OPINION AND ORDER

JOHN G. KOELTL, District Judge.

This case is part of the fallout from the residential mortgage crisis. The plaintiff, Oklahoma Police Pension and Retirement System, brings this putative class action against the defendant, U.S. Bank National Association ("U.S. Bank"), the trustee for fourteen trusts in which the plaintiff and the other members of the putative class invested (the "Covered Trusts"). The trusts own residential mortgage loans that were pooled and sold together as Bear Stearns mortgage backed securities ("MBS"). The plaintiff alleges that the defendant failed to fulfill its obligations as trustee for the Covered Trusts. Specifically, the plaintiff alleges violations of the Trust Indenture Act of 1939 ("TIA"), 15 U.S.C. § 77aaa et seq. (2006), breaches of contract, and breaches of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing under New York law. The plaintiff seeks damages for the losses it claims to have incurred due to those alleged breaches.

The defendant has moved to dismiss the Corrected Second Amended Class Action Complaint ("the Complaint") arguing that the plaintiff lacks class standing and that the Complaint fails to state a claim on the merits. Among other arguments, the defendant contends that nine of the fourteen Covered Trusts are not governed by the TIA.

This Court has subject matter jurisdiction over this action pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1331 based on alleged violations of the TIA. The Court also has subject matter jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1332 based on the complete diversity of citizenship of the parties.

For the reasons explained below, the motion to dismiss is granted in part and denied in part.

I.

In deciding a motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6), the Court accepts the allegations in the Complaint as true, and draws all reasonable inferences in the plaintiff's favor. McCarthy v. Dun & Bradstreet Corp., 482 F.3d 184, 191 (2d Cir. 2007); Arista Records LLC v. Lime Group LLC, 532 F.Supp.2d 556, 566 (S.D.N.Y. 2007). The Court's function on a motion to dismiss is "not to weigh the evidence that might be presented at a trial but merely to determine whether the complaint itself is legally sufficient." Goldman v. Belden, 754 F.2d 1059, 1067 (2d Cir. 1985). The Court should not dismiss a complaint if the plaintiff has stated "enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face." Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007).

"A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged." Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). While the Court should construe the factual allegations in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, "the tenet that a court must accept as true all of the allegations contained in a complaint is inapplicable to legal conclusions." Id.

When presented with a motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6), the Court may consider documents that are referenced in the Complaint, documents that the plaintiff relied on in bringing suit and that are either in the plaintiff's possession or that the plaintiff knew of when bringing suit, or matters of which judicial notice may be taken. See Chambers v. Time Warner, Inc., 282 F.3d 147, 153 (2d Cir. 2002); City of Roseville Emps.' Ret. Sys. v. EnergySolutions, Inc., 814 F.Supp.2d 395, 402 (S.D.N.Y. 2011); see also In re ProShares Trust Secs. Litig., No. 09 Civ. 6935, 2012 WL 3878141, at *1-2 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 7, 2012).

II.

The Court accepts the plaintiff's allegations in the Complaint as true for the purposes of this motion to dismiss. The plaintiff is a state governmental pension fund authorized under the laws of the state of Oklahoma to provide retirement benefits to its members and their beneficiaries. (Second Amended Complaint ("Compl.") ¶ 13.) The defendant is a national banking association organized under the laws of the United States and is the trustee for the Covered Trusts. (Compl. ¶ 15.)

The plaintiff invested in trusts that own residential mortgage loans that were bundled together and sold to investors as Bear Stearns MBS. (Compl. ¶ 1.) The plaintiff held interests in Bear Stearns ARM Trust 2005-9 and Bear Stearns ARM Trust 2005-12. (Shanker Decl. Exs. C ("Prospectus Supp. 2005-12") & D ("SSA"); see Compl. ¶¶ 1, 55.) The Bear Stearns ARM Trust 2005-12 contains eight groups. (Prospectus Supp. 2005-12 at S-7.) The plaintiff invested in certificates in Group I-3; thus, the plaintiff is entitled to distributions from the 2005-12 Trust only from Group I-3. (Prospectus Supp. 2005-12 at S-7, S-8.)

The other members of the putative class purchased "the same or substantially similar Bear Stearns MBS. . . ." (Compl. ¶ 14.) The Covered Trusts are Bear Stearns ARM Trusts or Bear Stearns Alt-A Trusts for which U.S. Bank served as trustee.1 (Compl. ¶ 1.) The MBS held by the plaintiff and other members of the class share the same trustee, sponsor, master servicer, and substantially similar governing agreements. (Compl. ¶ 14.)

A Pooling and Servicing Agreement ("PSA") governs the trusts that issued certificates. An Indenture governs the trusts that issued notes.2 Together with related agreements, the Complaint refers to the PSA and Indenture as the "Governing Agreements." (Compl. ¶ 2.) The Governing Agreements provide that they shall be construed in accordance with the laws of the State of New York and that any dispute arising under the Governing Agreements shall be determined in accordance with the laws of the State of New York. (Shanker Decl. Ex. A ("PSA") § 12.06; Shanker Decl. Ex. B ("Indenture") § 10.11.)

As trustee, U.S. Bank allegedly owed the plaintiff and other putative class members statutory duties under the TIA and contractual duties under the Governing Agreements. The defendant owed the same duties to all the putative class members as trustee for the Covered Trusts.3 (Compl. ¶¶ 2, 14.) The plaintiff alleges that, as part of a "common scheme and course of conduct," the defendant "systematically failed to perform" its duties as trustee. (Compl. ¶ 14.)

The plaintiff has brought this action alleging violations of the TIA, breaches of contract, and breaches of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing on behalf of itself and a putative class consisting of all current and former investors in the MBS who suffered losses due to the defendant's alleged misconduct as trustee for the Covered Trusts. (Compl. ¶ 1.)

A.

The MBS were created through a multi-step process. First, Bear Stearns and its corporate affiliates, Bear Stearns Residential Mortgage Corporation and EMC Mortgage Corporation ("EMC"), originated mortgages to borrowers and purchased mortgages originated from third-party lenders, including Wells Fargo. (Compl. ¶ 17.) Wells Fargo was the master servicer for the mortgage loans in the Covered Trusts. (Tr. 6; see Compl. ¶ 22.)

Second, Bear Stearns pooled the mortgages and sold the pool of mortgages to a depositor. (Compl. ¶ 18.) EMC was the seller for the Covered Trusts. (Compl. ¶ 18.) The depositor was typically a shell entity owned and operated by Bear Stearns. (Compl. ¶ 18.) The seller and depositor entered into the Mortgage Loan Purchase Agreement ("MLPA"). THE MLPA requires the seller, among other things, to provide complete and not defective mortgage loan files. (Compl. ¶ 18.) Through the MLPA, the seller represented and warranted that the mortgages in the pool were of a certain quality, and the seller promised to cure, substitute, or repurchase any mortgages that were not of the warranted quality or that were otherwise defective. (Compl. ¶ 18.) The MLPA further provided that the defendant as trustee would have the right to enforce the representations and warranties that the seller made in the MLPA. (Compl. ¶ 18.)

Third, the depositor transferred the mortgage pool to the trustee in exchange for the trustee's transfer of the MBS to the depositor. (Compl. ¶ 19.) The PSA, the Indenture, and related agreements govern the trustee's rights and obligations. One of the related agreements is the "Sale and Servicing Agreement" ("SSA"). The SSA governs the conveyance of mortgage loans in which the notes participate and provides the rights and obligations of the master servicer for the notes. Pursuant to the SSA, the depositor sold the mortgage loans in which the notes participate to the issuer, which is the trust. (SSA at 1.)

The Governing Agreements impose certain duties on the trustee. (Compl. ¶ 19.) The PSA provides that "[t]he Depositor concurrently with the execution and delivery of th[e] [PSA] sells, transfers and assigns to the Trust without recourse all its rights, title and interest in and to" the mortgage loans in which the certificates participate. (PSA § 2.01(a).) The PSA further provides that "[i]n connection with the above transfer and assignment, the Depositor hereby delivers to the Custodian, as agent for the Trustee" the mortgage note and other documents for each mortgage loan. (PSA § 2.01(b).) The SSA contains substantially the same provision regarding the depositor's transfer of the mortgage notes and other documents to the trustee. (SSA § 2.01.)

Finally, the depositor sold the MBS to an underwriter, typically another Bear Stearns entity, and provided the revenue from the sale to the seller, which is EMC. (Compl. ¶ 20.) The underwriter marketed and sold the MBS to investors, including the plaintiff and the other members of the putative class. (Compl. ¶ 20.)

