MARY BETH KELLY, J.

This interlocutory appeal concerns whether a defendant charged with reckless driving causing death1 is entitled to a jury instruction on the misdemeanor lesser offense of moving violation causing death,2 notwithstanding the Legislature's prohibition against such an instruction.3 Ordinarily, statutory law entitles criminal defendants to instructions on necessarily included lesser offenses when the facts at issue warrant such instructions.4 Here, because the Legislature specifically created an exception prohibiting an instruction on moving violation causing death where the charged offense is reckless driving causing death, and because the Legislature did not exceed its constitutional authority in doing so, we hold that it was error for the circuit court to grant the defendant's request to instruct the jury on moving violation causing death.

We therefore reverse the judgment of the Court of Appeals and remand this case to the Wayne Circuit Court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. Specifically, on remand, the circuit court shall enter an order vacating its ruling granting defendant's request to instruct the jury on the misdemeanor lesser offense of moving violation causing death. In light of the clear legislative dictates of MCL 257.626(5), the circuit court is precluded from granting defendant's request and providing such a jury instruction.

I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

On the afternoon of March 2, 2012, defendant was driving his automobile at approximately 80 mph on a road with a posted speed limit of 35 mph. While changing lanes, defendant collided with another vehicle, which, in turn, struck a third vehicle that had been parked on the side of the road. The driver of the second vehicle was killed in the collision. Consequently, defendant was charged with reckless driving causing death under MCL 257.626(4).

Prior to trial, defense counsel filed a motion in limine, requesting that the circuit court instruct the jury on the misdemeanor lesser offense of committing a moving violation causing death. Despite the explicit prohibition in MCL 257.626(5) against such an instruction, the circuit court granted the motion, concluding that moving violation causing death is a necessarily included lesser offense of reckless driving causing death and, therefore, MCL 257.626(5) violates the doctrine of separation of powers under Const 1963, art. 3, § 2.

The prosecution appealed, and the Court of Appeals affirmed in a split published opinion. The majority held that MCL 257.626(5) is constitutionally infirm because it violates both the separation of powers and a criminal defendant's fundamental due process right to a trial by jury.5 Noting the general rule that a jury may acquit a defendant of the charged offense and instead find him guilty of a lesser offense, the majority first concluded that it is a violation of the separation of powers for the Legislature to prohibit the courts from instructing the jury on a necessarily included lesser offense. Because MCL 257.626(5) impermissibly precludes an instruction on moving violation causing death, which "by definition" is a necessarily included lesser offense of reckless driving causing death, the majority held the statutory prohibition to be unconstitutional.6 The majority explained that because the Legislature's sole function is to create substantive law whereas the Supreme Court has exclusive rulemaking authority in matters of practice and procedure, effectuating the right to a properly instructed jury is exclusively within the domain of the judiciary.7 Therefore, by prohibiting courts from instructing juries on the necessarily included lesser offense of moving violation causing death, the Legislature, via MCL 257.626(5), unconstitutionally infringed the judiciary's authority to establish court practice and procedure.8

Alternatively, the majority concluded that MCL 257.626(5) could likewise be invalidated as an unconstitutional deprivation of a defendant's right to a trial by a properly instructed jury. The majority observed that although MCL 257.626(5) plainly prevents the court from instructing the jury on the lesser offense of moving violation causing death, the statute does not bar or otherwise restrict a judge sitting as fact-finder from finding a defendant guilty of that lesser offense. The majority reasoned that, had the Legislature intended to limit a judge's consideration of moving violation causing death, it could have easily included language to that effect. Because a criminal defendant has no right to a bench trial unless the prosecutor and judge agree,9 MCL 257.626(5) places a criminal defendant in the position of compromising one right in favor of another, namely, a criminal defendant must relinquish his constitutional right to a trial by jury in order to permit the fact-finder to consider the lesser offense of moving violation causing death.10

We granted the prosecution's interlocutory application for leave to appeal, directing the parties to brief the following issues:

II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

The prosecution contends that the circuit court erred by granting defendant's request to instruct the jury on the misdemeanor lesser offense of moving violation causing death. We review de novo a claim of instructional error involving a question of law.12 However, a circuit court's decision as to whether a requested lesser-included-offense instruction is applicable under the facts of a particular case will only be reversed upon a finding of an abuse of discretion.13 An abuse of discretion occurs when the circuit court chooses an outcome that falls outside the range of principled outcomes.14 Before addressing any alleged instructional error by the circuit court, however, we first consider whether a defendant is entitled to a jury instruction on the offense of moving violation causing death despite the statutory prohibition set forth in MCL 257.626(5). We review this and other questions of law de novo.15

III. ANALYSIS

In determining whether the circuit court erred by granting the request to instruct the jury on the misdemeanor lesser offense of moving violation causing death, we begin by reviewing the common law and statutory basis for lesser offense instructions, after which we will address the extent to which this review affects the construction of the reckless driving causing death and moving violation causing death provisions.16

A. PROPRIETY OF LESSER-INCLUDED-OFFENSE INSTRUCTIONS

At common law, the general rule of lesser included offenses was that

This common-law rule has since been legislatively modified18 and appears in what is now MCL 768.32(1), which provides as follows:

Reduced to its simplest terms, when a defendant is charged with an offense "consisting of different degrees," the factfinder may, consistent with the statutory text, acquit the defendant of the charged offense and find him of her "guilty of a degree of that offense inferior to that charged in the indictment...."

In People v. Cornell,20 this Court considered what crimes constitute lesser or "inferior" offenses within the meaning of MCL 768.32(1). After reviewing the dissonant approaches to lesser-included-offense instructions articulated throughout our jurisprudence, this Court noted that "the word `inferior' in the statute does not refer to inferiority in the penalty associated with the offense, but, rather, to the absence of an element that distinguishes the charged offense from the lesser offense."21 On this basis, this Court concluded that a defendant is entitled to a lesser offense instruction only if that lesser offense is necessarily included in the greater offense; that is, the offense must be committed as part of the greater offense insofar as it would be "impossible to commit the greater offense without first committing the lesser offense."22 Cornell thus interpreted the legislative prerogative contained in MCL 768.32(1) — that an included-inferior-offense instruction may be appropriate upon request — as limited to necessarily included lesser offenses only; it foreclosed consideration of cognate lesser offenses, which, in the absence of adequate notice, may violate a defendant's fundamental due process rights.23 Under Cornell, then, the rule of lesser included offenses is simple: pursuant to MCL 768.32(1), the court must first determine whether an offense is necessarily included, which requires a comparison of the elements of the offenses, and if so, the court must then determine whether an instruction is warranted on the facts of a particular case by examining whether "the charged greater offense requires the jury to find a disputed factual element that is not part of the lesser included offense and a rational view of the evidence would support [the instruction]."24

As a corollary of this conclusion, Cornell returned MCL 768.32(1) to its original construction as given by this Court in Hanna: consideration of cognate lesser offenses is not permitted and the right to an instruction on a necessarily included lesser offense turns on whether "the charged greater offense requires the jury to find a disputed factual element that is not part of the lesser included offense and a rational view of the evidence would support [the instruction]."25 In so doing, this Court noted the separation of powers concerns inherent in its earlier caselaw permitting instructions on cognate offenses: to interpret MCL 768.32(1) as permitting instruction on cognate offenses is not a proper exercise of Supreme Court authority to determine rules of practice and procedure. While this Court exclusively retains the authority and duty to prescribe general rules that "establish, modify, amend, and simplify the practice and procedure in all courts of this state,"26 it cannot be disputed that "enact[ing] court rules that establish, abrogate, or modify the substantive law"27 transcends the limits of that authority. Indeed, "matters of substantive law are left to the Legislature."28 And because "[d]etermining what charges a jury may consider does not concern merely the `judicial dispatch of litigation,'"29 MCL 768.32(1) thus concerns a matter of substantive law and, consequently, courts may not promulgate procedural rules contrary to statutory law governing lesser-included-offense instructions, but are instead required to adhere to the legislative dictates.

B. RECKLESS DRIVING CAUSING DEATH AND MOVING VIOLATION CAUSING DEATH

Defendant was charged with reckless driving causing death pursuant to MCL 257.626(4). The reckless driving statute, MCL 257.626, provides in relevant part as follows:

Taken together, then, these provisions demonstrate the Legislature's intent that a person is guilty of reckless driving causing death, a 15-year felony, if that person "operates a vehicle ... [in willful or wanton disregard for the safety of persons or property] and by the operation of that vehicle causes the death of another person...." Moreover, in a prosecution for reckless driving causing death, "the jury shall not be instructed regarding the crime of moving violation causing death."

