enough to allow one lane of conventional traffic.

A. TRAIL AS A "TRAILWAY"

MCL 8.3a instructs that when a nontechnical word is not statutorily defined, it "shall be construed and understood according to the common and approved usage of the language . . . ." However, construing the elusive word "trailway" according to its "common and approved usage of the language" proves to be a difficult, if not impossible, task. As mentioned, not only is "trailway" not defined by the GTLA, but it is not defined in most general dictionaries either.4 This case, therefore, presents the unusual situation in which there is apparently no "commonly approved" meaning of a word that the Legislature chose to employ in a statute, and yet the Legislature did not define the word in that statute.

It is thus necessary to look outside the GTLA in order to discern the meaning of "trailway" likely intended in MCL 691.1401(e). When we do, we find one statute to be of particular relevance: the Michigan trailways act, MCL 324.72101 et seq., the only Michigan statute that explicitly creates "trailways" and that provides the law governing "trailways." The act was added as part of the Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Act (NREPA) in 1995 to provide for a statewide system of trailways on lands "owned by the state or a governmental agency," MCL 324.72103(1)(a), "for public enjoyment, health, and fitness; [to] encourage constructive leisure-time activities; . . . [and to] enhance the local and state economies," MCL 324.72102. The act defines "trailway" in part as a "land corridor that features a broad trail capable of accommodating a variety of public recreation uses." MCL 324.72101(k).

We are persuaded that when the Legislature added "trailway" to the highway exception in 1999 without defining the word, it likely intended "trailway" to be construed according to the already-existing definition in the statute specifically devoted to trailways. While relying on "an unrelated statute to construe another is a perilous endeavor to be avoided by our courts," Grimes, 475 Mich. at 85, 715 N.W.2d 275, this case simply does not allow us to avoid the Michigan trailways act. We believe therefore that it is both necessary and proper to look to the act's definition of "trailway" because there is no alternative definition. Furthermore, the chronology of relevant enactments, as well as the trailways act's exclusive focus on trailways, leads us to believe that the Legislature must have intended that the definition of "trailways" in MCL 324.72101(k) would apply to other invocations of trailways in Michigan law, and specifically to that term as used in the highway exception. In short, although this Court will not invariably borrow language or meaning from one statute in order to provide meaning to another when those statutes are not in pari materia, this case presents us with such an instance.

Accordingly, we apply the definition of "trailways" provided in the trailways act to MCL 691.1401(e), and conclude that the Little Manistee Trail falls squarely within this definition; it is a "land corridor that features a broad trail capable of accommodating a variety of public recreation uses." MCL 324.72101(k). It is a "broad trail," an unpaved dirt trail that has no shoulder, directly abuts dense forest, and appears wide enough to allow one lane of conventional traffic. And a defining characteristic of the Trail is its capacity to "accommodat[e] a variety of public recreation uses." All types of ORVs are permitted year-round on the Trail, and snowmobiles are permitted in the winter. Moreover, the Little Manistee Trail falls within the broader ambit of the trailways act. It is located on state-owned land and is part of a statewide system of trailways designed "to provide for public enjoyment, health, and fitness; encourage constructive leisure-time activities; . . . [and] enhance the local and state economies," as is evident by the active promotion of the Trail for recreation and tourism. MCL 324.72102.

It is unclear whether plaintiff and the dissent would disagree with the conclusion that the Little Manistee Trail falls within the definition of "trailway" in part 721 of NREPA, for both appear to have overlooked this definition. Indeed, the dissent never even attempts to give meaning to "trailway" as used in the highway exception and, in this way, is entirely unresponsive to this opinion. This lack of response is remarkable for several reasons, not the least of which is that in the lower courts it was undisputed that the Trail was a "trailway," and plaintiff herself still maintains that this is so. This lack of response also highlights the critical flaw in the dissent's approach to the highway exception.

