Ashely M. Chan, United States Bankruptcy Judge.
I. Introduction...136
II. Facts and Procedural History...136
A. The Debtor...137
B. The Chesapeake Bank Factoring Agreement...137
C. So Real Brands, LLC...138
D. The Debtor's Assets...138
E. The Chesapeake and Federal Investigations...139
F. DiPalma and Recchia's Bankruptcies...140
G. WeVeel and Junto...140
H. Cra-Z-Art and IYA...142
I. The Debtor's Bankruptcy...143
J. The Trustee's Adversary Proceeding...143
III. Discussion...144
A. Pleading Standards...144
B. Count I: The Racketeering Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act Claims Against All Defendants...148
C. Count II: Fraudulent Transfer Claims Against DiPalma and Recchia...158
D. Count III: Conversion Claims Against DiPalma and Recchia...167
E. Counts IV-V: Fraudulent Transfer Claims Against WeVeel and Junto...170
F. Counts VI-VII: Veil Piercing Claims Under the Single Entity Theory...173
G. Count VIII: Unjust Enrichment Claims Against All Defendants...176
IV. Conclusion...181
Bonnie Finkel, the Chapter 7 trustee ("Trustee") in the underlying bankruptcy estate of Atomica Design Group, Inc. ("Debtor"), filed this adversary proceeding against the Debtor's former officers, two of the Debtor's former customers, and other third parties. In the amended complaint ("Amended Complaint"), the Trustee raised various causes of action including claims under the Racketeering Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act, 18 U.S.C. §§ 1961-68 (2016) ("RICO"), as well as state law claims for the avoidance of fraudulent transfers, conversion, piercing the corporate veil, and unjust enrichment. All of the defendants, except for one, filed motions to dismiss the counts pending against them in the Amended Complaint based upon the Trustee's alleged failure to set forth plausible claims and each raised the affirmative defense of in pari delicto in connection with some of those claims.
As discussed below, the Court will dismiss the RICO claims against these defendants because the Trustee has failed to satisfy the "standing requirement" under § 1964(c) with respect to the nexus between the alleged RICO violations and the resulting injuries sustained by the Debtor. The Court also concludes that the Trustee has failed to set forth plausible claims related to veil piercing because there was never an identity of ownership between the Debtor and the various third party defendants.
Finally, the Court holds that the Trustee has set forth plausible claims in connection with all of the state fraudulent transfer causes of action as well as conversion. With regard to the unjust enrichment claims, the Court concludes that the Trustee has set forth plausible claims against the Debtor's former officers and various third parties and that the affirmative defense of in pari delicto is not applicable at this stage of the proceedings. However, with regard to the unjust enrichment claim against one of the Debtor's former customers, the Court concludes that the Trustee has failed to set forth a plausible claim against that entity because a contract existed between them which governed their relationship, and the transfer of services and products to that customer was not unjust since the Trustee herself concedes that the customer paid fair market value for those services and products.
The Debtor is a Pennsylvania corporation. Am. Compl. ¶ 5, ECF No. 49. On July 31, 2012, three of the Debtor's creditors filed an involuntary chapter 7 bankruptcy petition against it and the Court entered an order for relief on September 20, 2012. Id. ¶¶ 6-7. The Trustee was appointed as the interim chapter 7 trustee of the Debtor's estate on October 15, 2012 and became the permanent trustee on November 29, 2012. Id. ¶ 8.
The Trustee initiated this adversary proceeding on behalf of the Debtor by filing a complaint against Joseph DiPalma; Tiziano Recchia; Jason Lane; WeVeel, LLC; Junto Creative LLC; and LaRose Industries, LLC d/b/a Cra-Z-Art (collectively "Defendants")
DiPalma and Recchia first met at the Art Institute in Philadelphia where DiPalma instructed a graphic design course in which Recchia enrolled. Am. Compl. ¶ 33. Together, they formed the Debtor as a boutique graphic design firm that developed brand packaging for food, beverage, candy, publishing, and toy companies in or about April 2000. Id. 32.
DiPalma served as the Debtor's President and Chief Executive Officer and Recchia served as its Vice President. Id. 34. DiPalma and Recchia hired Bernard Stromberg ("Stromberg") as the Debtor's Business Manager in or about October 2006 and promoted him to Chief Financial Officer ("CFO") shortly thereafter. Id. 35. DiPalma, Recchia, and Stromberg comprised the Debtor's board of directors and owned 60%, 20%, and 20% of the shares of the Debtor, respectively. Id. ¶¶ 36-37. DiPalma's mother, Diane Scalera ("Scalera"), served as the Debtor's Business Manager throughout the events described in the Amended Complaint. Id. ¶ 42.
In July 2007, the Debtor entered into a cash flow or factoring agreement ("Factoring Agreement" or "Agreement") with Chesapeake Bank ("Chesapeake"). Id. ¶ 38. Chesapeake is a Virginia corporation and maintains its principal place of business in Virginia. Id. 39. Pursuant to the Factoring Agreement, Chesapeake initially extended a $500,000 line of credit to the Debtor and then increased it to $700,000 on April 25, 2008. Id. ¶¶ 38, 41. In return, the Debtor discounted, sold, and assigned to Chesapeake its right, title and interest in invoices that it billed to its customers "up to the full amount" of its line of credit. Id. ¶ 38.
As part of the Factoring Agreement, DiPalma and Recchia represented that the invoices that the Debtor sold to Chesapeake "were true and real debts owed to [the Debtor] for goods and services actually provided." Id. DiPalma signed the Factoring Agreement "in his corporate capacity as President of [the Debtor], and separately in the capacity of Guarantor." Id. ¶ 40. He also "worked closely" with and "instruct[ed]" Scalera with respect to her duties relative to the Factoring Agreement, for example drafting, reviewing, and sending customer invoices to Chesapeake. Id. ¶ 42. Recchia also signed the Factoring Agreement as a Guarantor. Id. ¶ 40.
In February 2009, despite their contrary assurances, DiPalma and Recchia began selling fabricated invoices to Chesapeake under the Agreement. Id. ¶ 57. Scalera and Stromberg were also involved in the fraud. Id. ¶ 59. DiPalma and Recchia continued to sell fabricated invoices to Chesapeake until November 2009, by
At its inception, the only services that the Debtor performed for its customers were graphic design services. Id. ¶ 43. Then, in early 2009, DiPalma and Recchia decided to expand the Debtor's business into "the design, production and sale of children's toys and crafts." Id. As a result, they created a toy and craft division within the Debtor. Id. ¶ 48.
Ultimately, through the Debtor, DiPalma and Recchia formed a wholly owned subsidiary, So Real Brands, LLC ("SRB"), in June 2009. Id. SRB was a front through which the Debtor conducted its toy and craft division. Id. DiPalma and Recchia told the Debtor's employees that it operated the toy and craft division through SRB because the Debtor's graphic design customers might stop employing the Debtor if they learned that it operated a competing business. Id. ¶ 47.
To further hide the toy and craft division from the Debtor's graphic design customers, SRB operated under the name of Joseph Cullen ("Cullen"), a creditor of the Debtor. Id. ¶ 50. DiPalma and Recchia represented to Cullen that he would become President and sole shareholder of SRB in a series of communications from June to December 2009. Id. ¶ 50(a). These concessions to Cullen were intended to satisfy a portion of the debt that the Debtor owed to Cullen. Id. However, despite the concessions, DiPalma and Recchia controlled and operated SRB, not Cullen. Id. ¶ 50(b).
