DANIEL L. HOVLAND, District Judge.
This is a Medicaid eligibility case. Before the Court are cross-motions for summary judgment filed on August 22, 2011, and October 3, 2011, respectively. See Docket Nos. 10 and 13. A number of responsive pleadings were filed by both parties thereafter. See Docket No's. 16, 20, 27, 31, and 34. Oral argument was held in Bismarck, North Dakota, on April 12, 2012.
Plaintiff John Geston is a 73-year-old resident of the Missouri Slope Lutheran Care Center (Missouri Slope), a skilled nursing home facility located in Bismarck, North Dakota. He is considered the "institutionalized spouse" for Medicaid purposes. John Geston resided at Edgewood Vista Memory Care facility (Edgewood Vista) prior to moving to Missouri Slope. The cost of his care is $219.25 per day. See Docket No. 21-1. Plaintiff Carolyn Geston is married to John Geston. She lives in her home in Bismarck and is considered the "community spouse" for Medicaid purposes.
The defendant, Carol K. Olson, is the Executive Director of the North Dakota Department of Human Services (DHS). North Dakota has elected to participate in the Medicaid program and has designated DHS to implement the program. N.D.C.C. § 50-24.1-01.1. As Executive Director of DHS, Olson is responsible for the administration of the Medicaid program for the State of North Dakota. The Burleigh County Social Services Board acts under the direction and supervision of the
John Geston entered Missouri Slope on April 19, 2011. His application for Medicaid benefits was filed with the Burleigh County Social Service Board on April 29, 2011. See Docket No. 15-1. An asset assessment was included with the application. See Docket No. 15-6. Eligibility rules limit the amount of assets or resources
Thus, it was necessary to spend down the assets if John Geston was to be eligible for Medicaid benefits. A new car and home were purchased along with prepaid burial services, all of which are considered to be exempt assets. Carolyn Geston also purchased an annuity. See Docket No. 11-1. The single premium annuity was purchased on November 24, 2010, from Employees Life Company (Mutual) for $400,000. The annuity had an effective date of December 6, 2010, and provides Carolyn Geston with monthly income of $2,734.65. The income of the "community spouse" is not taken into consideration in making a Medicaid eligibility determination for the "institutionalized spouse." The annuity is irrevocable, unassignable, and nontransferable. The annuity has a benefit period of thirteen (13) years, which period is actuarially sound because it is less than Carolyn Geston's life expectancy which is slightly more than thirteen years. The North Dakota Department of Human Services is named as the primary beneficiary in the first position for at least the total amount of Medicaid benefits paid on behalf of the Gestons.
The record reveals that John Geston applied for Medicaid benefits on April 29, 2011. See Docket No. 21-1. The Medicaid application was denied on June 8, 2011. See Docket No. 11-2. The basis for denial was that the Gestons' countable assets, which were calculated at $454,691.33, exceeded the $112,560 maximum. The annuity was valued at $383,592.10 which represented the purchase price minus the annuity payments already made. Carolyn Geston's annuity failed to meet the criteria set forth in N.D.C.C. § 50-24.1-02.8(7)(b) and the annuity was determined to be a countable asset. If the corpus of Carolyn Geston's annuity was not treated as a countable asset, John Geston would be eligible for Medicaid benefits.
This action was commenced in federal court on May 13, 2011. See Docket No. 1. The action is brought pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and the Supremacy Clause. U.S. Const. art. VI. para. 2. The Gestons seek injunctive and declaratory relief declaring N.D.C.C. § 50-24.1-02.8(7) invalid and preempted by federal law because it is more restrictive than federal law and impermissibly allows DHS to consider a community spouse's income in determining an institutionalized spouse's Medicaid eligibility. The Court has federal question jurisdiction as the primary issue is whether the
Summary judgment is appropriate when the evidence, viewed in a light most favorable to the non-moving party, indicates that no genuine issues of material fact exist and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Davison v. City of Minneapolis, Minn., 490 F.3d 648, 654 (8th Cir.2007); see Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c). Summary judgment is not appropriate if there are factual disputes that may affect the outcome of the case under the applicable substantive law. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). An issue of material fact is genuine if the evidence would allow a reasonable jury to return a verdict for the non-moving party. Id.
The Court must inquire whether the evidence presents a sufficient disagreement to require the submission of the case to a jury or whether the evidence is so one-sided that one party must prevail as a matter of law. Diesel Mach., Inc. v. B.R. Lee Indus., Inc., 418 F.3d 820, 832 (8th Cir.2005). The moving party bears the burden of demonstrating an absence of a genuine issue of material fact. Simpson v. Des Moines Water Works, 425 F.3d 538, 541 (8th Cir.2005). The non-moving party "may not rely merely on allegations or denials in its own pleading; rather, its response must ... set out specific facts showing a genuine issue for trial." Fed. R.Civ.P. 56(e)(2). The court must consider the substantive standard of proof when ruling on a motion for summary judgment. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 252, 106 S.Ct. 2505.
There are no material facts in dispute in this case and only questions of law remain. The parties agree summary judgment is appropriate.