The Covered Trusts contain tranches of MBS. (Compl. ¶ 21.) Each tranche has its own level of potential risk and reward. (Compl. ¶ 21.) Senior tranches retain priority in payment if losses occur. (Compl. ¶ 21; see Indenture § 3.24(b).) Accordingly, the tranches have different credit ratings and values. (Compl. ¶ 21.)

Following the sale of the MBS, the master servicer, Wells Fargo in this case, is responsible for collecting payments from the mortgagors, including through foreclosure pursuant to the SSA. (Compl. ¶ 22; SSA § 3.12.) The proceeds are then distributed to certificate holders or note holders, respectively, in accordance with tranche priority. (Compl. ¶ 22.) In addition to other factors that affect the ratings and value of an MBS, the ratings and value of an MBS vary inversely with payment defaults. (Compl. ¶ 23.) Thus, if payment defaults increase or if foreclosure becomes impossible, the rating and value of the MBS decreases. (Compl. ¶ 23.)

B.

The Governing Agreements impose duties on the defendant as trustee.4 (Compl. ¶ 24.) The parties dispute the extent to which the trustee fulfilled these duties.

i.

The Governing Agreements require that the Covered Trusts take title to the mortgage loans. (Compl. ¶¶ 27-28.) The plaintiff alleges that this requires, among other things, that the trustee, "through its agent, [] take physical possession of the Mortgage files, including the Mortgage Note and the Mortgage, properly endorsed and assigned to the Trustee." (Compl. ¶ 29; see PSA § 2.01(b)(i); Indenture §§ 2.02, 4.02.) Pursuant to the Governing Agreements, the trustee or its agent must review the mortgage loan files and file interim and final certifications verifying that the mortgage loan files are accurate and complete. (Compl. ¶¶ 31-33.)

The plaintiff alleges that a complete mortgage loan file contains documentation of a complete chain of endorsements evidencing the various assignments of the mortgage loan from the originator down the chain to the trustee. (Compl. ¶ 31, 99.) The plaintiff alleges that the trustee has a duty to ensure that each assignment of the mortgage was duly executed, and that the mortgage loan file contains all necessary documentation. (Compl. ¶¶ 31, 33, 99.) The plaintiff alleges that if the mortgage loan file did not contain an endorsement, assignment, or any other required documentation, or if it contained false information, the trustee or its agent had a duty to make reasonable efforts to obtain the missing information or correct the misinformation. (Compl. ¶ 99.) Under the Governing Agreements, the trustee is also obligated to give notice to the seller and other parties of any "breach of any of the representations and warranties set forth in the [MLPA], which breach materially and adversely affects the value of the interests of the Certificateholders or the Trustee in the related Mortgage Loan" that the trustee discovers and to enforce the seller's obligation to cure, substitute, or repurchase any defective mortgage loans. (Compl. ¶ 39; see PSA § 2.03(b).)

The Governing Agreements impose particular obligations on the trustee following an "Event of Default." Pursuant to the Indenture, only the conduct of the issuer, the trust, could constitute an Event of Default. (Indenture § 5.01, App. A at 8.) An Event of Default occurs under the Indenture, among other instances, when:

(Indenture, App. A at 8.) The Indenture defines a "default" as "[a]ny occurrence which is or with notice or the lapse of time or both would become an Event of Default." (Indenture, App. A at 6.) Once the trustee has actual knowledge of an Event of Default, the trustee must exercise its rights and obligations under the Governing Agreements using the same degree of care and skill as a prudent person would, under the circumstances, in the conduct of his or her own affairs. (Indenture § 6.01(a).)

Pursuant the PSA, only the conduct of the master servicer, Wells Fargo, can trigger an Event of Default. (PSA § 8.01.) An Event of Default under the PSA occurs, among other instances, when:

(PSA § 8.01(ii).) Pursuant to the PSA:

(PSA § 9.01(a).)

Under the PSA and the Indenture, the duties of the trustee prior to an Event of Default and after the waiver or cure of an Event of Default are to be determined "solely by the express provisions of this Agreement. . . ." (PSA § 9.01(d)(i); see Indenture § 6.01(b)(i).) "[N]o implied covenants or obligations shall be read into this Agreement against the Trustee. . . ." (PSA § 9.01(d)(i); see Indenture § 6.01(b)(i).)

The plaintiff claims that Events of Default occurred and that the defendant did not fulfill its obligations as trustee following the Events of Default. (Compl. ¶¶ 103-05.) The plaintiff alleges that the master servicer and the issuer breached the following obligations:

(Compl. ¶ 103.) The plaintiff relies on "[r]epresentative samples . . . [that] show that the assignments and transfers of the Mortgage Loans to U.S. Bank as Trustee had not occurred and/or were not recorded at the time that the Covered Trusts closed." (Compl. ¶ 6.) Public land records demonstrated that "the chain of assignments between the Originator and the Trust for the Mortgage Notes and Mortgages was incomplete and invalid [because] . . . the assignments to U.S. Bank were not regularly made at the time the Mortgage Loans were conveyed to the Covered Trusts . . . ." (Compl. ¶ 57.) The plaintiff claims that it suffered damages as a direct result of the defendant's failure to perform its obligations as trustee under the Governing Agreements. (Compl. ¶ 106.)

ii.

The TIA provides "minimum federal protections to investors" that are incorporated in the Indenture, which governs the notes. (Compl. ¶¶ 26, 99.) The TIA requires the trustee to "examine the evidence furnished to it [by obligors of the indenture, certifying, among other things, their compliance with conditions and covenants provided for in the indenture,] to determine whether or not such evidence conforms to the requirements of the indenture." (Compl. ¶ 42 (citing 15 U.S.C. § 77ooo(a) (alteration in Compl. and citation omitted).) Following a default, the trustee must provide notice within ninety days to all indenture security holders. (Compl. ¶ 43 (citing 15 U.S.C. § 77ooo(b).) During the period following a default, the trustee has a duty to behave as a prudent person would under the circumstances. (Compl. ¶ 44 (citing 15 U.S.C. § 77ooo(c).)

The Governing Agreements impose other duties on the trustee with regard to the notes. (Compl. ¶¶ 42, 92-93.) Under the Indenture, prior to default the trustee must (i) take "all necessary steps to perfect ownership rights in the mortgage notes and collateral for the Covered Trusts"; (ii) review "the Mortgage Loan Files to ensure that the Mortgage Loans were properly documented"; (iii) review "the endorsements to the original mortgage note to ensure that there was a complete chain of endorsements" from the seller to the trustee, and if endorsements were missing, take reasonable steps to secure the endorsements; (iv) review "the Mortgage Loan Files to ensure that there was a duly executed assignment of mortgage for each of the Mortgage Loans in the Covered Trusts," and if the assignments were missing to take reasonable steps to secure the assignments; (v) identify "those Mortgage Loans for which there was missing, defective and/or incomplete documentation," and take reasonable steps to correct the irregularities; and (vi) examine the evidence of compliance provided by third-party lenders, such as Wells Fargo, to ensure compliance with the warranties in the Governing Agreements. (Compl. ¶¶ 92-93; 15 U.S.C. § 77ooo(a)(1).)

The plaintiff claims that the defendant did not fulfill these duties in violation of the TIA and the Indenture. (Compl. ¶¶ 92-93.) The plaintiff also claims that the defendant violated its obligation to behave as a prudent person following an Event of Default by failing to provide notice of defaults to the seller. (Compl. ¶¶ 45, 94.) These failures allegedly prevented the plaintiff from receiving payment on the principal and interest due on the MBS and allegedly caused investors in the MBS to suffer a loss. (Compl. ¶ 96.)

C.

Following the collapse of Bear Stearns, public and private investigations, lawsuits filed against Bear Stearns, and public land records revealed that Bear Stearns MBS routinely contained defective mortgage loans that failed to perform. (Compl. ¶¶ 46-52.) Other Bear Stearns MBS trusts have been unable to foreclose on mortgages in Bear Stearns MBS due to deficiencies in the chain of title. (Compl. ¶ 58.) Like many other Bear Stearns MBS trusts, the Covered Trusts have performed "very poorly." (Compl. ¶ 55.) The BS ARM 2005-9 trust has realized over $33 million in losses and the BS ARM 2005-12 trust has realized over $46 million in losses, and the plaintiff claims that more losses are impending due to high delinquency rates for the mortgages. (Compl. ¶ 55.)