SRB and Cullen were used to disguise the Debtor's toy and craft division from June to December 2009. Id. ¶ 50(c). Throughout this period, SRB owned no assets and had no employees — it was a shell. Id. ¶ 51. Instead, the Debtor handled all of SRB's operations and transactions. Id. The Debtor financed SRB's operations with funds obtained from the Debtor's graphic design division and borrowed from the Debtor's creditors such as Chesapeake Bank and Cullen. Id. ¶ 52. Such operations included hiring and paying artists, designers, and other employees and officers of the Debtor to carry out and build the toy and craft division's business. Id. Simultaneously, DiPalma and Recchia transmitted various communications to the Debtor's creditors, who were ignorant of SRB and the Debtor's toy and craft division, relating to the strength and solvency of its graphic design division. Id. ¶ 53.
DiPalma and Recchia's efforts to grow the Debtor's toy and craft division were successful. Through "great expense," the Debtor fostered relationships with manufacturers and entered into agreements with large, national retailers to sell its products. Id. ¶ 62. By the fall of 2009, the Debtor had developed multiple toy and craft product lines which SRB had begun selling to retailers such as Five Below and Hobby Lobby. Id. ¶ 63. As a result, SRB was a direct competitor of many of the Debtor's largest graphic design clients. Id. ¶ 64.
In November 2009, DiPalma and Recchia allegedly began to "divert, convert and steal [the Debtor's] assets." Id. ¶ 67. Those assets allegedly included the Debtor's intellectual property, inventory, accounts receivables, retail and manufacturing contracts, works-in-progress, product designs, models, drawings, servers, computers, computer files, financial records, production records, commercial printing equipment, advertising materials, business leads, and information about the Debtor's business relationships (collectively "Assets"). Id. ¶ 68(a). These properties
DiPalma, Recchia, Scalera, and other "conspirators" transported the Assets from the Debtor's offices in Morrisville, Pennsylvania to various hiding places, including DiPalma's house. Id. ¶ 68(b). DiPalma explained these and other details of the "effort to transition from [the Debtor] thru bankruptcy to SRB" in an email that he sent to Cullen. Id. Ex. B. Although "DiPalma and Recchia attempted to enlist Cullen" in the alleged fraudulent scheme, "Cullen demanded repayment of the sums he had loaned [the Debtor]" when he learned about the fraud and the sham role that they had created for him at SRB. Id. ¶ 66. When DiPalma and Recchia refused to repay Cullen's loans, Cullen disassociated from them. Id.
The transfer and/or conversion of the Debtor's Assets forced the Debtor to discontinue its operations. Id. 68(c). As a result, the Debtor ceased paying its debts to Chesapeake and to its other creditors in November 2009 and defaulted on approximately $2 million in financial obligations to its creditors in December 2009. Id. 65, 73. Since then and continuing to the present, the sum of the Debtor's debts has been greater than the sum of its assets. Id. ¶ 72.
In addition, DiPalma and Recchia continued to transmit various communications to the Debtor's creditors to conceal its toy and craft division and to convince them that the Debtor (1) had no assets, (2) would cease operations, and (3) would make payments on its debts to the creditors when it collected incoming accounts receivables. Id. ¶¶ 65, 68(h).
In December 2009, Chesapeake discovered and began investigating the fabricated invoices that it had purchased from the Debtor pursuant to the Factoring Agreement. Id. ¶ 125. Throughout its investigation, Chesapeake solicited oral and written statements from the Debtor's officers, directors, and employees. Id.
According to the Trustee, during a teleconference with a Chesapeake attorney on December 10, 2009, DiPalma, Recchia, and Scalera "falsely and fraudulently" identified Stromberg as solely responsible for the fabricated invoices. Id. ¶ 127. The Trustee also claims that DiPalma and Recchia "falsely and fraudulently" denied possessing or controlling the Debtor's Assets during the same teleconference. Id. DiPalma allegedly reaffirmed these and other lies in an email that he sent to Chesapeake and one of its attorneys on January 13, 2010. See id. ¶ 128 (summarizing the email in which DiPalma falsely denied directing the Debtor's "day-to-day affairs," Stromberg's performance as CFO, and the falsification of the Debtor's accounting records and falsely attributed the transfer and/or conversion of the Debtor's Assets to "Cullen and others").
As a result of DiPalma, Recchia, and Scalera's "cover-up," the Trustee alleges that (1) Chesapeake wrongly refrained from pursuing DiPalma, Recchia, and Scalera to recover the funds that they obtained in return for the fabricated invoices; and (2) they concealed from the Debtor and its creditors that they had transferred and/or converted the Debtor's Assets. Id. ¶ 129. Chesapeake forwarded the results of its
Although the U.S. Attorney initiated a criminal investigation of the Debtor in response to Chesapeake's communication, DiPalma, Recchia, and Scalera again shifted the blame to Stromberg. Id. ¶¶ 131, 135. According to the Trustee, in various telephone conversations with the U.S. Attorney, DiPalma, Recchia, and Scalera repeated many of the lies that they told to Chesapeake's attorney. See id. ¶ 134 (indicating that such lies pertained to Stromberg's responsibility for the fabricated invoices and DiPalma and Recchia's possession and control of the Debtor's Assets). Furthermore, they allegedly "caus[ed] the U.S. Attorney to mistakenly conclude that [they] had no involvement in the ... [f]raud." Id. ¶ 135. As a result, only Stromberg faced charges for crimes stemming from the Debtor's conduct pursuant to the Factoring Agreement. Id. ¶¶ 136-37. Stromberg was charged with, and convicted under a plea agreement for, one count of bank and wire fraud in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1349, 1341, and 1343. Am. Compl. ¶ 136.
On February 23, 2010, DiPalma and Recchia filed individual chapter 7 bankruptcy petitions that omitted any reference to the Debtor's Assets. Id. ¶¶ 114-15. Specifically, the Trustee alleges that each petition was deficient in that it failed to disclose that DiPalma and Recchia:
Id. ¶¶ 116-17. DiPalma and Recchia therefore allegedly committed perjury when they made "oaths, declarations, certificates, verifications and statements" that their Schedules and Statements of Financial Affairs were true and accurate. Id. ¶ 118. They also allegedly concealed from the Court and the chapter 7 trustee that they possessed, derived income from, and, as explained in the next section, eventually transferred, the Debtor's Assets. Id. ¶¶ 119-20.
According to the Trustee, DiPalma and Recchia's individual bankruptcies were wrongfully declared to be "No Asset Case[s]" as a result of the frauds listed above. Id. ¶ 122. Judge Magdeline D. Coleman discharged their personal debts in August 2010. Id. ¶ 123.
By February 2010, two months after DiPalma and Recchia transferred and/or converted the Debtor's Assets, they "realized that they needed a more practical business strategy" to use the Assets. See id. ¶ 74 (explaining that DiPalma and Recchia were unable to use the Assets because Cullen was still listed as SRB's sole owner and had disassociated from them). Accordingly, DiPalma attended a toy fair in New York where he encountered Lane, who owned L3 Sales and Sourcing, Inc., a manufacturing company that previously negotiated with the Debtor to form a joint venture. Id. ¶ 75.
In April 2010, Lane transferred to DiPalma, Recchia, Pecci, and others, including Joel Chiapelli ("Chiapelli"),
The Trustee alleges that WeVeel has "falsely and fraudulently" misrepresented itself as headquartered in Texas through a website it has published and maintained since the spring of 2010. Id. ¶ 103. According to the Trustee, WeVeel's principal place of business is actually the Debtor's former offices in Morrisville, Pennsylvania, although she admits that WeVeel "operates a satellite office in Fort Worth, Texas." See id. ¶ 101 (stating that "WeVeel's books and records are stored at," and that "DiPalma, Recchia, Chiapelli and Pecci work out of, coordinate and operate [WeVeel's] business affairs ... from," the Debtor's former offices in Morrisville).