To understand our differing approaches—and why we believe that ours is the better one—we begin with one point of agreement between our opinions. We both agree that "the resolution of this case hinges on the meaning of `highway' . . . ." Post at 418. Recognizing this, both opinions also quote MCL 691.1401(e), which in defining "highway" plainly includes both "roads" and "trailways." We part ways with the dissent, however, with our altogether routine determination that we must give meaning to all statutory terms in MCL 691.1401(e)—specifically, to both "road" and "trailway."5

In accordance with this approach to interpretation, we consider plaintiff's belated challenge to the lower courts' rulings that the Little Manistee Trail was a "trailway." Plaintiff now argues in the alternative that the Trail is a "road." Because "road," like "trailway," is not defined in the GTLA, it "shall be construed and understood according to the common and approved usage of the language . . . ." MCL 8.3a. Unlike "trailway," however, the meaning of "road" is well understood and is found in any dictionary. Its meaning is captured sufficiently, in our judgment, by this definition: a "road" is "a leveled or paved surface, made for traveling by motor vehicle . . . ." Random House Webster's College Dictionary (1997).

Although the Little Manistee Trail is "a leveled surface," it does not fall within the common definition of "road" because it is not "made for traveling by motor vehicle." Rather, according to the DNR expert's uncontroverted testimony, its primary purpose and use is for recreational vehicles, and this purpose eclipses the highly limited use of the Trail by motor vehicles.6 The recreational use of the Trail is so totally defining that we can easily understand why no party in the lower courts even considered that the Trail might be a "road"—i.e., "a leveled or paved surface, made for traveling by motor vehicle." Thus, when comparing the definition of "trailway," which specifically refers to the Trail's defining characteristic—its capacity to "accommodate a variety of public recreation uses"—and the definition of "road," which clearly does not refer in any way to the Trail's defining characteristic as a recreational trail, it is apparent that the Little Manistee Trail is properly characterized as a "trailway," not a "road."

The dissent's conclusion that the Trail is a "road," which it reaches without even considering the meaning of "trailway," violates principles of statutory interpretation, is grounded in faulty logic, and contravenes the Legislature's manifest intent in drafting MCL 691.1401(e).7 It is axiomatic that "every word [in the statute] should be given meaning, and we should avoid a construction that would render any part of the statute surplusage or nugatory." People v. Peltola, 489 Mich. 174, 181, 803 N.W.2d 140 (2011) (citations and quotation marks omitted). It is also axiomatic that "where a statute contains a general provision and a specific provision, the specific provision controls." Gebhardt v. O'Rourke, 444 Mich. 535, 542-543, 510 N.W.2d 900 (1994). Yet the dissent does not even attempt to give effect to the narrower provision "trailway," even though the Legislature's use of both "road" and "trailway" demands that we accord each term its proper meaning and apply the more precisely pertinent term.8 Indeed, the dissent's interpretive approach raises the obvious question: Why would this Court, or any court, when offered the choice between applying two statutory terms in resolving a dispute, choose the less applicable term?9

The dissent's response is that our interpretation renders "surplusage" the definition of "road." Post at 418. This response reveals the illogic of the dissent's approach. As this case illustrates, a "trailway"—i.e., a "land corridor that features a broad trail capable of accommodating a variety of public recreation uses"—will often fall within the broad definition of "road"—i.e., "a leveled or paved surface, made for traveling by motor vehicle." But the converse does not hold true. That is, while a "trailway" will often be a "road," a "road" will only infrequently be a "trailway." Thus, one consequence of the dissent's conclusion that the Trail is a "road" is that "road" would essentially consume "trailway" in MCL 691.1401(e), and genuinely render "trailway" "surplusage." There is no equivalent risk in concluding that the Trail is a "trailway" that "road" could be rendered a nullity. Indeed, our opinion accords full meaning to both "road" and "trailway." It defines both terms, and it ultimately characterizes the Trail as a "trailway" because the latter is the more specific term. To first define the broader term, as the dissent does, in no way dispenses with the need also to define the narrower term; by contrast, defining the narrower term does dispense with the need also to define the broader term.10 In sum, our interpretation does not render any part of MCL 691.1401(e) surplusage.