Before proceeding to the merits of the action it is necessary to determine whether the statutory provisions at issue provide the Gestons a private cause of action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. The Gestons contend the North Dakota rules and regulations for Medicaid eligibility are in direct conflict with federal Medicaid law. Specifically, they argue that N.D.C.C. § 50-24.1-02.8(7)(b) adds requirements not authorized by Congress which conflict with 42 U.S.C. §§ 1396a(a)(10)(C)(i), 1396a(a)(17), 1396a(r)(2)(B) and 1396r-5(b)(1). Section 50-24.1-02.8(7)(b) of the North Dakota Century Code uses a formula which treats some annuities as an asset which results in John Geston being ineligible for Medicaid benefits. DHS contends the Medicaid provisions cited by the Gestons do not provide a private cause of action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983.
42 U.S.C. § 1983 provides a private cause of action for the "deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution and laws" of the United States. 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Section 1983 actions may be brought against state actors to enforce rights created by federal statutes or the Constitution. Gonzaga Univ. v. Doe, 536 U.S. 273, 279, 122 S.Ct. 2268, 153 L.Ed.2d 309 (2002). A plaintiff seeking 42 U.S.C. § 1983 redress "must assert the violation of a federal right, not merely a violation of federal law." Blessing v. Freestone, 520 U.S. 329, 340, 117 S.Ct. 1353, 137 L.Ed.2d 569 (1997) (citing Golden State Transit Corp. v. City of Los Angeles, 493 U.S. 103, 106, 110 S.Ct. 444, 107 L.Ed.2d 420 (1989)) (emphases in original). The United States Supreme Court looks at three factors in deciding whether a particular statutory provision, enacted pursuant to Congress's spending power,
One of the statutory provisions relied upon by the Gestons is 42 U.S.C. § 1396a(a)(17). This provision states as follows:
42 U.S.C. § 1396a(a)(17). In Lankford, the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals found the statutory language that required state plans to include reasonable standards for determining eligibility in 42 U.S.C. § 1396a(a)(17) "insufficient to evince a congressional intent to create individually-enforceable federal rights." Id. at 509. The Ninth and Tenth Circuits have also found that 42 U.S.C. § 1396a(a)(17) does not create a private cause of action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Watson v. Weeks, 436 F.3d 1152, 1162-63 (9th Cir.2006) (finding 42 U.S.C. § 1396a(a)(17) fails the first prong of the Blessing test as it fails to even mention persons or individuals); Hobbs v. Zenderman, 579 F.3d 1171, 1182-83 (10th Cir.2009) (finding no individual entitlement). The Court finds that the Gestons do not have a private cause of action under 42 U.S.C. § 1396a(a)(17).
The Gestons also rely on 42 U.S.C. §§ 1396a(a)(10)(C)(i) and 1396a(r)(2)(B). These statutory provisions must be read together as 42 U.S.C. § 1396a(r)(2)(B) defines the controlling phrase "no more restrictive." The statutes provide as follows:
42 U.S.C. § 1396a(r)(2)(B).
On their face these statutory provisions are phrased in terms of "individuals" and require state plans to adopt an eligibility methodology which is no more restrictive than that employed under the supplemental security income program. A statute must focus on an individual entitlement in order to satisfy the first prong of the Blessing test. Lankford, 451 F.3d at 508. The focus of these statutory provisions is eligibility criteria for "individuals." 42 U.S.C. § 1396a(a)(10)(C)(i). Tellingly, the definition of "no more restrictive" twice speaks of individuals. 42 U.S.C. § 1396a(r)(2)(B). Section 1396a(r)(2)(B) permits adoption of an eligibility methodology which makes "additional individuals" eligible for medical assistance and forbids a methodology which results in otherwise eligible "individuals" being made ineligible. The failure to make any reference to individuals or persons was the fatal flaw that led to the conclusion that 42 U.S.C. § 1396a(a)(17) did not confer a private cause of action. Lankford, 451 F.3d at 509; Watson, 436 F.3d at 1162. However, the statutory provisions under consideration here clearly reveal an intent to benefit individuals such as the Gestons. See Markva v. Haveman, 168 F.Supp.2d 695, 711-12 (E.D.Mich.2001) (finding 42 U.S.C. § 1396a(a)(10)(C)(i) benefits individuals and provides a private right of action).
DHS relies on Hobbs v. Zenderman, 579 F.3d 1171, 1181-82 (10th Cir.2009) (concluding 42 U.S.C. § 1396a(a)(10)(C)(i) does not provide a private right of action). In Hobbs, the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals construed 42 U.S.C. § 1396a(a)(10)(C)(i) in conjunction with 42 U.S.C. § 1396a(a)(17) and found the first prong of the Blessing test had not been met. Hobbs, 579 F.3d at 1181. The Court explained the references to individuals were tangential or passing references which did not provide the necessary rights-creating language.
The Court finds Hobbs unpersuasive. As the Court reads the statutory provisions in question, individuals are the focus. When a provision provides for the needs of a particular person, an individual right has been created. Gonzaga Univ., 536 U.S. at 288, 122 S.Ct. 2268. The statutory provisions in question speak to establishing "criteria for determining eligibility for individuals in the group" and assuring no individuals otherwise eligible are made ineligible. 42 U.S.C. §§ 1396a(a)(10)(C)(i) and 1396a(r)(2)(B) (emphasis added). Such references are not tangential. This Court's interpretation is consistent with the Ninth Circuit's finding in Watson that the operative phrase "`[a] State plan ... must provide for making medical assistance available ... to all individuals.'" "unmistakably focused on the specific individuals benefitted," and thus satisfied the first prong of the Blessing test. Watson, 436 F.3d at 1160, (finding a private right of action under 42 U.S.C. § 1396a(a)(10)).