Despite these plain legislative dictates, the circuit court granted defendant's request that the jury be instructed on the misdemeanor lesser offense of moving violation causing death, which, in turn, provides as follows:

IV. APPLICATION

Assuming, based on the record concession, that moving violation causing death indeed constitutes a necessarily included lesser offense of reckless driving causing death, we nevertheless conclude that the circuit court erred in granting the request that the jury be instructed on the misdemeanor lesser offense of moving violation causing death. MCL 768.32(1) sets forth the general rule that a defendant is entitled to have the jury instructed on necessarily included lesser offenses. MCL 257.626(5), in turn, sets forth a clear exception to this general rule: when a defendant is charged with reckless driving causing death, "the jury shall not be instructed regarding the crime of moving violation causing death." As Cornell indicates, MCL 768.32(1) reflects both the Legislature's abolition of the common-law misdemeanor restriction as well as its proscription against consideration of cognate lesser offenses.32 As Cornell further indicates, this legislative modification does not impermissibly infringe this Court's constitutional authority to enact rules governing practice and procedure, because "[d]etermining what charges a jury may consider... concerns a matter of substantive law."33 Just as modifying the common-law rule is a permissible exercise of legislative authority under Cornell, we conclude that, by extension, so too is creating a substantive exception to that rule.34

Notwithstanding this Court's explicit statements to the contrary, the Court of Appeals interprets Cornell to "support" its conclusion that "determining what instructions should be given to the jury is exclusively within the judiciary's role."35 The Court of Appeals opinion similarly asserts that "[c]orrectly instructing the jury ... is a fundamental requirement of fair and proper administration of justice."36 Yet the two cases upon which the Court of Appeals relies in support of this proposition — People v. Murray and People v. Townes37 — contain no such language nor do they somehow suggest that a criminal defendant has an unfettered right to have the jury instructed on a lesser included offense or that such instructions are within the exclusive domain of the judiciary. At most, these cases merely reaffirm the unexceptional legal premise that a judge has a duty to accurately instruct the jury regarding the "law applicable to the facts,"38 irrespective of whether a proper request for or objection to those instructions has been made. Contrary to the Court of Appeals' assertion, MCL 257.626(5) is not a matter of practice and procedure, and, consequently, there can be no violation of separation of powers simply because a necessarily included lesser offense exists and the Legislature has acted within its constitutional authority by creating a substantive exception that prohibits or otherwise limits the jury's consideration of that lesser offense.

Nevertheless, defendant also argues that his Sixth Amendment right to a jury trial requires an instruction on moving violation causing death. However, the United States Supreme Court has not identified any requirement that a jury must consider lesser included offenses when deciding whether to convict on the charged offense. While the United States Supreme Court has ruled that, in a capital case, the jury must have the opportunity to convict on a lesser included offense,39 this holding has been limited to capital offenses.40 Except within this limited circumstance, the United States Supreme Court has expressly declined to rule on whether there is a constitutional entitlement to have the jury consider lesser included offenses.

Neither does the fact that MCL 257.626(5) is silent in the context of a judge sitting as finder of fact at a bench trial alter our conclusion. As stated, the Legislature made a policy decision that the jury may not be instructed on the lesser offense of moving violation causing death when the defendant is on trial for reckless driving causing death. The trial judge has a duty to instruct the jury "as to the law applicable to the case,"41 including lesser included offenses, and MCL 257.626(5) presents one such law applicable to the charge of reckless driving causing death. Furthermore, there is logical connection between the jury being instructed "as to the law applicable to the case," MCL 768.29, and the jury finding guilt based on those instructions. That is by precluding the jury from being instructed on the crime of moving violation causing death, the Legislature was essentially precluding the jury from convicting a criminal defendant of that lesser offense.