The Trustee further alleges that WeVeel has misrepresented its ownership, membership, and product line. First, she alleges that the aforementioned website "hides that DiPalma and Recchia own a membership interest in and are officers of WeVeel... [and] that it is selling products stolen from [the Debtor]." Id. ¶ 103. Second, she alleges that DiPalma, Recchia, Lane, Pecci, Chiapelli, and WeVeel formed fraudulent shell companies and published additional websites and otherwise advertised on the internet that WeVeel is wholly owned by those shells. Id. ¶ 104. Finally, she alleges that the latter websites and advertisements "fraudulently conceal" that WeVeel is "selling products stolen from [the Debtor]." Id.
Also in April 2010, DiPalma, Recchia and Chiapelli allegedly formed, and became members and officers of, Junto as a "front" that would use the Debtor's Assets to operate its former graphic design division. Id. ¶¶ 91, 111. Accordingly, DiPalma and Recchia allegedly transferred the Debtor's graphic design division related
Finally, the Trustee alleges that DiPalma, Recchia, and Chiapelli transmitted various communications to the Pennsylvania Department of State that falsely located Junto's headquarters at Chiapelli's residence in Abington, Pennsylvania. Id. ¶ 93. According to the Trustee, they used the false address to "conceal the existence of Junto from [the Debtor] and [its] creditors, who did not know of Chiapelli." Id.
Cra-Z-Art was possibly the largest of the Debtor's customers before DiPalma and Recchia transferred and/or converted the Debtor's Assets and caused it to cease operating. Id. ¶ 141. According to the Trustee, the Debtor performed approximately $60,000 to $70,000 of graphic design work per month for Cra-Z-Art. Id. ¶ 139. With respect to this work, the Trustee claims that "it was not unusual" for Cra-Z-Art to pay its invoices nearly two months late, that the Debtor retained exclusive rights to the underlying intellectual property, and that Cra-Z-Art obtained only "single-use" rights. Id. ¶¶ 141, 152.
In November 2009, the Trustee alleges that Cra-Z-Art owed the Debtor at least $150,000 in accounts receivable that the Debtor had sold to Chesapeake pursuant to the Factoring Agreement. Id. ¶ 140. However, during Chesapeake's investigation of the Debtor's invoicing practices, Cra-Z-Art allegedly denied the validity of $78,395 of true invoices that the Debtor previously sold to Chesapeake. Id. ¶ 146. Angela Graham, a former employee of the Debtor, claims to recall working on many, if not most, of the disputed invoices. Id. Ex. G.
Furthermore, after the Debtor ceased operating, Cra-Z-Art allegedly began purchasing $60,000 to $70,000 of graphic design products per month directly from DiPalma and eventually from Junto. Id. ¶ 147. The Trustee claims that these products comprised in part the Debtor's transferred and/or converted Assets, or derivatives thereof, despite its allegedly exclusive rights to the underlying intellectual property. Id. ¶ 149.
According to the Trustee, Cra-Z-Art and its agent, Larry Rosen ("Rosen"), "were fully aware" that DiPalma and Junto were "dealing in property stolen from [the Debtor] by DiPalma and Recchia." Id. ¶ 284. In support thereof, the Trustee alleges that Rosen, DiPalma, and Recchia were "business associate[s] and personal acquaintance[s]" because they "previously contemplated a formal joint venture." Id. ¶ 285. "Towards the end of 2009," DiPalma and Recchia allegedly informed Rosen that the Debtor "was going to go out of business" and that they "were planning on declaring personal bankruptcy." Id. ¶ 286. Finally, in November 2009, DiPalma and Recchia allegedly "made Rosen aware that they intended to take control of [the Debtor's] equipment and intellectual property... [and] planned on continuing to use [the Debtor's] working files and physical equipment to service clients," such as Cra-Z-Art. Id. ¶ 287.
The Trustee levies similar allegations against IYA Technologies, LLC, as she does against Cra-Z-Art. First, IYA also allegedly owed to the Debtor accounts receivables that the Debtor had sold to Chesapeake, but in the lesser amount of $58,500, in November 2009. Id. ¶ 160. Like Cra-Z-Art, IYA denied the validity of these invoices during the Chesapeake investigation, but in their full amount. Id. ¶ 164. Second, IYA also allegedly began purchasing from DiPalma and eventually from Junto graphic design products that comprised in part the Debtor's transferred
Around the time that the Trustee became the permanent trustee on November 29, 2012, she alleges that DiPalma and Recchia committed two final acts of fraud. Id. ¶ 8. First, the Trustee alleges that DiPalma and Recchia formed Paramont Global, Ltd. ("Paramont"), as a fraudulent shell company on November 27, 2012. Id. ¶ 174. Simultaneously, they published a website that falsely indicates that WeVeel is owned by Paramont. Id.
Finally, the Trustee alleges that DiPalma and Recchia offered "knowingly false and fraudulent testimony under oath" two days later at the Debtor's 11 U.S.C. § 341 meeting of creditors ("341 Meeting"). Id. 121, 173. Specifically, (1) DiPalma and Recchia denied that DiPalma was ever an officer or employee of WeVeel or Junto; (2) DiPalma stated that Cullen had stolen and earned $700,000 from the Debtor's Assets; (3) DiPalma misrepresented the disposition of certain Assets of the Debtor's; (4) DiPalma misrepresented who was and was not among the Debtor's customers; (5) Recchia concealed DiPalma's partial ownership of Junto; and (6) Recchia denied that Junto ever used the Debtor's Assets in work that it billed to clients. Id.
Based upon the preceding events, the Trustee filed the Complaint against the Defendants.
The Trustee filed the Amended Complaint against the Defendants and IYA as well as the Plaintiff's RICO Case Statement,
The Joint Defendants filed a Motion to Dismiss the Amended Complaint, ECF No. 54 on July 30, 2015 ("Second Joint Motion") and Cra-Z-Art filed a Motion to Dismiss Counts I and VIII of the Amended Complaint, ECF No. 57 on July 31, 2015 ("Second Cra-Z-Art Motion" and collectively with the Second Joint Motion, "Second Motions").
To survive a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, "a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to `state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.'"
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 9(b) articulates a heightened pleading standard for fraud pursuant to which the Trustee must plead the "date, place or time" of the transfers or "use alternative means of injecting precision and some measure of substantiation."
However, the application of Rule 9(b) is relaxed "in cases of corporate fraud," where plaintiffs "cannot be expected to have personal knowledge of the details of corporate internal affairs" and the pertinent "factual information is peculiarly within the defendant's knowledge or control." Craftmatic Sec. Litig. v. Kraftsow, 890 F.2d 628, 645 (3d Cir.1989).
In order to enjoy the relaxed application of Rule 9(b) in cases of corporate fraud, plaintiffs must allege that "the necessary information lies within defendants' control" and must include "facts indicating why the charges against defendants are not baseless and why additional information lies exclusively within defendants' control." Craftmatic Sec. Litig., 890 F.2d at 645-46. Plaintiffs must also "delineate at least the nature and scope of [their] effort to obtain ... the information needed to plead with particularity" and "thoroughly investigate all possible sources of information, including but not limited to all publicly available relevant information, before filing a complaint." Weiner v. Quaker Oats Co., 129 F.3d 310, 319 (3d Cir.1997) (quoting Shapiro, 964 F.2d at 285).