The second prong of the Blessing test asks whether the asserted right is "so vague and amorphous" as to be beyond the competence of the judiciary to enforce. Lankford, 451 F.3d at 508. The statutory provisions in question here are neither vague nor amorphous, and they provide an objective standard, no more restrictive, which is capable of judicial construction. See Watson, 436 F.3d at 1161. Statutory provisions which call for reasonable standards or substantial compliance have been
Finally, the third prong under the Blessing test is whether the statutory provisions unambiguously impose a binding obligation on the states. Lankford, 451 F.3d at 508. "In other words, the provision giving rise to the asserted right must be couched in mandatory, rather than precatory, terms." Blessing, 520 U.S. at 341, 117 S.Ct. 1353. 42 U.S.C. § 1396a(a)(10)(C)(i) begins by stating "the plan must" and then describing the eligibility requirements including the command that the methodology to be employed "shall be no more restrictive." 42 U.S.C. § 1396a(a)(10)(C)(i) (emphasis added). "42 U.S.C. § 1396a(r)(2)(B) requires that "no individuals" other wise eligible may be made ineligible". This language is mandatory and the third prong of the Blessing test has been satisfied. In summary, the Gestons meet the three-part Blessing test for a private right of action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983.
The final statutory provisions relied upon by the Gestons is 42 U.S.C. § 1396r-5(b)(1). This statute provides as follows:
42 U.S.C. § 1396r-5(b)(1).
The Court finds that 42 U.S.C. § 1396r-5(b)(1) also passes the threeprong Blessing test. This statutory provision is phrased in terms of the individual benefitted: the "community spouse." The statute provides "no income of the community spouse shall be deemed available to the institutionalized spouse." 42 U.S.C. § 1396r-5(b)(1). The focus on the individual is unmistakable. It is to be expected as Congress enacted 42 U.S.C. § 1396r as part of the Medicaid Catastrophic Care Act in an attempt to prevent the pauperization of the community spouse. Blumer, 534 U.S. at 477, 122 S.Ct. 962; Vieth v. Ohio Dept. of Job & Family Servs., No. 08AP-635, 2009 WL 2331870, at *3 (Ohio Ct.App. July 30, 2009). Second, the right not to have income deemed available to the "institutionalized spouse" provides a straightforward objective standard capable of judicial enforcement. Either the plan in question deems income available to the "institutionalized spouse" or it does not. Finally, the provision uses the mandatory language "no income" and "shall" and these terms provide no discretion to the states. The three-part Blessing test for a private right of action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 has been met. Because the Blessing test is met and Congress has not foreclosed Section 1983 enforcement under the Medicaid Act, the Gestons have a private cause of action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. The Court concludes that 42 U.S.C. § 1396r-5(b)(1) provides for a private cause of action.
In the second claim the Gestons set forth the same argument as asserted in
The Supremacy Clause, while not the source of any federal rights, protects federal rights by giving them priority when they conflict with state laws. Lankford, 451 F.3d at 509; Weatherbee v. Richman, 595 F.Supp.2d 607, 617 (W.D.Pa. 2009). The Supremacy Clause prohibits states from establishing eligibility rules for federal assistance programs that conflict with federal statutes and rules. Jackson v. Rapps, 947 F.2d 332, 336 (8th Cir.1992). When a state receives Medicaid matching funds it must comply with all federal regulations and statutes. Lankford, 451 F.3d at 510.
Lankford, 451 F.3d at 509-10. The Court finds that the Gestons have stated a valid Supremacy Clause claim.
The Medicaid program, enacted as Title XIX to the Social Security Act, was created by Congress in 1965 as a cooperative federal-state program designed to furnish medical assistance to persons "whose income and resources are insufficient to meet the costs of necessary medical services." 42 U.S.C. § 1396. The Medicaid Act, 42 U.S.C. §§ 1396-1396v, "is a federal aid program designed to help the states provide medical assistance to financiallyneedy individuals, with the assistance of federal funding." Lankford v. Sherman, 451 F.3d 496, 504 (8th Cir.2006). The administration of the Medicaid Act is entrusted to the Secretary of the United States Department of Health and Human Services who in turn exercises its authority through the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), formerly known
Medicaid eligibility rules limit the amount of assets or resources a married couple may possess and still qualify for Medicaid. When both spouses live together in the community their income and assets are considered available to one another. When one spouse enters a nursing home the rules become more complex. See Johnson v. Guhl, 91 F.Supp.2d 754, 760 (D.N.J.2000). The allocation of income and resources between the "community spouse" and the "institutionalized spouse" are addressed in the Medicare Catastrophic Care Act of 1988. 42 U.S.C. § 1396r-5. The purpose of the Act was to protect the "community spouse" from pauperization while preventing financially-secure couples from obtaining Medicaid benefits. Blumer, 534 U.S. at 480, 122 S.Ct. 962. To accomplish this purpose, Congress and the Secretary have established a very complex set of laws and regulations which states must comply with in allocating a married couple's income and assets. Id.
42 U.S.C. § 1396r-5 (enacted in 1988) addresses the allocation of income and resources between spouses when one spouse applies for Medicaid because he requires long-term institutional care, while the other spouse continues to reside in the community. As described below, the assets of both spouses are considered in determining eligibility, regardless of who holds title; only the institutionalized spouse's income is considered; the income of the "community spouse" is not considered; and the "community spouse" is allowed to keep the couple's home, one automobile, personal items, and certain other forms of property. 42 U.S.C. §§ 1382b(a) and 1396r-5(c)(5).