Finally, the dissent justifies its avoidance of "trailway" by reasoning that "even if the Trail is not a `covered trailway,' as the majority concludes, it certainly is a road." Post at 418. That is, the Trail can still be a "road," and thus a "highway," even if it is a "trailway," but not a "trailway on the highway." However, this directly contradicts what the Legislature stated in MCL 691.1401(e). Under that provision, there are two sets of terms that fall within "highway." First, there are public highways, roads, and streets that are open for public travel. These are always "highways." Second, there are structures that are "included" as highways— "bridges, sidewalks, trailways, crosswalks, and culverts on the highway." In order to be "included" as a highway, a trailway in particular must be on the highway and, if it is not, that trailway is not a highway. The language and organization of MCL 691.1401(e) make this plain, yet the dissent would contravene the statute and transform a trailway that is not on a highway—and thus is not a highway—into a highway by calling it a road, all without first considering whether the Trail at issue is best, and most precisely, characterized as a trailway. In sum, the Legislature determined that roads and trailways are not the same for purposes of the highway exception, in the sense that only certain trailways would be deemed highways. Thus, once this Trail has been most precisely and accurately classified as a trailway, it cannot be a road.

Plaintiff posits one more argument to challenge our conclusion that the Trail is a trailway. She urges us to supplement—or perhaps more accurately, to supplant—the common understanding of "road" with a definition of "forest road" in NREPA, arguing that the Trail is a "forest road" or a "road" under this definition. NREPA defines "forest road" as "a hard surfaced road, gravel or dirt road, or other route capable of travel by a 2-wheel drive, 4-wheel conventional vehicle designed for highway use, except an interstate, state, or county highway." MCL 324.81101(f).11 Plaintiff's reliance on this definition is unavailing for several reasons. To begin with, it is unnecessary to turn to this definition because "road" is a common and familiar word. It is difficult to think of a word that is more easily "understood according to the common and approved usage of the language . . . ." MCL 8.3a. Plaintiff's invocation of NREPA's definition of "forest road" runs contrary to first principles of interpretation because (1) there is nothing "common" about NREPA's technical and specific definition of "forest road" and (2) relying on this unrelated definition is altogether avoidable in light of more commonplace definitions. Grimes, 475 Mich. at 85, 715 N.W.2d 275.12

Further, even looking past this threshold problem, we are not persuaded that the definition of "forest road" is applicable to the highway exception. MCL 324.81101(f) defines a "forest road," while the GTLA defines "highway" to encompass only "roads," and "roads" have been included within the definition of "highway" in MCL 691.1402(1) since the GTLA was first enacted in 1964. Together, these facts suggest that the Legislature that enacted the GTLA and included "road" within the highway exception could not have intended that the definition of "forest road" would be used to give meaning to "road," because that definition did not even exist when "road" was incorporated into the GTLA. Conversely, it would seem odd that the Legislature that enacted the specific definition of "forest road" would have intended it to apply generally to all "roads" in Michigan, including all "roads" referenced in the highway exception.

However, we need not engage in speculation about this, because the Legislature affirmatively foreclosed the possibility that the definition of "forest road" could be imported into the highway exception by crafting that definition to distinguish between "forest roads" and those "highways" that come within the scope of the highway exception. Again, MCL 324.81101(f) defines "forest road" as "a hard surfaced road, gravel or dirt road, or other route capable of travel by a 2-wheel drive, 4-wheel conventional vehicle designed for highway use, except an interstate, state, or county highway." (Emphasis added.) State and county highways—those structures of transportation that are most indisputably within the highway exception— are expressly excluded from the definition of "forest roads." Thus, the Legislature reasonably and clearly indicated that a "forest road" is not a typical "road," a conclusion that merely underscores the obvious fact that NREPA defines a "forest road," while the definition of "highway" in the GTLA speaks only of "roads." In summary, we have little difficulty in concluding that the Little Manistee Trail is properly characterized as a "trailway," not a "road," under the highway exception.13

B. TRAIL NOT A COVERED "TRAILWAY"

After concluding that the Trail is properly classified as a "trailway," we next address whether this "trailway" falls within the definition of "highway" in MCL 691.1401(e)—that is, whether it is a "a public highway, road, or street that is open for public travel and includes bridges, sidewalks, trailways, crosswalks, and culverts on the "highway." We conclude that it is not. This definition does not include within its scope all trailways, but includes only those "trailways" that are "on the highway." The Little Manistee Trail is not "on" the highway, and it is not "adjacent to" the highway; in fact, it is miles away from any highway. Therefore, it is not a "trailway" covered by MCL 691.1401(e) and thus not a "highway" for purposes of the highway exception to governmental immunity.