Accordingly, the Joint Defendants argue that Rule 9(b) should not be relaxed as applied to the Trustee's RICO and fraudulent transfer claims because she cannot, and does not, allege that the information pertinent to her allegations of fraud lies exclusively within the Joint Defendants' control. Second Joint Mot. 11-12, 23-24, 30-31 (quoting DiMare v. MetLife Ins. Co., 369 Fed.Appx. 324, 330 (3d Cir.2010)). Cra-Z-Art echoes the Joint Defendants' arguments regarding the appropriate pleading standard to be applied to the Trustee's RICO claims. See Reply Br. Supp. Mot. to Dismiss Counts I & VIII of the Am. Compl. ("Second Cra-Z-Art Reply")
The Defendants are correct that the Trustee has not pleaded in the Amended Complaint that, or why, the pertinent information lies exclusively within the control of the Defendants and has therefore failed to avail herself of the relaxed application of Rule 9(b) as it relates to cases of corporate fraud.
However, the pleading requirements under Rule 9(b) are also relaxed when allegations of fraud are asserted by trustees in bankruptcy. E.g., In re: Liberty State Benefits of Del., Inc., 541 B.R. 219, 233-34 (Bankr.D.Del.2015) (holding that the Rule 9(b) pleading requirements applicable to civil RICO claims involving allegations of fraud can be relaxed when such claims are filed by bankruptcy trustees); In re Rite Way Elec., Inc., 510 B.R. 471, 480 (Bankr.E.D.Pa.2014) (holding that the "standard is relaxed where the plaintiff is a trustee in bankruptcy"); Image Masters, 489 B.R. at 393 (citing In re APF Co., 308 B.R. 183, 188 (Bankr.D.Del.2004)) ("The requirements of Rule 9(b) are generally relaxed and interpreted liberally where a trustee is asserting the fraudulent transfer claims."). The relaxed application of Rule 9(b) to trustees in bankruptcy does not require that the Trustee plead that the relevant information lies exclusively within the control of the Defendants. Rather, it is justified by the presumption that the Trustee, as a third party, is disadvantaged with respect to information regarding frauds committed against the debtor. See Rite Way Elec., 510 B.R. at 480 (quoting In re Harry Levin, Inc., 175 B.R. 560, 567 (Bankr.E.D.Pa.1994)) (relaxing the application of Rule 9(b) to trustees because of
Cra-Z-Art argues that the Trustee should be denied the relaxed application of Rule 9(b) on this alternative basis because she "made no effort at any time" to establish a factual basis for her claims before she filed the Complaint or the Amended Complaint. Second Cra-Z-Art Reply 5. In support of its argument, Cra-Z-Art relies upon In re Rite Way Electric, Inc., 510 B.R. 471 (Bankr.E.D.Pa.2014), in which Cra-Z-Art argues that the court "refus[ed] to apply the trustee's reduced pleading standard" in light of the trustee's "shoot first and ask questions later" approach. Second Cra-Z-Art Reply 4-5 (quoting Rite Way Elec., 510 B.R. at 490).
However, the court in Rite Way Electric did not "refuse to apply the trustee's reduced pleading standard." In fact, it actually applied "the more relaxed Rule 8(a) standard" in connection with the trustee's fraud claims because "of the trustee's `inevitable lack of knowledge concerning acts of fraud previously committed against the debtor, a third party.'" Rite Way Elec., 510 B.R. at 480.
The Court's admonition to the trustee in that case pertained not to his satisfaction of the applicable pleading standard, but to his investigatory duties under Bankruptcy Code § 704(a)(1), (4) and Federal Rule of Bankruptcy Procedure 9011(b)(2).
Based upon the foregoing reasons, the Court will relax the application of Rule 9(b) to the Trustee in the instant matter on the basis of her disadvantaged position with respect to information regarding frauds committed against the Debtor. However, the Trustee is still subject to the Rule 8(a) pleading standard and "must provide more than mere legal conclusions and cannot simply repeat the elements of the cause of action." Id. at 480 (citing In re Mervyn's Holdings, LLC, 426 B.R. 488, 494 (Bankr.D.Del.2010)); see also In re Moll Grp., LLC, Bankr. No. 02-38198, Adv. Nos. 04-1113, 2005 WL 6506459, at *9 (Bankr.E.D.Pa. June 15, 2005) ("Merely because a trustee is afforded latitude when pleading fraud claims does not mean that the specificity requirement of Rule 9 may be ignored when a trustee has some pertinent information."). The Trustee must therefore include the pertinent information in the pleadings to the extent that such information is within her possession. See Moll Grp., 2005 WL 6506459, at *9 (granting a motion for a more definite statement relative to "unnecessarily vague" fraudulent transfer claims to the "limited extent" that the trustee did not plead information "in the Debtor's books and records" that were "presently in his possession" and from which the fraudulent transfer claims derived). To the extent that the pertinent information is outside the Trustee's possession, she may plead on information and belief if she sets forth the facts upon which such beliefs are reasonably based. In re Processed Egg Prods. Antitrust Litig., 851 F.Supp.2d 867, 880 (E.D.Pa.2012) (quoting Hollander v. Ortho-McNeil-Janssen Pharm., Inc., Civ. A. No. 2:10-CV-00836-RB, 2010 WL 4159265, at *4 (E.D.Pa. Oct. 21, 2010)).
RICO criminalizes certain conduct listed in 18 U.S.C. § 1962. Hemi Grp., LLC v. City of New York, 559 U.S. 1, 6, 130 S.Ct. 983, 175 L.Ed.2d 943 (2010). It also provides that "[t]hose who have been wronged by organized crime should at least be given access to a legal remedy." Sedima, S.P.R.L. v. Imrex, Co., 473 U.S. 479, 487, 105 S.Ct. 3275, 87 L.Ed.2d 346 (1985) (quoting Organized Crime Control: Hearing on S. 30 Before the Subcomm. No. 5 of the Comm. on the Judiciary, 91st Cong. 520 (1970)). Therefore, § 1964(c) "provides a private civil action" through which plaintiffs may seek recovery for injuries caused "by reason of a violation of" RICO's criminal provisions. Id. at 481, 105 S.Ct. 3275 (quoting 18 U.S.C. § 1964(c)).
Accordingly, Count I of the Amended Complaint arises under § 1964(c) and asserts civil claims against the Defendants for alleged violations of §§ 1962(a), (c), and (d). Am. Compl. ¶¶ 176-232. To plead under § 1964(c), however, the Trustee must establish "standing" thereunder. Rose v. Bartle, 871 F.2d 331, 357 n. 40 (3d Cir.1989). In order to establish standing under § 1964(c), the Trustee must allege (1) an injury to the Debtor's "business or
The Trustee and the Defendants have extensively argued whether the facts alleged in the Amended Complaint state violations of RICO's criminal provisions under §§ 1962(a), (c) and (d) and actionable injuries under § 1964(c). As explained below, the Court agrees with the Defendants that the Amended Complaint fails to state actionable injuries under § 1964(c). The Court therefore dismisses the Trustee's civil RICO claims against the Defendants for lack of standing and need not examine whether she adequately alleged the elements of the underlying violations of § 1962.
Section § 1964(c) articulates a "standing requirement" with respect to the alleged RICO violations and the resulting injuries. Brokerage Concepts, Inc. v. U.S. Healthcare, Inc., 140 F.3d 494, 520 (3d Cir.1998). Section 1964(c) states that "[a]ny person injured in his business or property by reason of a violation of section 1962 of this chapter may sue therefor in any appropriate United States district court." 18 U.S.C. § 1964(c).