The institutionalized spouse is expected to spend down his assets and income to defray the costs of his care. To prevent impoverishment of the community spouse, the Medicaid statute allows the community spouse to retain liquid assets or "resources," up to a certain threshold, also known as the "Community Spouse Resource Allowance" (CSRA). 42 U.S.C. § 1396r-5(f)(2)(A). The law also allows the community spouse to receive an allowance from the income of the institutionalized spouse, known as the "minimum monthly maintenance needs allowance," if the community spouse's own income is below a certain threshold. Id. 42 U.S.C. § 1396r-5(d)(1), (2).
Liquid assets and other countable "resources" of the two spouses, measured at the time the institutionalized spouse is institutionalized, are divided equally between
The Medicaid statute treats the community spouse's income differently from resources. If a community spouse receives income in her own name, it is not considered to be available to the institutionalized spouse and, therefore, is not considered for purposes of determining his eligibility. 42 U.S.C. § 1396r-5(b)(1), (2)(A)(I).
Asset allocation is governed by 42 U.S.C. § 1396r-5(c) and (f). Assets are valued as of the date of continuous institutionalization rather than the date of application. 42 U.S.C. § 1396r-5(c)(1)(B). Because of this, married couples are often advised to request a Medicaid valuation of their assets as soon as one of them enters a nursing home, even if they know they will not qualify until they spend down their assets. Frolick and Brown, Advising the Elderly or Disabled Client, ¶ 14.03[4] (2nd ed.2011). It is easier to value assets contemporaneously rather than to reconstruct values for a date several months or years in the past. One-half of the total assets is allocated to each spouse and is known as the spousal share. 42 U.S.C. § 1396r-5(c)(1)(A)(ii). An applicant may transfer assets to his or her spouse so long as the transfer is solely for the spouse's benefit. 42 U.S.C. § 1396p(c)(2)(B)(I).
The institutionalized spouse is permitted a personal allowance of $3,000. 20 C.F.R. § 416.1205. The community spouse is permitted to retain assets up to a certain threshold set by the state. 42 U.S.C. § 1396r-5(f)(2)(A). In this case, the parties agree the CSRA is $109,560. The institutionalized spouse becomes eligible for Medicaid once the couple's assets fall below the combined total of the personal allowance and the CSRA. It is undisputed in this case that this amount is $112,560 Another perspective is that all assets above the combined total of the CSRA and the institutionalized spouse's personal allowance must be spent before eligibility is achieved. Blumer, 534 U.S. at 483, 122 S.Ct. 962.
One common strategy for dealing with excess assets is for the community spouse to purchase an annuity. Frolick and Brown, Advising the Elderly or Disabled Client, 1113.06 (2nd ed.2011). Congress made significant changes to the Medicaid rules relating to annuities and the transfer of assets when it passed the Deficit Reduction Act of 2005. 42 U.S.C. § 1396p. The transfer of assets for less than fair market value will result in a penalty. 42 U.S.C. § 1396p(c). However, the Deficit Reduction Act provides that an annuity is not to be treated as a transfer of assets for less than fair market value if the state is named as the first remainder beneficiary up to the amount paid on behalf of the institutionalized spouse. 42 U.S.C. § 1396p(c)(1)(F). In addition, an annuity will be treated as an asset unless the annuity is (1) irrevocable and nonassignable; (2) actuarially sound; and (3) provides for payments in equal amounts during its term with no deferral or balloon payments. 42 U.S.C. § 1396p(c)(1)(G)(ii). The Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 also requires the disclosure on the Medicaid application of any annuities held by the community or institutionalized spouse. 42 U.S.C. § 1396p(e)(1). Annuities which comply with these requirements are considered
An annuity is a contract by which the annuitant purchases the right to receive monthly payments for a specified period of time in exchange for the payment of an amount of principal. The Medicaid program does not specifically address whether an annuity is income or a resource. In 2005, Congress enacted restrictions on the use of annuities purchased by Medicaid recipients and their spouses to limit improper transfers of assets in anticipation of Medicaid eligibility. See Deficit Reduction Act of 2005(DRA), Pub.L. No. 109-171, § 6012 (2005), codified as amendments to 42 U.S.C. § 1396p. As previously noted, to avoid being considered a transfer of assets, an annuity purchased by a Medicaid applicant must be actuarially sound, irrevocable, and non-assignable, and must provide for payments in equal amounts during its term with no deferred or balloon payments. Id. 42 U.S.C. § 1396p(c)(1)(G). The annuity contract must name the State Medicaid agency as the remainder beneficiary for at least the total amount of medical assistance paid on behalf of the institutionalized individual under the Medicaid program. Id. 42 U.S.C. § 1396p(c)(1)(F)(I). The Deficit Reduction Act amendments also require the disclosure of any interest an individual or community spouse has in an annuity. Id. 42 U.S.C. § 1396p(3)(1), and provide for notice to the State by the annuity issuer of any changes in the interest or principal withdrawn. Id. 42 U.S.C. § 1396p(e)(2)(B). The Deficit Reduction Act amendments do not specifically address whether payments from an irrevocable and non-assignable annuity are to be treated as income or a resource.