While jurors are not presumed to know the law applicable to a case, Michigan law presumes that a trial judge sitting as finder of fact is "aware of lesser-included offenses without the need for instruction."42 Conversely, the judge must also be aware when (as here) it is not appropriate to consider lesser included offenses.43 As a result, the Legislature did not need to provide an explicit limitation on a judge acting as the finder of fact when enacting its exception to the general rule governing lesser included offenses. To interpret MCL 257.626(5) as precluding the lesser offense instruction in either a jury trial or bench trial is therefore consistent with the general purpose of MCL 257.626(5): to eliminate the possibility that a defendant charged with reckless driving causing could be convicted of moving violation causing death. For these reasons, we agree with the Court of Appeals dissenting opinion, which explained that "[g]iven the clear intent of the Legislature to forbid consideration of the lesser misdemeanor offense of moving violation causing death when a defendant has been charged with reckless driving causing death, a judge trying a case without a jury would surely understand that he or she could not convict the defendant of the lesser offense."44

As a result of defendant's charge of reckless driving causing death, MCL 257.626(5) barred an instruction on the misdemeanor lesser offense of moving violation causing death. This legislative enactment does not run afoul of the separation of powers because, consistent with Cornell, MCL 257.626(5) is a substantive rule of law and is thus within the domain of the Legislature.45 Because defendant was statutorily precluded from having the jury consider the lesser offense of moving violation causing death, we therefore hold that the circuit court erred by granting the requested instruction.

V. CONCLUSION

We conclude that the circuit court erred by granting defendant's request that the jury be instructed on moving violation causing death. Defendant was charged with the greater offense of reckless driving causing death and, as such, was precluded under MCL 257.626(5) from receiving an instruction on the misdemeanor lesser offense of moving violation causing death. We therefore reverse the judgment of the Court of Appeals and remand this case to the circuit court for further proceedings, including entry of an order vacating its ruling granting defendant's request to instruct the jury on the misdemeanor lesser offense of moving violation causing death.

YOUNG, C.J., and MARKMAN, ZAHRA, and McCORMACK, JJ., concurred with MARY BETH KELLY, J.

VIVIANO, J. (concurring in the result).

I concur in the result because I agree with the majority that we should reverse the judgment of the Court of Appeals and remand this case to the Wayne Circuit Court to enter an order vacating its ruling granting defendant's request to instruct the jury on the offense of moving violation causing death. However, I write separately because I believe that the same result can be reached by deciding this case on a nonconstitutional ground.

This Court's order granting leave to appeal in this case asked the parties to address constitutional issues regarding the separation of powers and the right to a jury trial.1 However, we also asked the parties to address "whether MCL 257.601d [moving violation causing death] is a necessarily included lesser offense of MCL 257.626(4) [reckless driving causing death]."2 The majority opinion declines to address that issue because both parties conceded that moving violation causing death is a necessarily included lesser offense of reckless driving causing death. Despite this concession, however, I would decline to reach the constitutional issues3 and instead decide, as a matter of law, that moving violation causing death is not a necessarily included lesser offense of reckless driving causing death.4

In determining whether an offense is a necessarily included lesser offense of a greater offense, the issue requires the Court to determine whether the greater offense at issue always includes the lesser offense at issue.5 In other words, the question is whether all of the elements of moving violation causing death are subsumed into reckless driving causing death such that it is impossible for a person to commit reckless driving causing death without first committing moving violation causing death.6

The reckless driving causing death statute applies to "a person who operates a vehicle."7 However, moving violation causing death applies to "[a] person who commits a moving violation," which requires "an act or omission prohibited under this act or a local ordinance substantially corresponding to this act that involves the operation of a motor vehicle[.]"8 This may seem like a distinction without a difference upon first glance. But I believe the Legislature's use of the words "motor vehicle" and "vehicle" is significant given that the Michigan Vehicle Code has assigned distinct definitions to the two terms.

MCL 257.79 defines "vehicle," in pertinent part, as follows:

Whereas MCL 257.33 defines "motor vehicle" as follows:

Thus, by its terms, a "motor vehicle" is more narrowly defined as a "vehicle" with the distinct feature of being self-propelled. Arguably, then, a person could operate10 a "vehicle" in violation of the reckless driving causing death statute, but not violate the moving violation causing death statute if the vehicle involved was not specifically a "motor vehicle." But this distinction raises the question — what types of vehicles could a person operate in violation of the reckless driving causing death statute that are not motor vehicles?