A civil RICO claim will therefore fail if the plaintiff's business or property was not injured "directly" or "by reason of" the alleged violations. Hemi Grp., 559 U.S. at 18, 130 S.Ct. 983; see also In re Jamuna Real Estate, LLC, 392 B.R. 149, 171 (Bankr.E.D.Pa.2008) (quoting Holmes v. Sec. Inv'r Prot. Corp., 503 U.S. 258, 268, 112 S.Ct. 1311, 117 L.Ed.2d 532 (1992)) (conditioning the proximate cause analysis on "some direct relationship between the injury asserted and the injurious conduct alleged"). Although RICO is "liberally construed to effectuate its remedial purposes," those purposes would be more "hobbled than helped" if courts permitted "massive and complex damages litigation" by indirectly injured plaintiffs. Holmes, 503 U.S. at 274, 112 S.Ct. 1311 (quoting Associated Gen. Contractors of Cal., Inc. v. Cal. State Council of Carpenters, 459 U.S. 519, 545, 103 S.Ct. 897, 74 L.Ed.2d 723 (1983)).
"[T]hree key factors" comprise the standing requirement's proximate cause analysis in order to determine whether the alleged RICO violations are "too remote" from the resulting injuries. Callahan v. A.E.V., Inc., 182 F.3d 237, 261 (3d Cir.1999). Those factors are: (1) the difficulty of apportioning causation between the alleged violation "as distinct from other, independent, factors"; (2) the difficulty of apportioning "damages among plaintiffs removed at different levels of injury from the violative acts, to obviate the risk of multiple recoveries"; and (3) the extent to which "directly injured victims can generally be counted on to vindicate the law as private attorneys general." Id. (quoting Holmes, 503 U.S. at 269-70, 112 S.Ct. 1311); see also Hemi Grp., 559 U.S. at 8, 130 S.Ct. 983 (clarifying that these factors comprise "the standard of causation that applies to civil RICO claims," generally). The Supreme Court, however, has articulated that "[t]he general tendency of the law, in regard to damages at least, is not to go beyond the first step.... Our cases confirm that the `general tendency' applies with full force to proximate cause inquiries under RICO." Hemi Grp., 559 U.S. at 10, 130 S.Ct. 983 (quoting Holmes, 503 U.S. at 271-72, 112 S.Ct. 1311).
To determine whether the violations allegedly committed by the Defendants proximately caused the injuries allegedly suffered by the Debtor, it is first necessary
Section 1962(a) states, in pertinent part:
18 U.S.C. § 1962(a). The elements of a violation of § 1962(a) therefore include "(1) that the defendant has received money from a pattern of racketeering activity; (2) invested that money in an enterprise; and (3) that the enterprise affected interstate commerce." Lightning Lube, Inc. v. Witco Corp., 4 F.3d 1153, 1188 (3d Cir.1993) (citing Shearin v. E.F. Hutton Grp., Inc., 885 F.2d 1162, 1165 (3d Cir.1989)). The actionable injury that results from a § 1962(a) violation derives from "the use or investment of racketeering income" generated by the enterprise. Id. (quoting Brittingham v. Mobil Corp., 943 F.2d 297, 303 (3d Cir.1991)).
Section 1962(c) states:
18 U.S.C. § 1962(c). The elements of a violation of § 1962(c) are therefore (1) the conduct (2) of an enterprise (3) through a pattern (4) of racketeering activity. In re Ins. Brokerage Antitrust Litig., 618 F.3d 300, 362 (3d Cir.2010) (citing Lum v. Bank of Am., 361 F.3d 217, 223 (3d Cir.2004)).
To "conduct" a RICO enterprise, one must "participate[] in the operation or management of the enterprise." Id. at 371 (quoting Reves v. Ernst & Young, 507 U.S. 170, 183, 113 S.Ct. 1163, 122 L.Ed.2d 525 (1993)). However, the defendant must operate or manage the enterprise "through a pattern of racketeering activity." Id. at 372 (emphasis added). In other words, there must be a "nexus" between the defendant, his conduct of the affairs of the enterprise, and the pattern of racketeering activity. Id. at 371 (quoting Univ. of Md. at Balt. v. Peat, Marwick, Main & Co., 996 F.2d 1534, 1539 (3d Cir. 1993)) (citing Banks v. Wolk, 918 F.2d 418, 424 (3d Cir.1990)).
An "enterprise" may consist of "a group of persons associated together for a common purpose of engaging in a course of conduct," which is termed an "association-in-fact enterprise." United States v. Turkette, 452 U.S. 576, 583, 101 S.Ct. 2524, 69 L.Ed.2d 246 (1981). An association-in-fact enterprise must exhibit a (1) "purpose"; (2) "relationships among those associated with the enterprise"; and (3) "longevity sufficient to permit these associates to pursue the enterprise's purpose." Ins. Brokerage Antitrust Litig., 618 F.3d at 369-70 (quoting Boyle v. United States, 556 U.S. 938, 946, 129 S.Ct. 2237, 173 L.Ed.2d 1265 (2009)). Although the enterprise
A "pattern" of racketeering activity must consist of at least two "predicate acts." Banks, 918 F.2d at 421. The two predicate acts of racketeering activity necessary to establish a pattern must (1) occur within ten years of each other, (2) be "related," and (3) "amount to or pose a threat of continued criminal activity." United States v. Bergrin, 650 F.3d 257, 266-67 (3d Cir.2011) (citing 18 U.S.C. § 1961(5); H.J. Inc. v. Nw. Bell Tel. Co., 492 U.S. 229, 239, 109 S.Ct. 2893, 106 L.Ed.2d 195 (1989)). Predicate acts are related if they "have the same or similar purposes, results, participants, victims, or methods of commission, or otherwise are interrelated by distinguishing characteristics and are not isolated events." See H.J. Inc., 492 U.S. at 240, 109 S.Ct. 2893 (quoting 18 U.S.C. § 3575(e)) (noting that the statute setting forth the applicable standard is now partially repealed).
In contrast, continuity is "centrally a temporal concept." Id. at 242, 109 S.Ct. 2893. A pattern of racketeering activity is continuous if it demonstrates either "closed-ended" or "open-ended" continuity. Closed-ended continuity may refer to "a series of related predicates extending over a substantial period of time" that constitute "a closed period of repeated conduct." Id. at 241-42, 109 S.Ct. 2893. Open-ended continuity may refer to "a single criminal scheme" if the predicate acts "present the threat of future criminal activity." Banks, 918 F.2d at 422. A threat of continuity exists if the predicate acts are committed "as part of a long-term association that exists for criminal purposes" or as "a regular way of conducting [an] ongoing legitimate business ... or of conducting or participating in an ongoing and legitimate RICO `enterprise.'" H.J. Inc., 492 U.S. at 242-43, 109 S.Ct. 2893.
Section 1961(1) lists the "criminal activities that constitute predicate acts for [the] purposes of RICO." Warden v. McLelland, 288 F.3d 105, 114 (3d Cir.2002). Predicate acts under § 1961(1) include, but are not limited to "any act which is indictable" under several listed federal criminal provisions — including mail and wire fraud, obstruction of justice or of a criminal investigation, interstate transportation of stolen property — and "any offense involving fraud connected with a case under" the Bankruptcy Code.