However, Social Security Administration (SSA) regulations and policy guidance do address the issue. Those regulations and policies are relevant because a state may consider an individual eligible for Medicaid if he is eligible for certain cash assistance programs under the Social Security Act, including the SSI program established by Title XVI of the Social Security Act. 42 U.S.C. § 1396a(a)(10)(C)(i). In determining financial eligibility for persons aged 65 or older, a state, with a few exceptions not relevant here, may not use a more restrictive methodology for determining Medicaid eligibility than is used for SSI eligibility, though it is free to use a less restrictive methodology. See 42 U.S.C. § 1396a(r)(2)(A)(i). See also James v. Richman, 547 F.3d 214, 218 (3d Cir.2008) ("the Department [of Public Welfare] can not treat as available resources any assets that the SSI regulations would not treat as available resources"). Therefore, because no Medicaid provision specifically addresses the issue, SSI provisions govern.
While nothing in Title XVI of the Social Security Act is absolutely on point, Social Security Administration (SSA) regulations for Supplemental Security Income (SSI) generally treat annuities as income. See 20 C.F.R. § 416.1121(a). SSA's program guidance, the Program Operations Manual System (POMS), also states as a "general rule" that annuities are income — albeit "unearned income." POMS § SI 00830.160.B.1.
In addition, the SSA defines a resource as "cash or other liquid assets or any real or personal property that an individual (or spouse, if any) owns and could convert to cash to be used for his or her support and maintenance." 20 C.F.R. § 416.1201(a). The regulation further provides that "[i]f the individual has the right, authority, or
The primary issue presented in this case is whether Section 50-24.1-02.8(7)(b) of the North Dakota Century Code is consistent with the Medicaid Act. The Gestons contend that Section 50-24.1-02.8(7)(b) adds additional Medicaid eligibility requirements not authorized by Congress. Specifically, they contend N.D.C.C. § 50-24.1-02.8(7)(b) treats the corpus of Carolyn Geston's annuity as an available resource and is more restrictive than federal law allows under 42 U.S.C. §§ 1396a(a)(10)(C)(i) and 1396a(r)(2)(B). The Gestons also contend that Section 50-24.1-02.8(7)(b) is invalid because 42 U.S.C. § 1396r-5(b)(1) prohibits DHS from treating the income stream from a community spouse's annuity as available to the institutionalized spouse. It is undisputed that the annuity Carolyn Geston purchased is a qualifying annuity under the federal rules and regulations. It is also undisputed that Carolyn Geston's annuity does not comply with N.D.C.C. § 50-24.1-02.8(7)(b). DHS contends that Section 50-24.1-02.8(7)(b) complies with federal law.
North Dakota's Medicaid eligibility rules mirror the federal rules in their treatment of annuities, at least in part. The analysis of any annuity begins with N.D.C.C. § 50-24.1-02.8(6). Section 50-24.1-02.8(6) provides that the purchase of an annuity is a disqualifying transfer of an asset unless the annuity complies with the following criteria:
N.D.C.C. § 50-24.1-02.8(6). Sections 50-24.1-02.8(6)(c)-(e) correspond with 42 U.S.C. § 1396p(c)(1)(G)(ii) which provides that an annuity will be treated as an asset unless:
42 U.S.C. § 1396p(c)(1)(G)(ii). Section 50-24.1-02.8(6)(a) corresponds with 42 U.S.C. § 1396p(c)(1)(F)(I) which provides as follows:
42 U.S.C. § 1396p(c)(1)(F)(I).
It is undisputed that Carolyn Geston's annuity meets all of the requirements of Section 50-24.1-02.8(6) and is not considered a disqualifying transfer. However, under North Dakota law, annuities must also comply with Section 50-24.1-02.8(7). If an annuity fails under Section 50-24.1-02.8(7) the annuity is considered a countable asset or resource. Section 50-24.1-02.8(7) provides as follows:
N.D.C.C. § 50-24.1-02.8(7).
The undisputed evidence reveals that Carolyn Geston's annuity satisfies Sections 50-24.1-02.8(7)(a) and (c) but fails to satisfy Section 50-24.1-02.8(7)(b). The effect of Section 50-24.1-02.8(7)(b) is that the combined monthly payments from all annuities cannot exceed $2,739.00, and the total combined monthly income from all sources cannot exceed $4,108.50. Thus, Section 50-24.1-02.8(7) treats some annuities as countable assets and others as income, depending on how much income is derived from the annuity and how much income a couple receives from other sources.
The record reveals that Carolyn Geston's income from her annuity is $2,734.65 per month. This is slightly less than the $2,739.00 permitted by the first part of the state statute. However, it is undisputed that the Gestons have a total combined monthly income, including Carolyn's annuity, of $7,903.22. Because the Geston's monthly income is in excess of $4,108.50, the annuity in question was treated as a countable asset. DHS assigned the annuity a market value of $383,592.10, which represented the purchase price minus the annuity payments already made. As a result, the Geston's countable assets amounted to $454,691.33, which is in excess of the $112,560.00, "Community Spouse
Under the Medicaid and SSI provisions of the Social Security Act, an irrevocable annuity can be considered either income or a resource depending on its terms. See 42 U.S.C. § 1396p(e)(4) (discussing "income or resources" derived from an annuity). SSA regulations do not address whether the income from an irrevocable and nonassignable annuity can be treated as a resource just because it has a market value — because there is a willing buyer of the annuity's income stream even though the annuity prohibits assignment of that stream. However, SSA policy is to look at the specific terms of the annuity to determine whether the annuity is income or a resource. Under 20 C.F.R. § 416.1201(a)(1), an asset is a resource only if "the individual has the right, authority, or power to liquidate the property or his or her share of the property." POMS § SI 01110.115 clarifies that the individual's right must be a legal right, authority, or power. Thus, a right or power to renegotiate the annuity contract would not suffice to make it a resource. The POMS provision uses an illustration to make this point: where joint owners of property have entered into a legally binding contract not to sell the property without the other's consent, the property is not a resource if consent to a sale is withheld. At such time as consent is given, the property becomes a resource. A logical reading of 20 C.F.R. § 416.1201, as clarified in POMS § SI 01110.115, is that SSA will not require an applicant to renegotiate or breach a contract in order to recover the value of a resource, such as a non-assignable annuity, in order to qualify for Medicaid.