According to my review of the Michigan Vehicle Code, a "vehicle" for purposes of the reckless driving causing death statute could be a "person riding an animal," "an animal-drawn vehicle,"11 or an "electric carriage."12 And while those devices are vehicles under the act, they are obviously not "motor vehicles." Thus, while it could be possible for a person to be charged with reckless driving causing death for recklessly driving a horse-drawn carriage, it would be impossible for that person to be found guilty of moving violation causing death because a horse-drawn carriage is not a motor vehicle. In other words, the offense of moving violation causing death is not a necessarily included lesser offense of reckless driving causing death because it is possible to commit reckless driving causing death without first committing a moving violation causing death — if you are operating a "vehicle" that is not also a "motor vehicle."13

I am fully aware that the circumstances under which a person may commit reckless driving causing death using such a non-motor vehicle will be rare, but the rarity of that potential occurrence does not change the legal analysis. An offense is either always considered a necessarily included lesser offense or it is not.14 And applying principles of statutory interpretation,15 I believe the Legislature's use of different terminology to describe the elements of each offense dictates the conclusion that the offense of moving violation causing death is not a necessarily included lesser offense of reckless driving causing death because all of the elements of moving violation causing death are not subsumed into reckless driving causing death such that it is impossible for a person to commit reckless driving causing death without first committing moving violation causing death. Accordingly, because it would instead be a cognate lesser offense,16 defendant was not entitled to an instruction on the offense of moving violation causing death irrespective of the Legislature's statutory prohibition.17 Therefore, I would dispose of the case on this non-constitutional ground.18

MICHAEL F. CAVANAGH, J. (dissenting).

The majority holds that jury instructions on lesser included offenses "concern a matter of substantive law," and, therefore, the Legislature's decision to bar instruction on the lesser included offense of moving violation causing death, MCL 257.601d(1), within MCL 257.626(5), is a permissible exercise of legislative power and does not offend the separation-of-powers doctrine. I continue to disagree with the majority's test regarding the difference between substantive and procedural law, and I disagree that lesser-included-offense instructions are a matter of substantive law. See McDougall v. Schanz, 461 Mich. 15, 60-61, 597 N.W.2d 148 (1999) (Cavanagh, J., dissenting). Further, I believe that MCL 257.626(5) deprives a defendant of the ability to present his theory of the case and disadvantages a defendant who chooses to exercise his right to a jury trial in violation of the Sixth Amendment. Therefore, I must respectfully dissent.

I. SEPARATION OF POWERS

The majority's separation-of-powers test was established in McDougall, where it held that a law only impinges on the Court's power to govern "practice and procedure" under Const. 1963, art. 6, § 5, when "no clear legislative policy consideration other than judicial dispatch of litigation can be identified." McDougall, 461 Mich. at 30, 597 N.W.2d 148, quoting Kirby v. Larson, 400 Mich. 585, 598, 256 N.W.2d 400 (1977) (opinion of Williams, J.) (quotation marks omitted). In doing so, the McDougall majority overruled Perin v. Peuler, (On Rehearing), 373 Mich. 531, 130 N.W.2d 4 (1964), criticizing Perin's rule as overly broad.

However, I continue to believe that Perin properly applied Const. 1963, art. 6, § 5. As I explained in McDougall, 461 Mich. at 41-42, 597 N.W.2d 148 (Cavanagh, J., dissenting), the separation-of-powers doctrine can be traced to the first Michigan Constitution, "which even predated our statehood." We have long held that when a court rule and a statute conflict, the court rule shall control absent the Court's acquiescence. See e.g., Byrne v. Gypsum Plaster & Stucco Co., 141 Mich. 62, 63-64, 104 N.W. 410 (1905); Berman v. Psiharis, 325 Mich. 528, 533, 39 N.W.2d 58 (1949); In re Koss' Estate, 340 Mich. 185, 189-190, 65 N.W.2d 316 (1954). As Perin correctly explained, "[t]he function of enacting and amending judicial rules of practice and procedure has been committed exclusively to this Court[,] a function with which the legislature may not meddle or interfere save as the Court may acquiesce and adopt for retention at judicial will." Perin, 373 Mich. at 541, 130 N.W.2d 4 (citations omitted). Thus, unless this Court acquiesces to the Legislature's decisions to regulate court procedures, this Court's power to regulate its own matters will always trump any legislatively prescribed rules.