Section 1962(d) states that "[i]t shall be unlawful for any person to conspire to violate any of the provisions of
As discussed above, the Trustee must demonstrate that each Defendant's alleged violation of § 1962(a), § 1962(c), or § 1962(d) proximately caused an injury to the Debtor in order to establish standing under § 1964(c). At the outset, the Trustee alleges that the Defendants violated § 1962(a) by using "the income derived from the pattern of racketeering activity to grow and expand their businesses that continue to operate in a manner that uses [the Debtor's Assets] for their benefit and profit." Pl.'s RICO Case Statement ¶ 11(b).
With regard to the § 1962(c) violation, the Trustee alleges that the Defendants conduct a pattern of racketeering activity through the predicate acts of mail and wire fraud, obstruction of justice, transporting and receiving stolen property, and bankruptcy fraud. Specifically, the Trustee alleges that DiPalma oversees and directs the operations of an association-in-fact enterprise that consists of himself, Recchia, Lane, WeVeel, Junto, Cra-Z-Art, and IYA ("RICO Enterprise"). Am. Compl. ¶¶ 182-83. The purpose of the enterprise allegedly has been and continues to be to "defraud" the Debtor and its creditors by "looting the assets and business from [the Debtor]; abandoning [the Debtor] in a position wherein it is unable to pay its debts; secreting, using, and transferring [the Debtor's] assets and business to themselves and business entities; [and] concealing these actions from [the Debtor] and its creditors." Id. ¶ 182; Pl.'s RICO Case Statement 2.
The Trustee further argues that the Defendants have served and continue to serve various distinct and common roles within the RICO Enterprise. As explained above, DiPalma and Recchia allegedly "loot[ed]" the Debtor's Assets and transferred its former toy and craft and graphic design divisions to WeVeel and Junto. Am. Compl. ¶ 183(a)-(b). In turn, WeVeel and Junto allegedly serve as "front[s]" through which the Defendants presently conduct each division. Id. ¶ 183(d)-(e). Lane allegedly assists in conducting the Debtor's former toy and craft division through WeVeel and serves as its "public face." Id. ¶ 183(c). Collectively, DiPalma, Recchia, Lane, WeVeel, and Junto allegedly "help[ ] to conceal" the Defendants' actions from the Debtor and its Creditors. Id. ¶ 183(a)-(e). Finally, Cra-Z-Art and IYA allegedly purchased from the other Defendants the products and services that they formerly purchased from the Debtor and thereby "finance the operation" of the RICO Enterprise. Id. ¶¶ 149-50, 166-67, 183(f).
Pursuant to their roles within the RICO Enterprise, the Trustee alleges that the Defendants conduct a pattern of racketeering activity through the predicate acts of mail and wire fraud, 18 U.S.C. §§ 1341, 1343; obstruction of justice, 18 U.S.C. § 1512; transporting and receiving stolen property, 18 U.S.C. §§ 2314-15; and bankruptcy fraud, 18 U.S.C. § 152. Pl.'s RICO Case Statement 5(a); Am. Compl. ¶¶ 204-07. The alleged predicate acts of mail and wire fraud consist of the following:
The predicate acts of obstruction of justice consist of the following:
The predicate acts of the transportation and receipt of stolen property consist of the following:
The predicate acts of bankruptcy fraud consist of the following:
Finally, the Trustee alleges that the Joint Defendants violated § 1962(d) by pursuing "a common plan and agreement to engage in the pattern of racketeering activity" as evidenced by their "pervasive participation in the overt acts of the pattern of racketeering activity." Pl.'s RICO Case Statement ¶ 14. With respect to Cra-Z-Art and IYA, she alleges that the "responsible officials of the companies had knowledge of the pattern of racketeering activity and acted repeatedly to facilitate the racketeering activity of the other defendants." Id.
The Trustee alleges that the Debtor sustained the same injury for each of the § 1962 violations: namely, the loss of the Debtor's "right to use, possess, control and enjoy the benefits of the [Debtor's Assets] as well as the loss of its receivables and
The Defendants argue, inter alia, that the Debtor's alleged injuries were caused not by the alleged § 1962 violations, but by the alleged fraudulent transfer and/or conversion of the Debtor's Assets and therefore are not actionable injuries under § 1964(c). Second Joint Mot. 26-27; Second Cra-Z-Art Mot. 7. In addition, with respect to the alleged violations of § 1962(a), the Defendants also argue that "the mere use of racketeering proceeds to support a business that continues to engage in the racketeering activities that produced those profits does not qualify as an investment injury." Second Cra-Z-Art Mot. 13 (citing Brittingham, 943 F.2d at 303-05); see also Second Joint Mot. 26 (citing Rose, 871 F.2d at 357) (stating that "in order to show a violation of 1962(a) the injury alleged must have been the result of the investment of proceeds of racketeering income, not the predicate acts themselves").
In response, it appears that the Trustee misconstrues the Defendants' arguments and mistakenly believes that the Defendants seek to dismiss the Amended Complaint because it "fails to identify a RICO injury." Resp. to Second Joint Mot. 49. As a result, the Trustee focuses her arguments on how the Debtor was injured without relating such alleged injuries directly back to each of the alleged violations of § 1962 as required by § 1964.
As explained above, the Trustee must allege (1) an injury to the Debtor's "business or property," and (2) a violation of RICO's criminal provisions that "proximately caused" the injury to demonstrate standing under § 1964(c). Macauley, 7 F.Supp.3d at 479 (quoting 18 U.S.C. § 1964(c)). With regard to the proximate cause requirement, the Supreme Court has recognized the "demand for some direct relationship between the injury asserted and the injurious conduct alleged." Holmes at 268, 112 S.Ct. 1311.
Thus, the proximate cause requirement for a § 1962(c) violation will not be satisfied where, for example, the alleged predicate acts consist of mail and wire fraud and the plaintiffs alleged injuries resulted from "other, independent common law torts such as conversion or breach of fiduciary duty." See Jamuna Real Estate, 392 B.R. at 172 (concluding that the plaintiffs injuries, including the "diversion of funds, misuse of bankruptcy, and deepening insolvency," were not proximately caused by the alleged predicate acts). Similarly, with regard to a § 1962(a) violation, the proximate cause requirement will not be satisfied where the plaintiffs injury was not directly caused by the defendant's use or investment of income in an enterprise. See Anza v. Ideal Steel Supply Corp., 547 U.S. 451, 462, 126 S.Ct. 1991, 164 L.Ed.2d 720 (2006) (remanding to determine "whether petitioners' alleged violation of § 1962(a) proximately caused the injuries [plaintiff] asserts"). Finally, the Supreme Court has held that "a person may not bring suit under § 1964(c) predicated on a violation of § 1962(d) for injuries caused by an overt act that is not an act of racketeering
At the outset, the Court notes that the Trustee has failed to separately identify: (1) the injury sustained by the Debtor related to each of the violations under § 1962(a), (c), and (d); and (2) the direct causal relationship between such injury and each of the § 1962 violations, as required under § 1964(c). Rather, the Trustee alleges that the Debtor sustained the same injury from each violation of § 1962 and that the same direct causal relationship exists between such injury and each of the § 1962 violations. The Supreme Court has noted that "[b]ecause § 1962(c) and § 1962(a) set forth distinct prohibitions, it is at least debatable whether [plaintiff's] claims should be analyzed in an identical fashion for proximate-cause purposes." Anza, 547 U.S. at 462, 126 S.Ct. 1991. The Court is equally skeptical about how the same injury could also be directly caused by the alleged § 1962(d) violation and therefore recognizes that it is at least questionable whether the same alleged injuries could have been directly caused by a violation of § 1962(a), § 1962(c), and § 1962(d).