This position is consistent with the only other federal court of appeals to specifically address the income/resource question vis-a-vis an irrevocable annuity. See James v. Richman, 547 F.3d 214 (3d Cir. 2008). In that case, James had excess resources of $278,343, and Mrs. James purchased a $250,000 single premium irrevocable annuity with an immediate income stream that could not be transferred, amended, or assigned. The annuity term was eight years, and Mrs. James immediately began receiving monthly annuity payments of $2,937.71 for that period. The Pennsylvania Department of Public Welfare claimed that the James' annuity had a resource value because a finance company in the secondary market for purchasing annuities advised that it would purchase her stream of monthly annuity payments for $185,000. That resource, the state said, disqualified James from Medicaid eligibility. However, the Third Circuit held otherwise. The Third Circuit Court of Appeals determined that "the Department cannot treat as available resources any assets that the SSI regulations would not treat as available resources," Id. at 218 (citing 42 U.S.C. § 1396a(a)(10)(C)(i)(III) and 1396a(r)(2)(B)), and determined that SSI regulations would treat Mrs. James' annuity as income, not a resource. Id. (citing 20 C.F.R. 416.1201(a)(1) and POMS SI § 01110.115). The Third Circuit said the "power to liquidate" referred to in "the regulation is not simply the de facto ability to accomplish a change in ownership of an asset, but must also include the power to do so without incurring legal liability," and Mrs. James "lacks such power...." 547 F.3d at 218. The appellate court said to hold otherwise "would tend to undermine the rule that `no income of the community spouse shall be deemed available to the institutionalized spouse.' 42 U.S.C. § 1396r-5(b)(1)." 547 F.3d at 219.
The underlying events in James predated the passage of the Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 but does not make James
DHS relies on Morris v. Oklahoma Department of Human Services, 758 F.Supp.2d 1212 (W.D.Okla.2010), which appears to reach the opposite result, but the case is distinguishable. In Morris, after two spouses' shares had been determined, the institutionalized spouse attempted to transfer her remaining assets to her husband (the community spouse) to avoid spending down her share of assets. Morris distinguished James as applying only to asset transfers between spouses prior to a determination of eligibility, 758 F.Supp.2d at 1216, and held that allowing a transfer to purchase an annuity for the community spouse after an initial determination of eligibility would render the statutory restrictions on spousal assets "toothless." Id. at 1217. Morris did not specifically address the issue of whether an irrevocable annuity qualifies as a resource or income. Morris appears to stand for the proposition that the Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 did not affect the provisions of 42 U.S.C. § 1396r-5 that require that any resources of the couple in excess of the CSRA be considered as available to the institutionalized spouse. See 42 U.S.C. § 1396r-5(c)(2)(B); Jackson v. Selig, No. 3:10-CV-00276, 2010 WL 5346198 (E.D.Ark. Dec. 22, 2010) (holding annuity purchase was not an improper transfer of assets; declining to follow Morris because the Medicaid statute prohibits attributing income of the community spouse to the institutionalized spouse).
The treatment of annuities under the Medicaid Act, and various state implementing rules, has spawned numerous legal challenges since the passage of the Deficit Reduction Act of 2005. Some states have taken a dim view of annuities and have attempted to curtail their use in various ways. Most of the courts which have considered whether a federally-compliant annuity may be treated as an asset or resource have found that treating the annuity as a resource violates federal law. James v. Richman, 547 F.3d 214, 219 (3d Cir.2008) (finding annuity cannot be treated as an available resource); Weatherbee v. Richman, 595 F.Supp.2d 607 (W.D.Pa. 2009), aff'd 351 Fed.Appx. 786 (3d Cir. 2009) (finding state law which treated an annuity as a resource was preempted by federal law); Jackson v. Selig, No. 3:10-CV-00276, 2010 WL 5346198 (E.D.Ark. Dec. 22, 2010) (finding Congress could have prohibited using annuities for Medicaid planning but chose not to do so); Rorick v. Ohio Dep't of Job and Family Servs., No. C-090627, 2010 WL 4683716 (Ohio Ct.App., Nov. 19, 2010) (finding the reasoning of James and Weatherbee persuasive); Lopes v. Starkowski, No. 3:10-CV-307, 2010 WL 3210793 (D.Conn. Aug. 12, 2010) (finding state law which treated a federally-compliant annuity as a resource rather than income was more restrictive than federal law); J.P. v. Mo. State Family Support Div., 318 S.W.3d 140, 147 (Mo. Ct.App.2010) (finding federal law defines payments received from an annuity as income); Vieth v. Ohio Dep't of Job and Family Servs., No. 08AP-635, 2009 WL 2331870 (Ohio Ct.App., July 30, 2009) (finding federally-compliant annuities are not countable resources); contra Morris v. Okla. Dep't of Human Servs., 758 F.Supp.2d 1212, 1216 (distinguishing James and other cases which involved annuities purchased prior to an application for Medicaid); N.M. v. Div. of Med. Assistance
The Gestons argue that Section 50-24.1-02.8(7)(b) of the North Dakota Century Code is more restrictive than federal law. A state's Medicaid income and resource eligibility requirements are permitted to be more liberal than federal law but can be "no more restrictive" than the methodology which would be employed to determine eligibility under the supplemental security income (SSI) program. 42 U.S.C. § 1396a(a)(10)(C)(i). A methodology is "no more restrictive" if more individuals may be eligible and "no individuals who are otherwise eligible are made ineligible." 42 U.S.C. § 1396a(r)(2)(B). DHS contends that this means the Gestons would have to show they would be otherwise eligible for SSI. The Court disagrees. The Court finds the reasoning of the Third Circuit Court of Appeals in James v. Richman, 547 F.3d 214 (3d Cir.2008) to be persuasive. The issue is not whether the Gestons are eligible for SSI, but whether the state's treatment of annuities for Medicaid purposes would admit fewer applicants than the treatment of annuities under SSI rules and regulations. In simple terms, the treatment of annuities under state Medicaid eligibility rules must be the same or less restrictive than the treatment of annuities under SSI rules.