This interpretation is compelled by the final clause of MCL 691.1401(e), "on the highway," which, when properly applied, makes clear that the definition of "highway" includes "bridges, sidewalks, trailways, crosswalks, and culverts," but only those "bridges, sidewalks, trailways, crosswalks, and culverts" that are "on the highway." In applying this limiting clause to the entire preceding list of installations within the definition of "highway," we follow the established exception to the general rule of statutory construction known as the `last antecedent' rule. This "rule of statutory construction provides that a modifying or restrictive word or clause contained in a statute is confined solely to the immediately preceding clause or last antecedent, unless something in the statute requires a different interpretation." Stanton v. Battle Creek, 466 Mich. 611, 616, 647 N.W.2d 508 (2002) (emphasis added). In MCL 691.1401(e), there are two indications that a different interpretation is required, and both direct us to follow the exception rather than the general rule and apply the restrictive clause to each of the preceding terms.

First, the structure and context of MCL 691.1401(e) indicate that a different interpretation is required. As previously discussed, there are two sets of terms that fall within its definition of "highway." There are "public highways, roads, or streets that are open for public travel." And there are those terms that are "include[d]" as highways—"bridges, sidewalks, trailways, crosswalks, and culverts on the highway." While there is nothing surprising about including the first class of terms in the definition of "highway," the average reader might well not expect to find the terms listed in the second class. However, the context of the sentence makes clear why these latter terms are considered within the scope of "highways." Namely, all the terms listed in this second class bear some relationship to the highway. The modifying clause, "on the highway," establishes this relationship. Accordingly, to give proper meaning to MCL 691.1401(e) as gleaned from its structure and context, the clause "on the highway" must be applied to all the terms that are "include[d]" within the second class of highways—"bridges, sidewalks, trailways, crosswalks, and culverts."

The second reason to follow the exception to the last-antecedent rule in interpreting MCL 691.1401(e) is that the interpretation reached by applying the general rule would be grammatically incorrect. That is, when the restrictive clause "on the highway" is applied to only its last antecedent, "culvert," an awkward and unreasonable reading results because there are no culverts "on" the highway. "Culvert" is not defined by statute, but its common definition is "a drain or channel crossing under a road, sidewalk, etc; sewer, conduit." Random House Webster's College Dictionary (1997) (emphasis added). However, while "on" is not the grammatically correct preposition to apply to a "culvert," other terms listed as "included" in the definition of "highway," such as "crosswalks" and "bridges," are normally understood to be "on" the highway.

We are "[c]onstrained to apply the statutory language as best as possible as written . . . ." Nawrocki, 463 Mich. at 171, 615 N.W.2d 702. In this case, the constraints created by the highly imperfect drafting of MCL 691.1401(e) require us to apply the modifying clause "on the highway" to all the terms listed as "included" as "highways," and, in doing so, give these words proper grammatical effect. See Sun Valley Foods Co. v. Ward, 460 Mich. 230, 237, 596 N.W.2d 119 (1999) (stating that "statutory language must be read and understood in its grammatical context"). Accordingly, because it is grammatically anomalous to say that a "culvert," "sidewalk," or "trailway" is "on" the highway,14 prepositions that more precisely describes these areas' relationship to the highway must be used to give this sentence proper grammatical meaning. Thus, a "highway," as defined by MCL 691.1401(e), includes a "culvert" "under" the highway; a "sidewalk" "adjacent to" the highway; and importantly, a "trailway" "adjacent to" the highway.

In conclusion, in drafting the statutory definition of "highway" in MCL 691.1401(e), the Legislature created two classes of terms that are considered "highways" —(1) those terms that are "highways" per se, i.e., a "public highway, road, or street that is open for public travel," and (2) those terms "included" as highways, such as "bridges, sidewalks, crosswalks, and culverts," but only if they are "on the highway." Notably, when the Legislature amended the definition of "highway" in 1999 to add "trailways," it added this term to the second category of covered structures, each of which is modified by "on the highway." If the Legislature had intended that all trailways—no matter where they are located and irrespective of their relationship to the highway—should be considered highways, it would have added "trailways" to the first category of covered structures. But it did not.