The plaintiff claims that the defendant "indisputably" knew of these losses and knew that the losses indicated that the MBS did not meet the standards set forth in the Governing Agreements. (Compl. ¶ 56.) The plaintiff alleges that the defendant was "well aware" of deficiencies in the chain of title for many of the mortgage loans. (Compl. ¶ 58.) The plaintiff points to a recent decision by the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court which held that U.S. Bank had failed to foreclose properly on a defaulted loan because it did not "provide a complete chain of assignments," and therefore could not quiet title to the property at issue in that case. (Compl. ¶ 58 (citing U.S. Bank Nat'l Ass'n v. Ibanez, 941 N.E.2d 40, 53 (Mass. 2011)).) The plaintiff claims that the defendant failed to enforce the seller's obligation to cure, substitute, or repurchase the non-conforming loans despite the defendant's knowledge of the seller's breaches of the representations and warranties made in the MLPA. (Compl. ¶¶ 56, 73-74.)

The plaintiff alleges that the MBS suffered from procedural deficiencies that impeded foreclosure on the mortgage loans and directly caused the value of the Covered Trusts' holdings to decrease. (Compl. ¶ 100.) To foreclose on one of the mortgages in an MBS, the mortgage note—"a promissory note establishing the mortgagor's personal liability"— and mortgage or deed of trust must have been transferred properly to the Trust and recorded properly by the Trust. (Compl. ¶¶ 61, 63-64.)

Under New York law, the Governing Agreements regulate the transfer of the mortgage loan, including the mortgage note, from the depositor to the trustee, and the MLPA regulates the transfer of the mortgage loan from the seller to the depositor. (Compl. ¶ 62.) New York, like several other states, regulates mortgage loans by requiring that a party initiating a foreclosure proceeding "file a new affirmation to certify that an appropriate employee has personally reviewed the documents and papers filed in the case and confirmed both the factual accuracy of these court filings and the accuracy of the notarizations contained therein." (Compl. ¶ 65.) The plaintiff alleges that the defendant breached its duties under the Governing Agreements and the TIA by failing to ensure proper transfer of the mortgage loans to the Covered Trusts and by failing to record properly the mortgage loans. (Compl. ¶ 71.) The plaintiff claims that this failure has impaired the ability to recover losses for mortgage loans that are not currently being paid by the borrowers. (Compl. ¶¶ 78, 100.)

The plaintiff further alleges that the defendant violated the Governing Agreements and the TIA by negligently reviewing the mortgage loan files and by failing to detect missing, incomplete, or defective documentation. (Compl. ¶ 75.) The plaintiff claims that these defects "would have been obvious to a reasonably competent Trustee performing its contractual duties with due care." (Compl. ¶ 76.)

The plaintiff claims that the defendant failed to protect adequately MBS holders by failing to provide the notice of default as the Governing Agreements require. (Compl. ¶ 77.) The plaintiff alleges that the failure to provide the notice of default, "effectively denied MBS holders their expected consideration under the Governing Agreements." (Compl. ¶ 77.)

The plaintiff claims millions of dollars in losses due to the defendant's alleged breaches of the Governing Agreements and alleged violations of the TIA. (Compl. ¶ 80.) The plaintiff alleges that deficiencies in the mortgage loan documentation delayed foreclosures, caused delinquencies in payments owed the Covered Trusts, and led to a decline in the value of the MBS. (Compl. ¶¶ 80, 100.) The plaintiff alleges that its losses could have been avoided if the defendant had enforced the obligation of the seller to repurchase, substitute, or cure the defective mortgage loans. (Compl. ¶ 46.)

D.

The Complaint alleges three causes of action. The first cause of action is for violation of the TIA based on the defendant's alleged failure to ensure adequate assignment of the mortgage loans; to ensure complete documentation of the mortgage loans; to force the seller to repurchase, substitute, or cure the defective mortgage loans; and to provide notice of an Event of Default. (Compl. ¶¶ 90-97.) The second cause of action is for breach of contract arising from the failure of the defendant to fulfill the same obligations as delineated in the Governing Agreements. (Compl. ¶¶ 98-106.) The third cause of action is for breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing based on the defendant's alleged failure to protect the plaintiff's interests by failing to fulfill the obligations imposed by the Governing Agreements as alleged in the first and second causes of action. (Compl. ¶¶ 107-11.)

The defendant now moves to dismiss the Complaint pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.

III.

The first issue is whether the plaintiff has standing to assert the claims alleged in the Complaint on behalf of the putative class of purchasers of interests in all fourteen Covered Trusts.5 The defendant argues that the plaintiff may only assert claims relating to the two trusts in which it has owned securities, the Bear Stearns ARM 2005-9 and the Bear Stearns ARM 2005-12 Trusts, and lacks class standing to assert claims relating to the other Covered Trusts. The defendant also asserts that the plaintiff lacks tranche standing and argues that the plaintiff can only assert claims relating to Group I-3 of the Bear Stearns ARM 2005-12 Trust because that is the only group in which it invested.

i.

The plaintiff has satisfied the threshold requirement of demonstrating that it has standing under Article III of the United States Constitution. Article III requires that the plaintiff plead facts sufficient to establish an injury in fact that is fairly traceable to the defendant's actions and is redressable by the relief requested. See Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560-61 (1992). The plaintiff has alleged that the trusts in which it invested have diminished in value, that the decrease in value is due to the alleged breaches of contract and violations of the TIA by the defendant, and that such breaches and violations are redressable by an award of money damages. Those factual allegations are sufficient to satisfy Article III. See, e.g., NECA-IBEW Health & Welfare Fund v. Goldman Sachs & Co., 693 F.3d 145, 158 (2d Cir. 2012).

ii.

The Second Circuit Court of Appeals has recently drawn a distinction between Article III standing of a plaintiff to pursue a claim against a defendant and class standing. See id. Class standing is necessary to allow a plaintiff to assert a claim on behalf of purchasers of securities from other offerings or tranches in which the plaintiff did not participate. See id. at 162. In NECA-IBEW, the Court of Appeals held that in a putative securities class action, a plaintiff has class standing if the plaintiff can demonstrate: (i) that the plaintiff "personally has suffered some actual . . . injury as a result of the putatively illegal conduct of the defendant" and (ii) that "such conduct implicates the same set of concerns as the conduct alleged to have caused injury to other members of the putative class by the same defendants." Id. (internal quotation marks and citations omitted and alteration in original); see N.J. Carpenters Health Fund v. Royal Bank of Scotland Grp., PLC, 709 F.3d 109, 128 (2d Cir. 2013). The Court of Appeals held that there is no requirement that the class representative "show[ ] that [its] injuries . . . are the same . . . as those allegedly suffered by purchasers of [Certificates from] outlying [T]rusts backed by distinct sets of loans. . . ." NECA-IBEW, 693 F.3d at 162 (alterations in original).

In NECA-IBEW, the Court of Appeals held that the plaintiff had class standing to assert claims on behalf of purchasers of certificates backed by mortgages originated by the same lenders that originated the mortgages backing the plaintiff's certificates. Id. at 163-64. The Court of Appeals determined that this allowed the plaintiff to represent purchasers from trusts from which the plaintiff had not purchased certificates provided that the mortgages had the same originator. Id. at 164.

The claims in that case arose from material misstatements in violation of the Securities Act of 1933 contained in registered securities offerings. The Court of Appeals analyzed the alleged misstatements in that case and found that they related directly to the alleged faulty underwriting practices of the mortgage originators. Id. at 162-63. Therefore, for the claims of other purchasers to implicate "the same set of concerns" as the plaintiff's claims, the Court of Appeals found that the originators for the mortgages had to be the same as the mortgage originators for the plaintiff's claims. Id. at 163-64. If the mortgage originators for the certificates purchased by other class members were the same as for the certificates that the plaintiff had purchased, it did not matter that the plaintiff had not purchased certificates in that trust because the concerns with the misrepresentations about the underwriting practices of the originators remained substantially the same as the plaintiff's concerns. Id. On the other hand, the plaintiff lacked standing to represent purchasers in offerings that had different mortgage originators than the certificates that the plaintiff had purchased. Id.

In this case, the plaintiff alleges that the defendant's failure to fulfill its obligations as trustee under the Governing Agreements and the TIA caused the Covered Trusts to diminish in value resulting in damages to the plaintiff. The plaintiff alleges that other class members also suffered damages based on the same failures of the trustee to fulfill its duties under the TIA and the Governing Agreements. The parties agree that the same form PSA governs each of the Covered Trusts subject to a PSA. Similarly, the parties agree that same form Indenture governs each of the Covered Trusts subject to an Indenture. The plaintiff alleges the same breaches by the trustee relating to each of the Covered Trusts. These are precisely the concerns that the Court of Appeals has asked district courts to consider following NECA-IBEW to determine whether an investor has standing to assert claims on behalf of a class when the plaintiff did not invest in all of the trusts or loan groups at issue in the litigation. See N.J. Carpenters, 709 F.3d at 128 (remanding for reconsideration in light of NECA-IBEW and directing the district court's attention to "whether the relevant prospectuses contained `similar if not identical' descriptions of the underwriting standards, whether the trusts `were backed by loans originated by [common] originators,' and whether any differences among the originators of the mortgages in each trust prevent the Fund's claims based on the different securities from raising `the same set of concerns.'" (quoting NECA-IBEW, 693 F.3d at 162-64.)) (alteration in original). Accordingly, the plaintiff's alleged injury implicates the same set of concerns as the conduct alleged to have caused injury to the other putative class members; indeed, the plaintiff alleges that the same conduct by the same defendant caused the same harm, albeit in varying degrees, to the plaintiff and to the putative class members.