Thus, it is necessary to examine how annuities are treated under the SSI regulations. The applicable regulation provides that if the individual has the "right, authority or power to liquidate the property... it will be considered a resource" and "if a property right cannot be liquidated, the property will not be considered a resource." 20 C.F.R. § 416.1201(a)(1). Resources are defined as cash or other liquid assets. 20 C.F.R. § 416.1201(a). Annuity payments are treated as unearned income for SSI purposes. 42 U.S.C. § 1382a(a)(2)(B). The SSI Program Operations Manual System (POMS) provides some guidance. The general POMS rule is that "assets of any kind are not resources if the individual does not have the legal right, authority, or power to liquidate them." See POMS SI § 01110.115. Annuities, along with pensions, retirement benefits and disability benefits, are considered unearned income. See POMS SI § 00830.160.
In James, the community spouse lacked the power to change the ownership of her annuity because it was not assignable or transferable. 547 F.3d at 218. The argument that the annuitant had the de facto ability to sell the annuity was rejected because doing so would cause her to breach the contract and incur legal liability. The Third Circuit Court of Appeals court concluded that because of this restriction the annuity could not be treated as an asset or a resource.
In this case, the annuity specifically provides that it is irrevocable and "may not be transferred, assigned, surrendered or commuted." See Docket No. 11-1. The annuity also provides that neither the annuitant nor the beneficiary may be changed and the payee is irrevocable. Thus, Carolyn Geston has no legal right to change ownership of the annuity. The Court finds that the annuity in question is considered income under federal law. 20 C.F.R. § 416.1201(a)(1). No change in ownership of the annuity could be accomplished without breaching the contract and incurring legal liability, and thus the annuity cannot be treated as an available resource. James, 547 F.3d at 218.
This Court rejects the suggestion that the annuity is somehow marketable or saleable,
The Gestons also argue that Section 50-24.1-02.8(7)(b) impermissibly considers community spouse income as part of the institutionalized spouse's eligibility determination. The controlling statute provides that "no income of the community spouse shall be deemed available to the institutionalized spouse." 42 U.S.C. § 1396r-5(b)(1). The well-established rule with regard to the income of the community spouse is that "the community spouse's income is thus preserved for that spouse and does not affect the determination whether the institutionalized spouse qualifies for Medicaid." Blumer, 534 U.S. at 480-81, 122 S.Ct. 962.
DHS contends that Section 50-24.1-02.8(7)(b) is not an eligibility determination but only an analyzation of the couple's financial situation in order to determine what constitutes a resource. This is a distinction without difference. Section 50-24.1-02.8(7)(b) clearly considers income in the analysis. The purpose of Section 50-24.1-02.8(7)(b) is to consider the community spouse's income in deciding whether to treat an annuity as income or an asset. Section 50-24.1-02.8(7)(b) takes income into consideration in the analysis of whether the community spouse's "monthly payments from all annuities" is more than allowed, and secondly, in considering whether the "total combined income from all sources" of both spouses is more than allowed. Section 50-24.1-02.8(7)(b) considers the community spouse's annuity income as well as all of the community spouse's income from whatever source. The second calculation was the deciding factor in determining John Geston's eligibility for Medicaid. Section 50-24.1-02.8(7)(b) is, without question, an integral part of Medicaid eligibility determination.