By including "on the highway" in MCL 691.1401(e), the Legislature limited the universe of "bridges, sidewalks, trailways, crosswalks, and culverts" that are considered "highways" for purposes of the highway exception. This limitation is perfectly reasonable because it would be odd if a sidewalk in the middle of a meadow or a trailway in the middle of a forest, neither of which is anywhere near a bona fide highway, were considered a "highway" for purposes of governmental immunity. Therefore, it is important to give effect to this essential limiting clause, no matter how inartfully worded.15

V. CONCLUSION

The questions of statutory interpretation presented in this case are of first impression and, as with many cases involving the highway exception to governmental immunity, present some challenges due to the drafting of MCL 691.1401(e) and MCL 691.1402(1). However, by using traditional tools of construction and following the guidance of this Court's previous governmental immunity jurisprudence, we interpret the statute as best we can and reach what we believe is the most reasonable interpretation. In doing so, we conclude that the Little Manistee Trail is not a "highway" for purposes of governmental immunity. The Trail is properly classified as a "trailway" within the distinct meaning of that word in Michigan's statutory law, and, because it is not a "trailway . . . on the highway," it is not a covered "trailway" under MCL 691.1401(e). Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the Court of Appeals.

MARILYN KELLY, J. (dissenting).

As poet James Whitcomb Riley is said to have remarked, "When I see a bird that walks like a duck and swims like a duck and quacks like a duck, I call that bird a duck." Riley's quip is apropos to this case: when I see a thoroughfare that looks like a road and has signage like a road and is used by the public as a road, I call that thoroughfare a road.

Resolution of this case is straightforward. At issue is whether the Little Manistee Trail (the Trail) is a "highway"—or more pointedly, a road—for purposes of the governmental tort liability act (GTLA).1 If the Trail is a "highway" as defined by MCL 691.1401(e), then the state is under a duty to maintain it in reasonable repair. If it is not a highway, the state has no such duty.

The majority holds that the Trail is not a highway and that defendants are entitled to summary disposition. It concludes that they have no liability to plaintiff because the highway exception to governmental immunity does not apply. In reaching this conclusion, the majority injects confusion into what should be a simple analysis. I dissent because I believe that all signs, figurative and literal, indicate that the Little Manistee Trail is a "highway" under the GTLA.

FACTUAL BACKGROUND

The facts of this case are not in dispute. Plaintiff was riding an off-road vehicle (ORV) on the Little Manistee Trail in Lake County when she ran over some exposed boards partially buried in the traveled portion of the roadway. She was thrown from her ORV against a tree trunk, resulting in spinal injuries and paralysis.

The portion of the Trail on which plaintiff's accident occurred is designated as an "ORV route," meaning that any motor vehicle licensed by the Secretary of State can operate on it. The vehicles permitted there include, but are not limited to, conventional cars, trucks, sport utility vehicles, ORVs, all-terrain vehicles, motorcycles, snowmobiles, semi-trucks, and tractor-trailers. Furthermore, the Trail has myriad signs that guide and direct traffic. Among them are stop signs, two-way-traffic signs, mixed-traffic signs, weight-limit signs, and curve/turn designations.2

After plaintiff was injured, she filed suit against the Department of Natural Resources (DNR) and the state of Michigan, alleging that they had failed to adequately maintain the Trail. Plaintiff theorized that, under the highway exception to governmental immunity, defendants had a duty to maintain the Trail in reasonable repair.3 Defendants moved for summary disposition, arguing that the Trail is not a "highway" and that they have no duty to maintain it. The trial court denied the motion, ruling that the Trail is a "highway" under the GTLA. It reasoned that the act's definition of "highway" specifically includes "trailways." Because it is undisputed that the Little Manistee Trail is a trailway, defendants were under a duty to maintain it in reasonable repair.