Supplementing Perin's analysis, when one considers the definitions of "substantive law" and "procedural law," it becomes clear that lesser-included-offense instructions are procedural rather than substantive law, and, therefore, within the Court's constitutionally prescribed powers under art. 6, § 5. "Substantive law" is defined as "[t]he part of law that creates, defines, and regulates the rights, duties, and powers of parties," Black's Law Dictionary (8th ed.); whereas, "procedural law" is defined as "[t]he rules that prescribe the steps for having a right or duty judicially enforced, as opposed to the law that defines the specific rights and duties themselves." Id. Indeed, our caselaw supports these distinctions between substantive and procedural law. For example, Phelps v. Wayne Circuit Judge, 225 Mich. 514, 517-518, 196 N.W. 195 (1923), determined a statute to be procedural and explained that "[t]he contingent right given by the statute is not substantive law, but a rule of procedure relating only to the remedy. Its purpose and character class it as adjective law, which deals with methods for maintenance and enforcement of primary rights or to redress their invasion." Similarly, Chandler Motor Sales Co. v. Dertien, 229 Mich. 630, 634, 201 N.W. 954 (1925), explained that a procedural law "is one of practice. It relates to the method of applying a remedy and not to the substantive law (citation and quotation marks omitted)."

Lesser-included-offense instructions determine the method by which the substantive law — i.e. crimes — are applied in a criminal case. They do not, however, determine what is or is not a crime, and they do not define the rights and duties of members of society. Instead, they help prescribe the steps that a jury follows in reaching its verdict by informing the jury of their options under the existing substantive law. In other words, lesser-included-offense instructions inform the jury of the applicable crimes the jury may consider. Another way to approach the issue is to consider a jury's verdict the "remedy" in a criminal trial. Just like the outcome of a civil case is a remedy, the outcome in a criminal case is the verdict. See Chandler Motor Sales Co., 229 Mich. at 634, 201 N.W. 954. Stated another way, lesser-included-offense instructions consider the methods for redressing a criminal defendant's potential "invasion," see Phelps, 225 Mich. at 517-518, 196 N.W. 195, by prescribing the steps for determining a criminal sentence. Likewise, lesser-included-offense instructions do not determine what remedy is available, or whether a remedy is available, but instead inform the method of choosing and applying the "remedy" by providing varied options to the jury. And while the bar in MCL 257.626(5) on jury instruction in this case could arguably define the substantive rights of a defendant, the rights being defined are those within the context of a trial: they are the procedural rights a criminal defendant is afforded, and not the rights and obligations of the defendant as it relates to his membership in society.

Having established that lesser-included-offense instructions are indeed procedural, and, thus, within the purview of the court, the Legislature's action is only impermissible if the law conflicts with a court rule. I believe that there is such a conflict. MCR 2.512(B)(2) requires that the court "shall instruct the jury on the applicable law, the issues presented by the case, and, if a party requests as provided in [another subrule], that party's theory of the case." In my view, MCR 2.512(B)(2) directs that the court instruct the jury regarding lesser included offenses because lesser included offenses for which a defendant is potentially culpable is part of the "applicable law." In addition, as discussed later in this opinion, jury instructions, including lesser-included-offense instructions, are integral to a defendant's ability to present his theory of the case. Therefore, in my mind, MCL 257.626(5) irreconcilably conflicts with MCR 2.512(B)(2). The court rule must control unless this Court acquiesces or adopts the statute's rule — we have done neither. Therefore, MCL 257.626(5) impermissibly infringes this Court's sole authority to adopt rules and procedures and thus violates the separation-of-powers doctrine.