In this case, it is only the actions of the trustee in performing its obligations under the Governing Agreements for the Covered Trusts that are at issue. In NECA-IBEW, the essential misrepresentation at issue concerned the underwriting practices of third-party originators, and the Court of Appeals required that the plaintiff's class standing be limited to representing purchasers of certificates issued by the same third-party originators as the certificates purchased by the plaintiff. In this case, the defendant is the trustee for all of the Covered Trusts at issue; thus, the plaintiff has class standing to represent purchasers of certificates or notes in all fourteen Covered Trusts.6

In Policemen's Annuity and Benefit Fund of Chicago v. Bank of America, NA, No. 12 Civ. 2865, 2012 WL 6062544, at *7-8 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 7, 2012), the Court, relying on NECA-IBEW, determined that the plaintiff lacked class standing to represent purchasers of certificates in which it did not invest because a breach of the trustee's duty in connection with one trust would not "infect" the value of certificates held in another trust. Id. at *7. However, the discussion of "infection" in NECA-IBEW is not relevant to this case. NECA-IBEW pointed out that a plaintiff purchaser of debt from one offering could represent purchasers of debt from another offering where an identical misrepresentation of the company's solvency was made in each offering. 693 F.3d at 163-64. In that case, the misrepresentation would "infect" the debt in each offering in like manner given that the same company whose solvency was called into question backed all of the debt. Id. However, the Court of Appeals also pointed out that, as in NECA-IBEW and this case, that was not the case where purchasers bought certificates backed by a distinct set of loans issued by distinct originators. Id. However, the Court of Appeals, as already noted, found standing for the plaintiff to represent purchasers in different trusts where the alleged misrepresentation related to the activities of the same mortgage originator as the mortgager in the plaintiff's trust. Id. at 164. The Court of Appeals did not require that the loan defaults in one trust "infect" the value of the loans in another trust for there to be class standing. See id. at 163-64.

It is sufficient that the plaintiff has pleaded that the defendant breached the same obligations in the same way in connection with the trusts in which the plaintiff invested and the trusts in which putative class members invested, that those trusts were substantially similar, and that those breaches by the defendant caused injury to the plaintiff and to the putative class in the same way. Therefore, in this case, the plaintiff's claims raise a sufficiently similar set of concerns to permit it to have standing to purport to represent certificate holders who invested in Covered Trusts in which the plaintiff did not invest.

ii.

The defendant also argues that the plaintiff lacks standing to assert claims regarding tranches in which it did not invest. This tranche standing argument fails for the same reasons as the defendant's other standing arguments, namely because the plaintiff alleges actual injury due to the defendant's conduct and that injury implicates the same set of concerns as the conduct by the defendant that allegedly caused injury to the other putative class members.

As the Court of Appeals found: "[W]e do not believe the Certificates' varying levels of payment priority raise such a `fundamentally different set of concerns' as to defeat class standing." NECA-IBEW, 693 F.3d at 164 (citation omitted); see Policemen's Annuity, 2012 WL 6062544, at *8-9. It is sufficient for standing purposes that the lead plaintiff alleges an injury that implicates the same set of concerns as the injuries that the members of the putative class allegedly suffered. See, e.g., NECA-IBEW, 693 F.3d at 162-65; Fort Worth Emps.' Ret. Fund v. J.P. Morgan Chase & Co., 862 F.Supp.2d 322, 337-39 (S.D.N.Y. 2012) (rejecting tranche-based standing objections when "the allegations [in the complaint] address the general practices pertaining to the entire body of loans . . . . The fact that one tranche is backed by one sub-group of loans with particular interest rates, while another tranche is backed by another sub-group of loans with other interest rates, does not affect whether a plaintiff has the requisite `personal stake' in establishing that particular underwriting practices pervaded the entire industry, and that descriptions of those underwriting practices in the Offering Documents were false and misleading"); In re Bear Stearns Mortg. Pass-Through Certificates Litig., 851 F.Supp.2d 746, 778 (S.D.N.Y. 2012) (finding that when a plaintiff has established constitutional standing by establishing "that she suffered the same species of injury as the members of the class, traceable to the same unlawful conduct by a defendant," the plaintiff need not further establish tranche standing to represent a class whose members invested in tranches in which the lead plaintiff did not invest). Because the plaintiff's alleged injury implicates the same set of concerns as the injury allegedly suffered by the other putative class members, the plaintiff has standing to represent investors in tranches in which the plaintiff did not invest.

The defendant's standing arguments really go to the adequacy of representation by the plaintiff. See NECA-IBEW, 693 F.3d at 158 n.9 ("NECA's standing to assert claims on others' behalf is an inquiry separate from its ability to represent the interests of absent class members under [Federal Rule of Civil Procedure] 23(a) . . . . What the district court thought was a `standing' issue was in reality a class certification issue." (internal quotation marks and citations omitted)); see also id. at 159 n.10 (collecting cases); Fort Worth Emps.' Ret. Fund, 862 F. Supp. 2d at 333 ("A named plaintiff must show that it is a part of the class by showing that it has the same interest in redressing the same injurious conduct by the same defendant. But once it has established that, questions of adequacy, typicality and the like should be resolved at the class certification stage" (citations, internal quotations marks, and alteration omitted)); In re Bear Stearns, 851 F. Supp. 2d at 778 ("Having satisfied Article III's standing criteria, the dissimilarities between the tranches is an issue appropriately left to the class certification stage" (citation omitted)); In re Buspirone Patent Litig. 185 F.Supp.2d 363, 377 (S.D.N.Y. 2002). Adequacy of representation is not before the Court at this stage of the proceedings.

Accordingly, the defendant's motion to dismiss on the ground that the plaintiff lacks standing to assert claims on behalf of the putative class is denied.

IV.

In the first cause of action, the plaintiff alleges that the defendant breached duties imposed by the TIA with regard to both the notes and the certificates. The defendant moves to dismiss this claim for breaches of the TIA. The defendant argues that the TIA applies only to the notes and that the TIA claims relating to the nine Covered Trusts that issued certificates should be dismissed. The defendant further argues that the plaintiff has abandoned all but one of its claims for violation of the TIA. The defendant argues that the remaining claim for violation of the TIA, which alleges that the defendant failed to perform its duties following a default must be dismissed because the plaintiff has failed to allege facts that establish that a default occurred on the notes.

A.

The plaintiff claims that the TIA applies to both the certificates and the notes. The defendant does not dispute that the TIA applies to the notes. However, the defendant disputes that the TIA applies to the certificates and argues that the TIA claim should be dismissed with respect to the nine Covered Trusts that issued certificates pursuant to a PSA.

The TIA applies to certain securities, including notes, bonds, debentures, or evidence of indebtedness, whether or not secured; certificates of interest or participation in any such note, bond, debenture, or evidence of indebtedness; and temporary certificates for, or guarantees of, any such notes, bonds, debentures, evidence of indebtedness, or certificates. 15 U.S.C. § 77ddd(a). The TIA contains several exemptions to its applicability. The defendant argues that two TIA exemptions apply to the certificates: section 304(a)(1), which exempts certain securities, and section 304(a)(2), which exempts "any certificate of interest or participation in two or more securities having substantially different rights and privileges." See 15 U.S.C. §§ 77ddd(a)(1)-(2).

Section 304(a) of the TIA limits the statute's applicability only to certain kinds of securities:

15 U.S.C. § 77ddd(a)(1). On its face, the exemption in section 304(a)(1) would not apply if the security at issue fell into the exception for "evidence of indebtedness" or "a certificate of interest or participation in any such note, bond, debenture, or evidence of indebtedness." See id. If one or more of the exceptions to section 304(a)(1) applied and no other TIA exemption applied, the security at issue would be subject to the TIA. However, the certificates issued pursuant to a PSA fall within those exceptions to the section 304(a)(1) exemption. Therefore, section 304(a)(1) does not exempt the certificates from the TIA.