Ultimately, a close review of the connection between the alleged injury and each of the alleged § 1962 violations reveals that there is no direct causation. As the Joint Defendants and Cra-Z-Art correctly observe, none of the alleged injuries to the Debtor's possessory and financial interests resulted directly from the § 1962 violations allegedly committed by either of them. Instead, those injuries, if proven, could only have been directly caused by DiPalma and Recchia fraudulently transferring or converting the Debtor's Assets.
In particular, with regard to § 1962(a), the Trustee alleges that the Defendants used the income generated from their racketeering activity (i.e., the commission of the predicate acts of mail and wire fraud, obstruction of justice, transporting and receiving stolen property, and bankruptcy fraud) towards their RICO Enterprise "to grow and expand their businesses that continue to operate in a manner that uses [the Debtor's Assets] for their benefit and profit." Pl.'s RICO Case Statement ¶ 11(b). The Trustee alleges that the Defendants' use of income in this manner has injured the Debtor by depriving it of its "right to use, possess, control and enjoy the benefits of the [Debtor's Assets] as well as the loss of its receivables and profits." Id. ¶ 15.
However, the Defendants' alleged use of income generated by racketeering activity did not directly injure the Debtor. Rather, it appears that the alleged injuries (the loss of the Debtor's Assets and future profits from the Debtor's Assets) were directly caused by the alleged fraudulent transfer and/or conversion of the Debtor's Assets and not by the Defendants' use of income received from the racketeering activity.
In addition, the alleged predicate acts under § 1962(c), listed above, targeted nearly exclusively third parties — such as Cullen, Chesapeake, the Federal Government, the State, the Bankruptcy Court, and the Debtor's creditors. The Debtor was therefore, at most, indirectly injured by the acts allegedly committed by the Joint Defendants and Cra-Z-Art and, as explained above, the Court will not "go beyond the first step" in the chain of causation. Cf. Hemi Grp., 559 U.S. at 10-12, 130 S.Ct. 983 (quoting Holmes, 503 U.S. at 271-72, 112 S.Ct. 1311) (rejecting a theory of causation that "requires that we extend RICO liability to situations where the defendant's fraud on the third party (the State) has made it easier for a fourth party (the taxpayer) to cause harm to the plaintiff (the City)"); Callahan, 182 F.3d at 241-42 (rejecting a theory of causation in which the defendants were rival beer distributors of the plaintiffs and purchased inventory at a discount by "defraud[ing] the Pennsylvania Liquor Control Board" and therefore concluding that "the plaintiffs [were] relatively remote third-party `victims' of the fraud"); Steamfitters Local Union No. 420 Welfare Fund v. Philip Morris, Inc., 171 F.3d 912, 932-33 (3d Cir.1999) (rejecting a theory of causation in which the plaintiffs "suffered a loss because of the harm that the defendants
Moreover, under § 1961(1), "RICO's list of acts constituting predicate acts of racketeering activity is exhaustive." Annulli v. Panikkar, 200 F.3d 189, 200 (3d Cir.1999). And "garden-variety state law crimes, torts, and contract breaches," are not included in the list of predicate acts. Id. "This is for good reason," because if such causes of action
Id. (emphasis added). The Trustee therefore lacks standing to assert civil claims for the alleged violation of § 1962(c) because the Debtor's alleged injuries were proximately caused by independent state law causes of action (i.e., fraudulent transfers and conversion), not the alleged predicate acts.
Finally, with regard to the alleged conspiracy violation under § 1962(d), the Trustee alleges that the Joint Defendants' "pervasive participation in the overt acts of the pattern of racketeering activity shows a common plan and agreement to engage in the pattern of racketeering activity." Pl.'s RICO Case Statement 14. The Trustee alleges that, with respect to Cra-Z-Art, the "responsible officials ... had knowledge of the pattern of racketeering activity and acted repeatedly to facilitate the racketeering activity of the other defendants. Among other things, Cra-Z-Art... lied to Chesapeake Bank during its investigation regarding the fraudulent invoices in furtherance of the RICO enterprise." Id.
However, neither the Joint Defendants' alleged participation in the commission of the predicate acts nor Cra-Z-Art's alleged knowledge and facilitation of the commission of the predicate acts directly caused the loss of the Debtor's Assets and future profits from such assets. Rather, as discussed above, the Debtor's loss of its assets and future profits was directly caused by the alleged fraudulent transfer and/or conversion of the Debtor's Assets. Accordingly, the Trustee also lacks standing under § 1964(c) to bring a claim for a violation under § 1962(d).
Based upon the foregoing, the Debtor's alleged RICO injuries can only be remedied through the direct pursuit of such state law causes of action as asserted elsewhere in the Amended Complaint against the Joint Defendants and Cra-Z-Art.
In Count II of the Amended Complaint, the Trustee asserts claims against DiPalma
Pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6), the Joint Defendants argue that "the Amended Complaint contains only `threadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements.'" Second Joint Mot. 30 (quoting Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009)). However, the Joint Defendants erroneously address the wrong cause of action — a federal constructive fraudulent transfer claim under § 548(a)(2) — in their brief which was never raised by the Trustee in the Amended Complaint.
The Joint Defendants also argue that the Trustee did not plead the claims with sufficient particularity under Rule 9(b). Id. at 30-33. Although they correctly assert that the Trustee should not enjoy the relaxed application of Rule 9(b) in cases of corporate fraud because she failed to plead that the relevant information lies exclusively within the Defendants' control, id. at 31 (citing DiMare v. MetLife Ins. Co., 369 Fed.Appx. 324, 330 (3d Cir.2010)), they fail to recognize that Rule 9(b) is relaxed as applied to trustees in bankruptcy, as explained above.
In addition, claims of constructive fraud are not subject to the heightened pleading standard of Rule 9(b) because "fraud does not have to be proven" thereunder. Rocky Mountain Holdings, 2009 WL 564437, at *9 (citing Bratek v. Beyond Juice, LLC, No. Civ.A. 04-4491, 2005 WL 3071750, at *6 (E.D.Pa. Nov. 14, 2005)); see also In re Transcon. Refrigerated Lines, Inc., 438 B.R. 520, 522 (Bankr. M.D.Pa.2010) (citing In re Charys Holding Co., Inc., Bankr. No. 08-10289, 2010 WL 2774852, at *3 n. 2 (Bankr.D.Del. July 14, 2010)) (observing that "most Courts in the Circuit recognize that constructive fraudulent transfer claims are not analyzed under the heightened Rule 9(b) pleading standard" and accordingly declining to apply the standard). But see In re Harris Agency, LLC, 465 B.R. 410, 417 n.12 (Bankr. E.D.Pa.2011) (observing that the Third Circuit has not ruled on whether the heightened pleading standard applies to constructive fraud causes of action). The Court will address the Joint Defendants' arguments in turn.
The actual intent standard applicable in this action is set forth in PUFTA section 5104(a)(1). Under section 5104(a)(1), any transfer made by a debtor is fraudulent if it is made "with actual intent to hinder, delay or defraud any creditor of the debtor." PUFTA § 5104(a)(1).
Although it is ordinarily the debtor's intent as transferor that is examined under section 5104(a)(1), the Amended Complaint alleges that DiPalma and Recchia as transferees intended "to hinder, delay and/or defraud [the Debtor's] creditors." Am. Compl. ¶ 236. However, the modicum of intent required under section 5104(a)(1) may be imputed to the Debtor as transferor from DiPalma and Recchia as transferees if they dominated or controlled the Debtor's disposition of its property.