To the contrary, the majority holds that lesser-included-offense instructions are a matter of substantive law and, thus, the Legislature's regulation of such instructions does not offend the separation-of-powers doctrine. However, the majority merely cites a single statement in People v. Cornell, 466 Mich. 335, 353, 646 N.W.2d 127 (2002), that "[d]etermining what charges a jury may consider ... concerns a matter of substantive law." Yet Cornell provided little analysis to support this bold pronouncement, simply citing the following passage from People v. Piasecki, 333 Mich. 122, 143, 52 N.W.2d 626 (1952):

When read in context, it is clear that Piasecki defined jurisdictional powers of the Court as granted by the Legislature. Importantly, Piasecki did not involve a situation in which the Legislature attempted to intrude on powers constitutionally granted to the courts under Const. 1963, art. 6, § 5. Thus, Cornell's citation to Piasecki to support its assertion was incorrect, as the following passage from Piasecki makes clear:

It is clear that Piasecki's discussion regarding the court's power was describing those jurisdictional powers granted to the courts by the Legislature, not those powers that are inherent in the courts by virtue of Michigan's Constitution. Thus, in my opinion, Cornell's fleeting statement was incorrect, and the majority's reliance on it is likewise improper.

Moreover, in McDougall and subsequent cases, including this one, the majority continues to apply an overbroad test that risks making this Court's ability to govern judicial matters all but an illusion. As previously stated, the majority considers whether "no clear legislative policy consideration other than judicial dispatch of litigation can be identified." McDougall, 461 Mich. at 30, 597 N.W.2d 148 (citation and quotation marks omitted). However, the pitfalls of the majority's test become clear when one considers that a policy reason can be found for nearly any legislative enactment affecting the procedures of the courts. Under the majority's test, arguably the Legislature could amend the voir dire process to attempt to ensure better jury selections, or even attempt to dictate the structure of a trial for the purposes of efficiency. I am hesitant to believe that the Legislature acts purely arbitrarily, without policy considerations in mind. In other words, irrespective of whether the Legislature acts within the confines of its power, every law passed by the Legislature, whether constitutional or not, is the result of a policy decision. It would seem, therefore, that unless the Legislature acts arbitrarily, with no policy goal in mind, every law involves a "legislative policy consideration." Therefore, I believe that the mere existence of legislative policy goals is not sufficient to avoid separation-of-powers concerns.

II. RIGHT TO A JURY TRIAL

In addition to violating the separation-of-powers doctrine, MCL 257.626(5) gravely implicates the constitutional right to a trial by jury in two ways. First, more broadly, lesser-included-offense instructions ensure that a jury makes an informed decision and a defendant is able to present the theory of his case. Second, MCL 257.626(5) punishes a defendant for exercising his right to a trial by jury.

First, the Sixth Amendment requires that the state afford a defendant a jury trial at the defendant's request in "serious criminal cases." Duncan v. Louisiana, 391 U.S. 145, 156, 88 S.Ct. 1444, 20 L.Ed.2d 491 (1968). See, also, People v. Duncan, 462 Mich. 47, 53, 610 N.W.2d 551 (2000). Also, the court's failure to instruct a jury on the elements of an offense "deprive[s] defendants of `basic protections' without which `a criminal trial cannot reliably serve its function as a vehicle for determination of guilt or innocence ... and no criminal punishment may be regarded as fundamentally fair.'" Neder v. United States, 527 U.S. 1, 8-9, 119 S.Ct. 1827, 144 L.Ed.2d 35 (1999), quoting Rose v. Clark, 478 U.S. 570, 577-578, 106 S.Ct. 3101, 92 L.Ed.2d 460 (1986). The court must inform the jury of the law by which its verdict must be controlled; otherwise, the jury is deprived of a tool essential to its decision-making process. See Duncan, 462 Mich. at 52-53, 610 N.W.2d 551.

As noted, we have held that the failure to instruct on an element of a crime undermines the reliability of a verdict. Id. at 54, 610 N.W.2d 551. Similarly, the failure to instruct on a lesser included offense undermines the reliability of a jury's verdict. When credible evidence exists to support such an instruction, the failure to provide it denies the jury the opportunity to consider the defendant's theory of the case and deprives a defendant of his right to a fair trial. See People v. Rodriguez, 463 Mich. 466, 474, 620 N.W.2d 13 (2000); Cornell, 466 Mich. at 375, 646 N.W.2d 127 (Kelly, J., dissenting). Indeed, instructions on lesser included offenses mitigate "the risk that a defendant might otherwise be convicted of a crime more serious than that which the jury believes he committed simply because the jury wishes to avoid setting him free." Vujosevic v. Rafferty, 844 F.2d 1023, 1027 (C.A.3, 1988), citing Keeble v. United States, 412 U.S. 205, 212, 213, 93 S.Ct. 1993, 36 L.Ed.2d 844 (1973). Therefore, these instructions are important to ensure that a defendant is only convicted of the crime he actually committed.