The Court of Appeals reversed the trial court.4 It concluded that, although the Trail falls within the definition of "highway" in MCL 691.1401(e), the limited liability afforded by the highway exception to governmental immunity applies to all trailways. Thus, it held that the highway exception does not apply to plaintiff's suit.5

We granted plaintiff's application for leave to appeal.6

STANDARD OF REVIEW AND LEGAL BACKGROUND

We review de novo a trial court's ruling on a motion for summary disposition.7 This case involves a question of statutory interpretation, which we also review de novo.8

The GTLA provides immunity for governmental agencies. Under MCL 691.1407, governmental agencies9 are generally immune from tort liability while engaged in the exercise or discharge of a governmental function unless an exception to this general rule applies.10

The only exception germane to this appeal is the highway exception, MCL 691.1402, which provides in pertinent part:

Thus, it is important to determine if plaintiff was driving her ORV on a "highway" as that term is defined in the GTLA. The act provides at MCL 691.1401(e):

However, this provision defines neither "road" nor "open for public travel." We may therefore consult a dictionary for a further understanding of this language.11

Random House Webster's College Dictionary defines "road" as "a long, narrow stretch with a leveled or paved surface, made for traveling by motor vehicle, carriage, etc.; street or highway."12 With respect to the phrase "open for public travel," it defines "open" as, among other things, "without restrictions as to who may participate[;] accessible or available[.]"13 "Public" is defined as "of, pertaining to, or affecting a population or a community as a whole[;] open to all persons[.]"14 These dictionary definitions comport with the common understanding of a "highway" as used in MCL 691.1401(e), that is, a road, paved or otherwise, that is available for use by everyone.

ANALYSIS

The primary goal of statutory interpretation is to give effect to the Legislature's intent, focusing on the language in the statute.15 The language provides "`the most reliable evidence'" of the Legislature's intent,16 and when construing a statute, a court must read the language in it as a whole.17

Considering these rules, as well as our traditional canons of statutory interpretation, I conclude that the Little Manistee Trail is a "highway" within the intent of the GTLA. First, it is a road that is open for public travel. It fits within the common understanding of a "road" because it is a leveled surface designed for travel by motor vehicles and maintained so as to be suitable for vehicular travel.18 And although the Trail is not paved, a road need not be covered with concrete or asphalt to qualify as a road, given that the definition of "road" includes "a leveled or paved surface . . . ."19 Furthermore, it is undisputed that any motor vehicle properly licensed by the Secretary of State is permitted to travel on the Trail, subject to the applicable weight limitations marked on posted signs. Thus, the Trail satisfies the definition of "road" because it is a thoroughfare "made for traveling by motor vehicle . . . etc.[.]"20

I take strong exception to the majority's claim that the Trail is not "made for traveling by motor vehicle[s]."21 One need only consider the photographs in the Appendix to this opinion to see that the Trail was designed for extensive use by motor vehicles. The signage alerts Trail users to the presence of ORVs, automobiles, and 5-, 9-, and 15-ton trucks.

Second, the Trail is open for public travel. It is beyond question that it is open year-round. During spring, summer, and fall months, it is used by ORVs and motorcycles, as well as by cars, trucks, sport utility vehicles, and large semi-trucks. During winter months, it is also used by snowmobiles and motor vehicles to the extent weather conditions permit. No statutory prohibition limits its use to certain seasons or to a particular type of use. Consequently, the Little Manistee Trail is accessible to the general public and is open for public travel.

The majority asserts that the Trail's "primary purpose and use is for recreational vehicles, and this purpose eclipses the highly limited use of the Trail by motor vehicles."22 It also claims that "[t]he recreational use of the Trail is so totally defining that we can easily understand why no party . . . considered that the Trail might be a `road' . . . ."23 But defendant's expert, on whose testimony the majority relies, stated that the Trail "is open to properly registered ORVs and street licensed vehicles." This testimony answers the question of whether the Trail qualifies as a "road." More importantly, it is immaterial to determining whether the Trail is a road if it is used more frequently by semi-trucks, ORVs, or pedestrians. Indeed, there is no statutory basis for distinguishing between primary and secondary uses of a road.24 Accordingly, the majority has impermissibly overrun the Legislature's definition of "highway" in MCL 691.1401(e) and replaced it with a judicially created "purpose of use" test.