The notes and the certificates have some similarities. Like the notes, the certificates are evidence of indebtedness because mortgagors are obligated to make payments at fixed intervals on the mortgages underlying the certificates, and the certificate holders have the right to collect from the payment waterfall. See, e.g., Greenwich Fin. Servs. Distressed Mortg. Fund 3 LLC v. Countrywide Fin. Corp., 603 F.3d 23, 29 (2d Cir. 2010) (describing PSAs as "trust agreements similar to bond indentures"); CWCapital Asset Mgmt. v. Chi. Props., LLC, 610 F.3d 497, 499 (7th Cir. 2010) (describing pooled MBS governed by a PSA as "a kind of giant bond"). The prospectus supplements for the notes and the certificates create the same payment structure and obligations for the notes as for the certificates. (Tr. 63-64; see Schwartz Decl., Exs. F & G.) The notes and the certificates have a waterfall that payments go through to satisfy the principal and interest obligations on the certificates or the notes, respectively. Both prospectus supplements state that pursuant to the payment waterfall, note holders and certificate holders, respectively, "will receive a distribution of principal on their [notes or] certificates if there is cash available." (Schwartz Decl., Ex. F at S.9 (notes); Schwartz Decl., Ex. G at S.13 (certificates).) The payment waterfall ensures that certificate holders, like note holders, receive their share of proceeds collected by loan servicers from borrowers.

The certificates also fall within the plain language of the section 304(a)(1)(B) exception for "a certificate of interest or participation in any such note, bond, debenture, or evidence of indebtedness." The certificates are plainly interests in the underlying evidence of indebtedness. The structure of the trusts gives certificate holders an interest in the underlying evidence of indebtedness, namely the MBS in which the certificates participate. Therefore, because the certificates fall within exceptions to the section 304(a)(1) exemption to the TIA that section does not exempt the certificates from the TIA. Accordingly, the certificates would be subject to the TIA if no other exemption applied.

Two courts in this district have held that certificates that for all relevant purposes are indistinguishable from the certificates at issue in this case are subject to the TIA and that section 304(a)(1) did not exempt the certificates from the TIA's coverage. See Policemen's Annuity, 2012 WL 6062544, at *15-16; Ret. Bd., 2012 WL 1108533, at *4-6.7 Those cases did not address the section 304(a)(2) exemption.8

Section 304(a)(2) exempts from the TIA "any certificate of interest or participation in two or more securities having substantially different rights and privileges . . . ." 15 U.S.C. § 77ddd(a)(2). The parties agree that there is no controlling precedent regarding the application of section 304(a)(2) to the certificates. The defendant argues that section 304(a)(2) applies to the certificates at issue in this case because the certificates represent an interest in multiple MBS that originate in different states and that are backed by different collateral. The defendant also points to the SEC's longstanding interpretation of the TIA as exempting certificates like those at issue here under section 304(a)(2). The plaintiff argues that section 304(a)(2) does not apply because the underlying mortgages have substantially similar rights and privileges and that the SEC's interpretation of the TIA does not merit deference.

Section 304(a)(2) exempts from the TIA the certificates at issue in this case. Section 304(a)(2) requires that the certificates (i) represent an interest or participation in two or more securities that (ii) have substantially different rights and privileges. 15 U.S.C. § 77ddd(a)(2). The certificates plainly represent an interest or participation in two or more securities, namely the mortgage notes that were conveyed to the trusts, and that does not appear to be disputed.9

The parties dispute whether the securities covered by the certificates "hav[e] substantially different rights and privileges." See id. The certificates are exempt from the TIA because the underlying mortgage loans have substantially different rights and privileges. The mortgage loans have different obligors, payment terms, maturity dates, interest rates, and collateral securing the loans, and they originate in different states and are subject to different laws regarding foreclosure procedures and deficiency judgments. At oral argument on this motion, the plaintiff argued that "the only rights and privileges that are meaningful in the context of an MBS securitization are that the mortgages have to be paid back with interest." (Tr. 71-72.) The plaintiff argued that the mortgages were substantially similar because they mostly originated in California. (Tr. 72.) However, the plaintiff conceded that at least 20% of the mortgage loans did not originate in California and would be subject to different state foreclosure provisions. (Tr. 72-73.)

The SEC's interpretation of the TIA lends further support to the conclusion that section 304(a)(2) exempts the certificates from the TIA. When construing a statute, courts may defer to the opinion of the agency charged with administering that statute to the extent that the agency's opinion has the power to persuade. United States v. Mead Corp., 533 U.S. 218, 227-28 (2001). To determine whether an agency's interpretation is entitled to deference, "courts have looked to the degree of the agency's care, its consistency, formality, and relative expertness, and to the persuasiveness of the agency's position." Id. at 228 (citing Skidmore v. Swift & Co., 323 U.S. 134, 139-40 (1944)); see Cmty. Health Ctr. v. Wilson-Coker, 311 F.3d 132, 138 (2d Cir. 2002).

The defendant points to SEC guidance documents and noaction letters in which the SEC has taken the position that section 304(a)(2) exempts certificates like those at issue here from the TIA. The guidance documents state:

U.S. SEC, TIA Questions & Answers of Gen. Applicability (Mar. 30, 2007), http://www.sec.gov/divisions/corpfin/guidance /tiainterp.htm; SEC Div. Corporate Fin., Manual of Publicly Available Tel. Interpretations 2, http://www.sec.gov/interps/ telephone/cftelinterps_tia.pdf. The SEC no-action letters also take the position that section 304(a)(2) exempts certificates like those at issue in this case. See, e.g., Harbor Fin., Inc., SEC No-Action Letter, 1988 WL 235128, at *1, *7 (Oct. 31, 1988)(stating that no enforcement action would be recommended if certificates were issued without qualifying an indenture under the TIA when counsel relied on the section 304(a)(2) exemption and when the underlying mortgages had "different rights and privileges [that] vary depending upon, among other things, the nature and extent of recourse against the borrower or other persons, and the nature, priority, and value of the security for the Mortgage"); Marion11 Bass Secs., Inc., SEC No-Action Letter, 1984 WL 45531, at *1, *6 (July 9, 1984) (stating that no enforcement action would be recommended if a trust issued certificates without qualifying an indenture under the TIA pursuant to section 304(a)(2) because of the representation that "each Certificate would represent a fractional undivided interest in the Pool, and [] the Pool would consist of Bonds from several different bond issues, each with its own interest rate, redemption provision, trustee and collateral security").

The guidance documents and no-action letters demonstrate that the SEC12 has interpreted section 304(a)(2) as exempting certificates like those at issue in this case from the TIA. However, the plaintiff argues that the SEC's interpretation is not entitled to deference because it is not well-reasoned and not persuasive.13 Although the SEC has not provided a detailed analysis for its conclusion that section 304(a)(2) does not cover certificates such as those in this case issued pursuant to a PSA, the exemption is straightforward and does not require a lengthy explanation. The TIA is a "highly detailed" regulatory scheme and the SEC "can bring the benefit of specialized experience to bear on the subtle questions in this case. . . ." See Mead, 533 U.S. at 235. That the SEC has consistently found that section 304(a)(2) exempts from the TIA certificates like those at issue in this case supports the conclusion that the certificates are not subject to the TIA.

Legislative history and secondary authority lend further support to the conclusion that the certificates at issue in this case are exempt from the TIA pursuant to section 304(a)(2). Senate and House reports issued contemporaneously with the TIA state that section 304(a)(2) "would exempt, for example, fixedtrust certificates evidencing an interest in a group of assorted bonds." S. Rep. No.76-248, at 15 (1939); H.R. Rep. No. 76-1016, at 41 (1939). Secondary sources also conclude that section 304(a)(2) "include[s] pass-through certificates evidencing an interest in a pool consisting of more than one financial asset." John Arnholz & Edward E. Gainor, Offerings of Asset-Backed Securities 2d Ed. § 15.05[A] & n. 92 (2012) (citation omitted)).

The Governing Agreements indicate that the parties structured their transactions in conformity with the SEC's stated views that the TIA does not apply to certificates such as those at issue in this case. When the parties wanted the TIA to apply to securities, the parties issued those securities as notes and structured the transaction to conform to the TIA and to provide investors with any benefits provided by the TIA. Accordingly, the Indenture that governs the notes explicitly incorporates the TIA in various places. (See Indenture § 1.02 ("Whenever this Indenture refers to a provision of the [TIA], the provision is incorporated by reference in and made a part of this Indenture.").) Section 9.05 of the Indenture states that, "[e]very amendment of this Indenture . . . shall conform to the requirements of the [TIA] as then in effect so long as this Indenture shall then be qualified under the [TIA]." (Indenture § 9.05.) Section 10.06 of the Indenture states:

(Indenture § 10.06.) Moreover, the Indenture contains a table entitled "Reconciliation and Tie Between Trust Indenture Act of 1939 and Indenture Provisions," which lists various provisions of the TIA and provides their analog in the Indenture. (Indenture at v.) Conversely, the PSA does not mention the TIA at all. Indeed, the PSA contains no evidence that the parties expected the TIA to apply to the certificates.