The Court finds that Section 50-24.1-02.8(7)(b) violates 42 U.S.C. § 1396r-5(b)(1) which prohibits consideration of the community spouse's income in the institutionalized spouse's Medicaid eligibility determination. See Jackson, 2010 WL 5846198 at *3 (noting it would be improper to count income of the community spouse to determine the institutionalized spouse's Medicaid eligibility); Rorick, 2010 WL 4683716 at *6 (finding annuity income is not subject to countable asset classification if the annuity complies with the federal annuity rule set out in 42 U.S.C. § 1396p); Weatherbee, 595 F.Supp.2d at 611 (the community spouse's income is completely protected and does not affect the institutionalized spouse's eligibility determination); and Vieth, 2009 WL 2331870 at *8 (funds used to purchase a federally-compliant
DHS also contends that Section 50-24.1-02.8(7)(b) is saved by 42 U.S.C. § 1396p(e)(4) of the Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 which provides as follows:
42 U.S.C. § 1396p(e) (emphasis added).
DHS argues that 42 U.S.C. § 1396p(e)(4) permits states to treat annuities as assets and the Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 was passed in order to close the annuity loophole in the federal scheme. DHS relies upon a New Jersey decision in support of this position. N.M. v. Div. of Med. Assistance and Health Servs., 405 N.J.Super. 353, 964 A.2d 822 (N.J.Super.Ct.App.Div.2009). The New Jersey court in N.M. rejected Weatherbee and James and read 42 U.S.C. § 1396p(e)(4) expansively. However, the court in N.M. failed to recognize that the provision limits itself to "this subsection" and does not attempt to change the long-established rule that the community spouse's income is protected. In addition, in N.M. the plaintiff had stipulated that the annuity in question was assignable. The Court finds N.M. unpersuasive.
A review of current case law on this subject matter reveals that most courts have rejected the N.M. court's reading of
Weatherbee, 595 F.Supp.2d at 616-17. It would make little sense for Congress to set up detailed rules and regulations establishing Medicaid compliant annuities and then allow the states, through 42 U.S.C. § 1396p(e)(4), to reject Congress's plan.
The Gestons have requested an award of reasonable costs and attorney's fees pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1988. "[T]he court, in its discretion, may allow the prevailing party, other than the United States, a reasonable attorney's fee as part of the costs" in any action or proceeding to enforce a provision of 42 U.S.C. § 1983. 42 U.S.C. § 1988(b). "Though the Eleventh Amendment bars an award of damages against a State in a § 1983 action, a federal court may award attorneys' fees and other costs against the State under § 1988 as part of the prospective injunctive relief authorized in the landmark decision Ex parte Young, 209 U.S. 123, 28 S.Ct. 441, 52 L.Ed. 714 (1908)." El-Tabech v. Clarke, 616 F.3d 834, 837 (8th Cir.2010). The Court finds that the Gestons have prevailed on their civil rights claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. The Court, in the exercise of its broad discretion, grants the request for an award of reasonable costs and attorney's fees.
The Medicaid eligibility provisions are not unlike the federal tax code in terms of complexity. If Carolyn Geston should find herself in need of nursing home care during the period of the annuity, the income received from the annuity she purchased would be taken into consideration in determining her eligibility for Medicaid. The North Dakota Department of Human Services is named as the first beneficiary up
The Plaintiffs' Motion for Summary Judgment (Docket No. 10) is
The Court finds and orders as follows:
Before the Court is the Defendant's motion for a stay pending appeal. See Docket No. 47. The Defendant seeks a stay of the Court's holding that Section 50-01.1-02.8(7)(b) of the North Dakota Century Code is preempted by federal law. The Court denies the motion.
A stay of a ruling pending an appeal is an extraordinary remedy. The Defendant has the burden to justify the stay based on the following factors: (1) likelihood of success on the merits; (2) likelihood of irreparable harm absent a stay; (3) potential for harm to other interested parties if the stay is granted; and (4) potential harm to the public interest if the stay is granted. Fargo Women's Health Org. v. Schafer, 1993 WL 603600, *2 (8th Cir.1993) (citing Hilton v. Braunskill, 481 U.S. 770, 776, 107 S.Ct. 2113, 95 L.Ed.2d 724 (1987); James River Flood Control Assoc. v. Watt, 680 F.2d 543, 544 (8th Cir.1982)). After weighing these factors, the Court finds the Defendant has failed to sustain its burden.
The Court held that North Dakota law is preempted by federal law. The Court's holding is in line with the only two federal circuit courts of appeals that have addressed the issue. See Geston v. Olson, 857 F.Supp.2d 863, 880, 883-85, 2012 WL 1409344, *14, 17-118 (D.N.D. April 24, 2012)(citing cases); James v. Richman, 547 F.3d 214 (3d Cir.2008); Morris v. Okla. Dept. of Human Servs., 685 F.3d 925 (10th Cir.2012). The Defendant has failed to sustain its burden of showing the likelihood of success on the merits.
Irreparable harm is typically shown where the injuries cannot be fully compensated through an award of damages. Gen. Motors Corp. v. Harry Brown's, LLC, 563 F.3d 312 (8th Cir.2009); Wildmon v. Berwick Universal Pictures, 983 F.2d 21, 24 (5th Cir.1992). The movant should demonstrate the injury is "both certain and great." Cuomo v. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Comm'n., 772 F.2d 972, 976 (D.C.Cir.1985). The Defendant contends it will suffer irreparable harm because the
The Defendant addresses the potential for injury to other interested parties and the public. The Defendant requests the stay so it may deny Medicaid eligibility to those similarly situated as the Plaintiffs. If a stay is granted, the Defendant has pledged to reverse eligibility decisions and make corrective payments for those erroneously denied if the Eighth Circuit affirms this Court's decision. This addresses the potential for injury to other interested parties if a stay is granted. However, this factor does not overcome the other factors to be considered in granting the extraordinary remedy of a stay pending on appeal.
The Court has carefully reviewed the parties' briefs and the relevant case law. In the exercise of its discretion, the Court finds that the Defendant has failed to demonstrate that a stay pending appeal is warranted under the circumstances. Accordingly, the Court