Because the Trail is a "road" that is "open for public travel," it is necessarily a "highway" as that term is defined in MCL 691.1401(e). The ramifications of this conclusion are clear: governmental agencies, in this case the DNR and the state of Michigan, have an affirmative duty to maintain it in such reasonable repair as to make it safe and convenient for public travel. To the extent the Court of Appeals held otherwise, it erred.25

THE MAJORITY'S FLAWED ANALYSIS

The majority's statutory interpretation is flawed. The first step in interpreting a statute is analyzing its language, a maxim that appears in virtually every statutory-interpretation-centric dispute before the Court.26 Yet the majority's attention to defining "highway" as used in the GTLA strays from the GTLA and travels to the Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Act (NREPA), MCL 324.101 et seq. And it engages in this expedition not to properly define or apply the term "highway," but to define and apply the term "trailway."27 It does this notwithstanding the fact that the resolution of this case hinges on the meaning of "highway," not the meaning of "trailway."

Under the GTLA, a "highway" is a "road . . . that is open for public travel." As I have explained in detail earlier, that definition applies to the Little Manistee Trail, regardless of whether the Trail qualifies as a "trailway" in an unrelated act. The majority's departure from the GTLA and foray into NREPA ignores its duty to first analyze the language of the statute that is at issue. And it is superfluous when the language of the GTLA can be straightforwardly applied, as in this case.

A second analytical maxim that guides us is that the Court must avoid a statutory interpretation that would render any part of a statute surplusage or nugatory.28 In this regard, the first clause of MCL 691.1401(e) provides that a "highway" is "a public highway, road, or street that is open for public travel . . . ." The next clause indicates that "highways" include "bridges, sidewalks, trailways, crosswalks, and culverts on the highway." Hence, a "road. . . that is open for public travel" is a "highway," and so too are "bridges, sidewalks, [and] trailways . . . on the highway." Therefore, even if the Trail is not a "covered trailway," as the majority concludes, it certainly is a road. The majority's statutory interpretation glosses over the first clause of the statute and, in fact, renders it surplusage.

The majority counters this point with the assertion that my analysis renders the term "trailway" surplusage. But the flaw in its argument is apparent from the outset when it concedes that a trailway only sometimes falls within the definition of a "road."29 The Trail precisely fits within the majority's definition of a "road." It is a "trailway," within the majority's definition, that is open for public travel by motor vehicles. Thus, it at once satisfies the majority's imported meaning of "trailway" and the definition we both agree upon of "road." But because the Trail satisfies the majority's definition of "trailway," the majority renders "road" mere surplusage.

I agree with the majority that trailways that are not open for public travel by motor vehicles are not roads. Hence, my conclusion that the Trail is a "road" does not consume "trailways" in MCL 691.1401(e). Nor does it render the inclusion of "trailways" in that statute surplusage.

Similarly, the majority asserts that the GTLA makes clear that only certain trailways will be considered highways,30 presumably those that run alongside a highway. But this reasoning begs the big question: Is the Trail a "trailway" or a "road" within the intent of the statute? If it qualifies as a "road," as I have concluded, it is irrelevant that it does not run alongside a highway.

Finally, the majority claims that I "never even attempt[] to give meaning to `trailway'" and that my dissent is "entirely unresponsive to [its] opinion."31 I have noted that it serves no useful purpose to consider whether the Trail is a "trailway" as defined by an unrelated act. I invite the reader to compare the straightforward analysis set forth in this dissent with the trail-to-nowhere approach of the majority opinion. It is the majority that disdains the language of the GTLA indicating that a "highway" is a "road . . . that is open for public travel." This Court's function is to give meaning to the words of a statute, but the majority fails to apply that principle to the most obvious meaning and application of "highway." Instead of clarifying the law, the majority risks making the Court the "obfuscator of last resort."32

CONCLUSION

In sum, this is a vanilla case of statutory interpretation that is easily resolved. MCL 691.1401(e) provides that a "highway" is a "road" that is "open for public travel." The Little Manistee Trail satisfies this definition because it is a leveled surface designed for vehicular travel that is always accessible to the public. The majority "swerves and dodges"33 the actual language of the statute and reaches an unsupportable conclusion to the contrary.34

I would reverse the judgment of the Court of Appeals and hold that the Little Manistee Trail is a "highway" within the meaning of MCL 691.1401(e).

APPENDIX