The parties had the right to structure their transactions as subject to or as exempt from the TIA. The parties had no right to avoid the TIA if it did apply to the transaction, but the parties could rely on long-standing SEC guidance to structure their transaction in a way that Congress expressly exempted from the TIA. Having structured a transaction within the section 304(a)(2) exemption of the TIA, supported by a plain reading of that exemption and long-standing SEC guidance, the TIA should not now be retroactively applied to the certificates.

The certificates are exempt from the TIA pursuant to section 304(a)(2) because they are certificates of participation in two or more securities with substantially different rights and privileges. This conclusion is consistent with the plain text of the TIA, the SEC's interpretation of the TIA, and the legislative history of the TIA. Accordingly, the first cause of action for breach of the TIA is dismissed with respect to the certificates issued pursuant to a PSA, and the defendant's motion to dismiss any claim for breach of the TIA relating to the certificates is granted.

B.

In the first cause of action, the plaintiff alleged various violations of the TIA. It is undisputed that the TIA applies to the notes issued pursuant to an Indenture and that five of the Covered Trusts are governed by an Indenture. In response to the defendant's motion to dismiss, the plaintiff abandoned all of its allegations for a breach of the TIA except for its claims in paragraphs 94 and 95 of the Complaint that the defendant failed to provide notice of defaults under section 315(b) of the TIA, 15 U.S.C. § 77ooo(b), and failed to act prudently following an Event of Default under section 315(c) of the TIA, 15 U.S.C. § 77ooo(c). (Pl.'s Mem. in Opp. to Def.'s Mot. to Dismiss ("Pl. Mem.") at 35; Def.'s Reply Mem. ("Def. Reply") at 11.) Therefore, any claims for breach of the TIA, other than breaches of sections 315(b) and (c) are dismissed.

Section 315(b) of the TIA provides that "[t]he indenture trustee shall give to the indenture security holders . . . notice of all defaults known to the trustee, within ninety days after the occurrence thereof . . . ." 15 U.S.C. § 77ooo(b). Section 315(c) provides that "[t]he indenture trustee shall exercise in case of default (as such term is defined in such indenture) such of the rights and powers vested in it by such indenture, and [] use the same degree of care and skill in their exercise as a prudent [person] would exercise or use under the circumstances in the conduct of his [or her] own affairs." Id. § 77ooo(c).

Pursuant to the Indenture, only certain conduct of the issuer—here, the trust—can constitute a default or trigger an Event of Default. A "Default" is defined in the Indenture as: "Any occurrence which is or with notice or the lapse of time or both would become an Event of Default." (Indenture, App. A at 6.) An Event of Default is defined as five actions or inactions by the issuer. (Indenture, App. A. at 8-9.) Among the Events of Default is the failure of the issuer to abide by its covenants or representations. (Indenture, App. A. at 8.) Specifically, pursuant to the Indenture an Event of Default occurs when:

(Indenture, App. A at 8.)

The Complaint is not a model of clarity because while a default requires action or inaction by the issuer the Complaint alleges that there were numerous defaults, including failures by EMC, the seller, to cure defects in the mortgage loans and/or to substitute conforming loans. (Compl. ¶ 94.) However, the Complaint also alleges numerous defaults by the issuer. In particular, it alleges that the issuer breached its obligation under the Indenture to require EMC to abide by its representations and warranties with respect to the mortgage loans and to cure, substitute, or repurchase nonconforming mortgage loans. (Compl. ¶¶ 94, 103; Indenture §§ 3.04(a), 3.06; see SSA § 2.03(b).)

The defendant argues that the plaintiff has failed to allege the specific facts necessary to show that any of the mortgages conveyed to the trust were in fact defective. (Def.'s Mem. in Supp. Mot. to Dismiss ("Def. Mem.") at 12, 16-17.)) However, undisputed allegations in the Complaint render plausible the plaintiff's claim that the issuer breached its obligations in violation of the Indenture. Specifically, the plaintiff has alleged and the defendant does not dispute that the Covered Trusts performed extremely poorly, that there is documented evidence of irregularities in other, similar trusts, and that the seller repurchased less than 1% of the mortgage loans in the Covered Trusts. (Compl. ¶ 74.) It is also undisputed that the defendant did not provide notice of any defaults. (Def. Mem. at 18.)

The defendant alleges that no breach of these provisions of the TIA occurred because no Event of Default was declared by the issuer or by the requisite number of certificate holders. (Def. Mem. at 26-27.) But sections 315(b) and (c) of the TIA depend only on a "default," not an "event of default," and the Indenture defines a "default" separately from an "event of default." (See Indenture, App. A at 6, 8.) The Complaint has sufficiently alleged "defaults" by the issuer. The plaintiff does not claim that a "event of default" was ever declared. However, the defendant cannot escape liability for having failed to send out notices it was required to send out or to act as it was required to do with the excuse that it failed to send out notice that would have triggered an Event of Default.

Therefore, there are sufficient plausible allegations that defaults occurred and that the defendant violated section 315(b) of the TIA by failing to provide notice of all defaults to the indenture security holders and violated section 315(c) of the TIA by failing to act as a prudent person following such defaults. This is consistent with the conclusion of both Judge Forrest and Judge Pauley denying motions to dismiss similar claims. See Policemen's Annuity II, 2013 WL 1877518, at *11-12; Ret. Bd., 2012 WL 1108533, at *9.

Therefore, the defendant's motion to dismiss the TIA claims asserted in the first cause of action is granted except for the claims for violation of sections 315(b) and (c) asserted with respect to the five Covered Trusts governed by the Indenture.

V.

In the second cause of action, the plaintiff pleaded a breach of contract claim based on the allegation that the defendant breached its duties under the Governing Agreements, specifically: (i) the duty "to take all necessary steps to perfect the ownership rights in the mortgage notes and collateral for the Covered Trusts, and to ensure that other parties to the Governing Agreements performed their responsibilities to permit these rights to be perfected"; (ii) the duty to review the mortgage loan files and to ensure proper documentation and filing of the mortgage loans by taking reasonable steps to identify and correct any missing or defective documents; (iii) the duty to review the mortgage loan files and to ensure a complete chain of endorsements from the originator to the trustee and to take steps to obtain missing any documents; (iv) the duty to review the mortgage loan files to ensure a duly executed assignment of each mortgage in the Covered Trusts and to take steps to obtain any missing documents; (v) the duty to identify the mortgage loan files where there was missing or defective documentation and to take reasonable steps to ensure the irregularities were corrected, and (vi) the duty to exercise its rights as trustee as a prudent person following an Event of Default. (Compl. ¶¶ 99, 103, 105.) These obligations arise out of the PSA for the certificates and the Indenture and SSA for the notes. The plaintiff has claimed losses as a direct result of these alleged breaches by the defendant. (Compl. ¶ 106.) The defendant has moved to dismiss arguing that the plaintiff has failed to state a claim for breach of contract because the Complaint does not sufficiently allege a material breach, causation, or damages.

New York law governs the PSA, Indenture, and SSA. (PSA § 12.06; Indenture § 10.11; SSA § 7.03.) A breach of contract claim under New York law requires: (i) the existence of a contract; (ii) performance by the party seeking recovery; (iii) nonperformance by the other party; and (iv) damages attributable to the breach. Mazzola v. Roomster Corp., 849 F.Supp.2d 395, 402 (S.D.N.Y. 2012) (quoting IMG Fragrance Brands, LLC v. Houbigant, Inc., 679 F.Supp.2d 395, 402 (S.D.N.Y. 2009)). Under New York law, "the initial interpretation of a contract is a matter of law for the court to decide." K. Bell & Assocs., Inc. v. Lloyd's Underwriters, 97 F.3d 632, 637 (2d Cir. 1996) (quoting Readco, Inc. v. Marine Midland Bank, 81 F.3d 295, 299 (2d Cir. 1996)) (internal quotation marks omitted). "Whether a contract term is ambiguous is a question of law." Curry Rd. Ltd. v. K Mart Corp., 893 F.2d 509, 511 (2d Cir. 1990) (citation omitted). However, the Court should construe a contract as a matter of law only if the contract is unambiguous on its face. See Metro. Life Ins. Co. v. RJR Nabisco, Inc., 906 F.2d 884, 889 (2d Cir. 1990). A contract is unambiguous if it has "a definite and precise meaning, unattended by danger of misconception in the purport of the [contract] itself, and concerning which there is no reasonable basis for a difference of opinion." Sayers v. Rochester Tel. Corp. Supp. Mgmt. Pension Plan, 7 F.3d 1091, 1095 (2d Cir. 1993) (quoting Breed v. Ins. Co. of N. Am., 385 N.E.2d 1280, 1282 (N.Y. 1978)) (alteration in original). Where the contract language is subject to more than one reasonable meaning and where extrinsic evidence of the parties' intent exists, the question of the proper interpretation should be submitted to the trier of fact, unless the extrinsic evidence is so one-sided that no reasonable jury could find in favor of the non-moving party. See 3Com Corp. v. Banco do Brasil, S.A., 171 F.3d 739, 746-47 (2d Cir. 1999); Consarc Corp. v. Marine Midland Bank, N.A., 996 F.2d 568, 573 (2d Cir. 1993).