Because this Court has concluded that lesser-included-offense instructions are a necessary part of ensuring reliable verdicts and, thus, protecting a defendant's Sixth Amendment right to a jury trial, why would we sanction a law as constitutional when it curtails constitutional guarantees? Notably, this Court would invalidate as unconstitutional any law that sought to curtail a defendant's right to an attorney under the Fifth or Sixth Amendment. Similarly, the Court would invalidate any law that sought to reduce the protections of the Fourth Amendment against search and seizure in order to aid police. It must follow that any law which impinges on a defendant's right to a jury trial must, similarly, be found unconstitutional. Therefore, in my mind, any law, including MCL 257.626(5), that bars a jury from hearing and considering lesser included offenses violates a criminal defendant's Sixth Amendment right to a jury trial.

But the constitutional concerns with MCL 257.626(5) do not stop there. In addition to its impact on a jury's ability to render informed decisions, it also impermissibly punishes a defendant for exercising his right to a jury trial. MCL 257.626(5) states, "In a prosecution under [reckless driving causing death], the jury shall not be instructed regarding the crime of moving violation causing death." Emphasis added. MCL 257.626(5), by its plain language, only restricts a jury's ability to be instructed on the lesser included offense of moving violation causing death. However, it is silent regarding bench trials and, thus, does not preclude the consideration of the lesser included offense if the defendant chooses to forgo the right to a jury trial.1 The effect of this statute is that a defendant who exercises his right to a jury trial is placed at a disadvantage because the lesser included offense of moving violation causing death is not available. This places defendants between a rock and a hard place as they are forced to choose whether to exercise their constitutional right to a jury trial or to have considered the lesser offense of moving violation causing death, a misdemeanor, instead of reckless driving causing death, a 15-year felony. See MCL 257.601d(1), MCL 257.626(4).

Further, MCL 763.3(1) allows a prosecutor, in effect, to preclude any consideration of the lesser included offense of moving violation causing death. MCL 763.3(1) states that, "In all criminal cases arising in the courts of this state the defendant may, with the consent of the prosecutor and approval by the court, waive a determination of the facts by a jury and elect to be tried before the court without a jury." Emphasis added. See, also, People v. Kirby, 440 Mich. 485, 487, 487 N.W.2d 404 (1992). Therefore, a defendant may not elect a bench trial without the prosecutor and the court's consent. This grants the prosecutor a significant strategic advantage to preclude the consideration of a charge that, as has been explained, is necessary to a defendant's ability to present his theory of his case.

"The right [to a jury trial] includes, of course, as its most important element, the right to have the jury, rather than the judge, reach the requisite finding of `guilty.'" Sullivan v. Louisiana, 508 U.S. 275, 277, 113 S.Ct. 2078, 124 L.Ed.2d 182 (1993). "What the factfinder must determine to return a verdict of guilty is prescribed by the Due Process Clause. The prosecution bears the burden of proving all elements of the offense and must persuade the factfinder `beyond a reasonable doubt' of the facts necessary to establish each of those elements." Id. at 277-278, 113 S.Ct. 2078 (citations omitted). The ultimate effect of MCL 257.626(5) and MCL 763.3(1) is that a defendant may never be able to have the lesser included offense of moving violation causing death considered in a criminal trial. The result is a chilling effect on a defendant's constitutional right to trial by jury. In my view, MCL 257.626(5) violates a defendant's right to jury trial and is, therefore, unconstitutional.

III. CONCLUSION

Because I believe that jury instructions are procedural rather than substantive, and because MCL 257.626(5) conflicts with MCR 2.512(B)(2), I believe that MCL 257.626(5) is an unconstitutional violation of the separation-of-powers doctrine. Further, because MCL 257.626(5) limits a defendant's ability to present the theory of his case to a jury and effectively punishes a defendant for exercising his Sixth Amendment right to a trial by jury, MCL 257.626(5) is also unconstitutional under the Sixth Amendment. Accordingly, I would affirm the Court of Appeals holding that the circuit court properly granted defendant's request that the jury be instructed on the lesser included offense of moving violation causing death.