A.

The defendant argues that the Complaint does not allege adequately a material breach of the Governing Agreements because (i) the plaintiff fails to allege that the mortgage loans were not properly conveyed to the trust; (ii) the defendant did not have an obligation under the Governing Agreements to review the documentation of the chain of assignments in the mortgage loan files; (iii) the plaintiff did not plead with sufficient specificity that the defendant improperly failed to compel the seller to substitute, repurchase, or otherwise cure nonconforming loans; and (iv) the plaintiff has not pleaded an Event of Default. The defendant argues that, accordingly, the plaintiff cannot establish that the defendant failed to exercise its duties as a prudent person following an Event of Default.

i.

The plaintiff alleges that the defendant breached its obligation under the Governing Agreements to ensure proper assignment of the mortgage loans to the trust and to ensure that the mortgage loan files were complete. The plaintiff alleges that as a result the mortgage loans have diminished in value.

The Complaint alleges that in order to foreclose on a mortgage loan the mortgage note and mortgage loan must have been transferred to the trust and the trustee must have recorded the mortgage note and mortgage loan. (Compl. ¶ 63.) Moreover, the Complaint alleges that under New York law, a party initiating a foreclosure proceeding is required to "file a new affirmation to certify that an appropriate employee has personally reviewed the documents and papers filed in the case and confirmed both the factual accuracy of these court filings and the accuracy of the notarizations contained therein." (Compl. ¶ 65.) The Complaint also alleges that state officials in other states, including California, had required exacting procedures before foreclosures could be effectuated. (Compl. ¶ 65.) The plaintiff alleges that the defendant did not ensure proper transfer of the mortgage loans and did not properly record the mortgage loans. The plaintiff claims that this failure has caused delayed foreclosures and "delinquencies in the payments owed to the Cover[ed] Trusts, which led to a decline in the value of the Bear Stearns MBS," and these failures have impaired the Covered Trusts' ability to recover losses. (Compl. ¶¶ 78, 80.) The defendant responds that the Governing Agreements permit the depositor to sell its interest in the mortgage loans to the trust and that the PSA constituted such a sale. Under the defendant's interpretation of the Governing Agreements, no transfer of documents was necessary to convey the mortgage loans to the trusts.

The Complaint's allegations are sufficient to create an issue of fact regarding whether it was a material breach of the Governing Agreements for the defendant to fail to ensure proper assignment of the mortgage loans to the Covered Trusts. Sections 2.01(a) and (b) of the PSA govern the transfer and sale of the mortgage loans from the depositor to the trust. Section 2.01(a) states that "[t]he Depositor concurrently with the execution and delivery of this Agreement, sells, transfers and assigns to the Trust without recourse all its rights, title and interest in and to" the mortgage loans. (PSA § 2.01(a).) However, the plaintiff points to Section 2.01(b), which states that "[i]n connection with the above transfer and assignment, the Depositor hereby delivers to the Custodian, as agent for the Trustee" the Mortgage Note and other documents.14 (PSA § 2.01(b).)

The defendant also argues that the plaintiff's claim of improper transfer and recordation of defective mortgage loan files fails because the Complaint does not allege which loans had such deficiencies.15 The Complaint alleges that the trustee did not possess the necessary documents to demonstrate proper assignment to the Covered Trusts and recordation of the mortgage notes and loans. At this stage of the proceedings, the plaintiff need only plead a sufficient factual basis for a plausible claim of breach of contract due to improper documentation or assignment. Cf. Emps.' Ret. Sys. of the Gov't of the V.I. v. J.P. Morgan Chase & Co., 804 F.Supp.2d 141, 152 (S.D.N.Y. 2011) ("A plaintiff need not allege that any particular loan or loans were issued in deviation from the underwriting standards, so long as the complaint alleges widespread abandonment of underwriting guidelines." (quoting Tsereteli v. Residential Asset Securitization Trust 2006-A8, 692 F.Supp.2d 387, 392 (S.D.N.Y. 2010)) (internal quotation marks omitted)). The plaintiff alleged that many of the mortgage loan files were missing the mortgage note and mortgage loan documents in contravention of the assignment obligations in the Governing Agreements. The plaintiff alleged that a review of the public land records demonstrated that "the chain of assignments between the Originator and the Trust for the Mortgage Notes and Mortgages was incomplete and invalid [because] . . . the assignments to U.S. Bank were not regularly made at the time the Mortgage Loans were conveyed to the Covered Trusts," and that these irregularities in title have made foreclosure impossible in other circumstances. (See Compl. ¶¶ 57-58, 80.) The allegations in the Complaint are sufficient at this stage of the proceedings to satisfy the pleading requirements for a breach of the defendant's duty to assure adequate conveyance of the mortgage loans to the trust and adequate loan documentation.

ii.

The plaintiff alleges that the defendant breached its obligations under the PSA, the Indenture, and the SSA when it failed to require EMC, the seller, to repurchase loans that were of lower quality than warranted and when it failed to require EMC to repurchase or substitute loans where there was defective documentation. (Compl. ¶¶ 73-74, 80.) The defendant argues that the plaintiff has failed to identify any specific loan that should have been repurchased. (Def. Mem. at 16-17.) However, the Complaint does allege that there have been significant losses in the Covered Trusts, that the mortgage files were riddled with document deficiencies, that federal and state investigators have uncovered widespread abuses in such files, and that there were numerous document deficiencies found in the public records of the foreclosures on two of the Covered Trusts. (Compl. ¶¶ 55-69.) The plaintiff also points to public reports and testimony about breaches of representations and warranties by Bear Stearns affiliates in connection with MBS trusts. (Compl. ¶¶ 46-52.) The plaintiff understandably argues that it cannot be expected to detail the defects in specific loans before it has had discovery.

The plaintiff has made sufficient factual allegations to state a plausible claim that there were in fact breaches of the seller's representations and warranties and that there was a failure by the defendant to require their correction. As Judge Forrest thoughtfully concluded in rejecting a similar contention:

Policemen's Annuity II, 2013 WL 1877618 at *12 (citation omitted).

iii.

The plaintiff claims that an Event of Default as defined in the PSA and the Indenture occurred and that the defendant breached its obligations under the PSA and the Indenture by failing to exercise its duties following an Event of Default as a prudent person would in the conduct of his or her own affairs. The defendant stresses that only the conduct of the issuer—the trust—under the Indenture or the master servicer—Wells Fargo— under the PSA can create an Event of Default. The Event of Default provision under the Indenture is set out above. The Event of Default provision in the PSA included the following as an Event of Default

(PSA § 8.01(ii).) In addition to the alleged breaches of the Indenture and SSA by the issuer, which are discussed above, the Complaint also alleges breaches by Wells Fargo, the master servicer. (Compl. ¶¶ 53-54.)

The defendant does not contend that the allegations with respect to the trustee's conduct following an Event of Default should be dismissed because there have been insufficient allegations of substantive breaches by the issuer (under the Indenture) and the Master Service (under the PSA). Nor does the defendant contend that this claim should be dismissed because the plaintiff has failed to plead with sufficient specificity how a prudent person would have conducted itself following an Event of Default. Rather, the defendant argues that the claim relating to the obligation to act like a prudent person following an Event of Default should be dismissed because the Event of Default required that notice be given and no such notice was ever given. (Def. Mem. at 17-18.)

The defendant points out that either the trustee or holders of 25% or more of the securities has to give written notice of a breach of a material covenant or agreement, and the breach would have to continue unremedied for sixty days to trigger an Event of Default. However, the trustee cannot rely on its own failure to give notice to escape its own liability. See Bank of N.Y. v. Tyco Int'l Grp., S.A., 545 F.Supp.2d 312, 324 n.81 (S.D.N.Y. 2008); see also In re Banker's Trust Co., 450 F.3d 121, 129 (2d Cir. 2006) (finding that the indenture trustee's failure to inspect certificates may not excuse its failure to comply with the duty to give notice of defaults that would have been discovered had the indenture trustee inspected the certificates).

The defendant argues that the trustee did not prevent notice from being given because 25% of the security holders could have given notice, and such notice would have triggered an Event of Default had the defects not been remedied within the specified 60-day period. However, the defendant conceded that it was not aware of any case in which the the failure of the alleged wrongdoer to give notice was excused when the alleged wrongdoer's failures prevented at least one way of satisfying the precondition. (Tr. 8-9.) Such a finding would be required to grant the defendant's motion to dismiss this claim on the ground that adequate notice of an Event of Default as never given.

In short, the plaintiff has alleged sufficient factual allegations that the defendant breached one or more of its obligation under the PSA, the Indenture, and the SSA. Accordingly, the defendant's motion to dismiss the plaintiff's claim for breach of the trustee's duty to perform its obligations as a prudent person following an Event of Default is denied.

B.

The plaintiff alleges that breaches of the Governing Agreements by the defendant caused the mortgage loans to diminish in value, which resulted in damages to the plaintiff. The defendant argues that the plaintiff has failed to establish causation and damages in connection with its claims for breach of contract under the Governing Agreements. The defendant argues that it made no guarantees regarding the quality of the mortgage loans; thus, any losses due to a drop in the trading prices of the mortgage loans are consequential damages for which the trustee cannot be held liable pursuant to the Governing Agreements. Moreover, the defendant claims that its alleged breaches did not proximately cause the damages that the plaintiff alleges. The defendant argues that any losses are due to the real estate market collapse, not to a breach by the defendant.

These arguments regarding causation and damages raise issues of fact that cannot be resolved on a motion to dismiss. The plaintiff alleges that the defendant's breaches of contract "reduced and/or delayed collections on the Mortgage Loans in the Covered Trusts, diminished the value of the MBS, and caused [the] Plaintiff's and the Class' losses, including on sales of MBS . . . ." (Compl. ¶ 100.) Whether the mortgage loans decreased in value, and whether that decrease in value was caused by the alleged breaches by the defendant cannot be resolved on this motion to dismiss.

Moreover, under New York Law, although the evidence of damages may be slight, "[t]hat damages are uncertain, or may not even exist, is an insufficient reason" to grant a motion to dismiss. See Acumen Re Mgmt. Corp. v. Gen. Sec. Nat. Ins. Co., No. 09 Civ. 01796, 2012 WL 3890128, at *11 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 7, 2012). It is "well-settled" in New York "that even if the breach of contract caused no loss or if the amount of loss cannot be proved with sufficient certainty, the injured party is entitled to recover as nominal damages a small sum fixed without regard to the amount of the loss, if any." Hirsch Elec. Co. v. Cmty. Servs., Inc., 536 N.Y.S.2d 141, 143 (App. Div. 1988); see also T & N PLC v. Fred S. James & Co. of N.Y., Inc., 29 F.3d 57, 60 (2d Cir. 1994) ("[N]ominal damages are always available for breach of contract"); C.K.S. Ice Cream Co. v. Frusen Gladie Franchise, Inc., 567 N.Y.S.2d 716, 716 (App. Div. 1991) ("Even if it were shown that no actual damages have been sustained, plaintiff would seem entitled to proceed to trial at least on its contract cause of action if only to vindicate its right to nominal damages."). It is inappropriate to grant a motion to dismiss where damages are unclear based on disputed factual allegations because "whenever there is a breach of a contract. . . the law infers some damage." See Acumen, 2012 WL 3890128, at *11 (quoting Finley v. Atl. Transp. Co., 115 N.E. 715, 718 (N.Y. 1917)); see, e.g., Mazzola, 849 F. Supp. 2d at 403.

Accordingly, the defendant's motion to dismiss the plaintiff's second cause of action for breach of contract is denied.

C.

The plaintiff alleges breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing. The defendant moves to dismiss this claim as duplicative of the claims for breach of contract.

New York recognizes as implicit in every contract "a covenant of good faith and fair dealing in the course of contract performance." Dalton v. Educ. Testing Serv., 663 N.E.2d 289, 291 (N.Y. 1995) (citation omitted); see also Jofen v. Epoch Biosciences, Inc., No. 01 Civ. 4129, 2002 WL 1461351, at *8 (S.D.N.Y. July 8, 2002). This covenant incorporates "any promises which a reasonable person in the position of the promisee would be justified in understanding were included," Rowe v. Great Atl. & Pac. Tea Co., 385 N.E.2d 566, 569 (N.Y. 1978) (citation and quotation marks omitted), although it does not include any obligation that would be inconsistent with the express terms of the contract, see Dalton, 663 N.E.2d at 291-92. The covenant includes a pledge that "neither party shall do anything which will have the effect of destroying or injuring the right of the other party to receive the fruits of the contract." Id. at 291 (quoting Kirke La Shelle Co. v. Paul Armstrong Co., 188 N.E. 163, 167 (N.Y. 1933)); see M/A-COM Sec. Corp. v. Galesi, 904 F.2d 134, 136 (2d Cir. 1990) (per curiam).

However, "New York law . . . does not recognize a separate cause of action for breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing when a breach of contract claim, based upon the same facts, is also pled." Harris v. Provident Life & Accident Ins. Co., 310 F.3d 73, 81 (2d Cir. 2002) (alteration in original); see Woodhams v. Allstate Cas. Co., 748 F.Supp.2d 211, 223 (S.D.N.Y. 2010), aff'd, 453 F. App'x 108 (2d Cir. 2012) (summary order); see also Reed v. Delta Airlines, Inc., No. 10 Civ. 1053, 2011 WL 1085338, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 23, 2011). "Instead, an alleged breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing is part of a general breach of contract claim." Reed, 2011 WL 1085338, at *5.

A plaintiff can maintain a claim for breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing simultaneously with a breach of contract claim "only if the damages sought by the plaintiff for breach of the implied covenant are not intrinsically tied to the damages allegedly resulting from breach of contract." Page Mill Asset Mgmt. v. Credit Suisse First Bos. Corp., No. 98 Civ. 6907, 2000 WL 335557, at *8 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 30, 2000) (quoting Canstar v. J.A. Jones Constr. Co., 622 N.Y.S.2d 730, 731 (App. Div. 1995)) (internal quotation marks omitted); see Nanjing Textiles IMP/EXP Corp. v. NCC Sportswear Corp., No. 06 Civ. 52, 2006 WL 2337186, at *12 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 11, 2006); Concesionaria DHM, S.A. v. Int'l Fin. Corp., 307 F.Supp.2d 553, 563-65 (S.D.N.Y. 2004); see also Excelsior Fund, Inc. v. JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A., No. 06 Civ. 5246, 2007 WL 950134, at *6-7 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 28, 2007). Therefore, a plaintiff's claim for breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing should be dismissed as duplicative when it arises from the same facts as the breach of contract claim. See, e.g., Excelsior Fund, 2007 WL 950134, at *7.

Moreover, under New York Law, "[the] implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing cannot give the holders of Debentures any rights inconsistent with those explicitly set out in the Indenture." Broad v. Rockwell Int'l Corp., 642 F.2d 929, 957 (5th Cir. 1981) (interpreting New York law). New York law does not permit an implied covenant to supplant the express covenants in the agreements. See Id. (citing Burr v. Stenton, 43 N.Y. 462, 464 (1871) and Neuman v. Pike, 591 F.2d 191, 194 (2d Cir. 1979)). Accordingly, the plaintiff cannot establish a claim for breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing based on conduct that is already explicitly addressed in the underlying Governing Agreements.

The plaintiff has alleged breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing based on the same factual allegations that underlie its claim for damages for breach of contract. Specifically, the plaintiff reiterates its claims in the Complaint regarding the defendant's failure to fulfill its obligations as trustee following the discovery that the mortgage loans were of lower quality than warranted. (See Compl. ¶¶ 107-11.) These claims are indistinguishable from the allegations in the breach of contract claims. Therefore, the plaintiff cannot simultaneously maintain its claims for breach of contract and breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing.

Because the claim for breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing arises from the same conduct that underlies the claim for breach of contract, the plaintiff's claim for breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing alleged in third cause of action is dismissed and the defendant's motion to dismiss this claim is granted.

CONCLUSION

The Court has considered all of the arguments raised by the parties. To the extent not specifically addressed above, the arguments are either moot or without merit. The defendant's motion to dismiss is granted in part and denied in part. The Clerk is directed to close Docket No. 25.

SO ORDERED.