DiPalma and Recchia's intent will be imputed to the Debtor for the purposes of section 5104(a)(1) if (1) they dominated or controlled the Debtor, (2) with respect to the disposition of its Assets, and (3) intended to hinder, delay, or defraud its creditors. In re Elrod Holdings Corp., 421 B.R. 700, 710 (Bankr.D.Del.2010)
"[T]he intent to hinder, delay, or defraud creditors is seldom susceptible of direct proof." Unif. Fraudulent Transfer Act, Prefatory Note (Unif. Law Comm'n 1984). Therefore, to determine whether DiPalma and Recchia transferred the Debtor's Assets in order to hinder, delay, or defraud its creditors, "consideration may be given" to a number of enumerated factors, or "badges of fraud." PUFTA § 5104(b) & cmt. 5. Those factors include, but are not limited to, whether the transfer was to an "insider"; the transfer was "concealed"; the transfer comprised "substantially all the debtor's assets"; the Debtor "removed or concealed assets"; the Debtor did not receive "reasonably equivalent" value in exchange for the transfer; and the Debtor "became insolvent shortly after the transfer was made." Id. §§ 5104(b)(1), (3), (5), (7)-(9). As explained below, the Trustee alleges at least these six badges of fraud to support her claim under the actual intent standard.
The Trustee's allegations satisfy the first badge of fraud: that the transfers were made from the Debtor to its insiders. Although PUFTA does not define what constitutes an insider, it directs that the term "should be interpreted in a common-sense way, consistent with Comments (5) and (6) to 12 Pa.C.S. § 5104." Id. § 5101 cmt. 12. Comments (5) and (6) to section 5104 primarily refer to "closely related person[s]." Id. § 5104 cmt. 5; see also id. § 5104 cmt. 6 (citing multiple cases referring to family members as insiders). However, Comment (6) cites one case that refers to a "dummy corporation" as an insider of an individual debtor and another case that refers to an assignee corporation that had "identical directors and stockholders" as its assignor corporation as an insider of the latter. Id. § 5104 cmt. 6.
According to the Amended Complaint, DiPalma — as President, CEO, and a director of the Debtor — and Recchia — as Vice President and a director of the Debtor — caused the Debtor to transfer its Assets to themselves. Am. Compl. ¶¶ 34, 37, 236. The Court therefore concludes that DiPalma and Recchia are insiders of the Debtor pursuant to PUFTA's "common sense" approach. See In re Zambrano Corp., 478 B.R. 670, 692 (Bankr.W.D.Pa. 2012) (citing 11 U.S.C. § 101(31)(B)) (concluding that, as it is used in PUFTA section 5104, "the term `insider' includes, if the debtor is a corporation, a director, officer, or general partner of the debtor, [or] a person in control of the debtor'" even though the "relationship may not precisely satisfy the statutory definition of `insider'") (emphasis added).
The Trustee's allegations also satisfy the third badge of fraud: that the transfers were concealed. As explained above, to hide the transfers from the Debtor's accounting books and records, DiPalma and Recchia allegedly caused the Debtor to hire an accountant to falsify its QuickBooks entries. Am. Compl. ¶ 113. To prevent the Debtor's creditors from discovering the transfers, DiPalma and Recchia
The Trustee's allegations further satisfy the fifth, seventh, eighth, and ninth badges of fraud. As explained above, the transfers allegedly comprised "substantially all" of the Debtor's Assets; the Assets were allegedly removed from the Debtor's premises to various locations, including DiPalma's house; the Debtor allegedly received "no consideration or inadequate consideration" and "did not receive a reasonably equivalent value in exchange"; and the Debtor allegedly became "insolvent solely as a result" of the transfers. Id. ¶¶ 68(b), 70(c), (f), 237. The Trustee's allegations that the Debtor was forced to discontinue its operations, carry debts in excess of its assets, and default on $2 million in financial obligations after the transfers further evidence that the transfers comprised substantially all of the Debtor's Assets and left the Debtor insolvent. Id. ¶¶ 68(c), 72-73.
Accepting the foregoing nonconclusory allegations as true and making all reasonable inferences therefrom in favor of the Trustee, she plausibly alleges that DiPalma and Recchia caused the Debtor to transfer its Assets to themselves with actual intent to defraud its creditors.
Pursuant to Rule 9(b), the Joint Defendants also argue that the Amended Complaint insufficiently described "what was transferred, the date, time and method of the transfer, or the precise value of the transfer." Second Joint Mot. 31-32. With respect to what was transferred, they essentially argue that the Trustee should have individually identified each of the Debtor's Assets that were transferred. See id. at 23, 32 (complaining, in the context of the Trustee's RICO allegations, that she "fail[ed] to identify any" specific trademark, patent, copyright, work-in-progress, or piece of office equipment that was transferred and instead referenced such transfers in "generic terms"; and in
DiPalma and Recchia drastically understate the particularity of the allegations set forth by the Trustee in the Amended Complaint. With respect to what was transferred, the Trustee alleges that the Assets included, but were not limited to, the Debtor's
Am. Compl. ¶ 68(a). Furthermore, the Trustee specifically identified in Exhibit D five product lines that the Debtor developed, but that WeVeel later marketed as its own. Id. ¶ 280. Finally, a former employee of the Debtor claims that "almost all of the products" advertised by WeVeel in 2011 were developed by the Debtor and its employees. Id. ¶ 281. Certainly this enumeration sufficiently describes "what" DiPalma and Recchia are accused of fraudulently transferring.
Moreover, many of the details of the fraudulent transfers are allegedly unavailable to the Trustee. The Trustee claims that DiPalma and Recchia took "actions to fraudulently conceal their wrongdoing" and "created an insuperable barrier to [the Debtor] acquiring the knowledge and resources necessary to bring [this] suit." Id. ¶ 9. The alleged accounting fraud, pursuant to which the Debtor's records were revised "so as to falsely understate [the Debtor's] assets, overstate [its] liabilities and otherwise modify the entries to be intentionally vague, incomplete and misleading" constitutes potentially the greatest obstacle to the Trustee. Id. ¶ 113. As a result, with respect to what was transferred, the Trustee "expect[s] that discovery will provide additional ... information." Id. ¶ 282. Under such circumstances, the Court does not expect the Trustee to possess precise details regarding what was transferred. The Trustee's description of the transferred Assets accordingly does not run afoul of Rule 9(b).
With respect to the value exchanged for the transfers, the Joint Defendants argue that the Amended Complaint merely alleges that the Debtor "did not receive a reasonabl[y] equivalent value in exchange" without describing how the value was not reasonably equivalent. Second Joint Mot. 32 (quoting Am. Compl. ¶ 237). It is true that the Trustee does not precisely identify the value that was exchanged for the transfers. See Am. Compl. ¶ 237 (alleging that "no consideration or inadequate consideration" was exchanged and that the Debtor "did not receive a reasonably equivalent value in exchange"). However, in light of the alleged accounting fraud, the Court does not expect the Trustee to possess precise details of the value exchanged for the transfers either and it is sufficient that she alleged that absolutely no consideration was exchanged.
Finally, with respect to the date, time, and method of the transfer, the Joint Defendants do not elaborate on how the Amended Complaint fails to meet this pleading standard. In the Court's judgment, the Trustee described the occasion and method of the fraudulent transfers with sufficient particularity. See Am. Compl. ¶ 68 (alleging that the transfers occurred in November 2009 when DiPalma, Recchia, and others physically removed
The constructive fraud standards applicable in this action are set forth in PUFTA sections 5104(a)(2) and 5105. Under the former, a transfer by the Debtor is fraudulent as to its creditors if the Debtor did not receive "reasonably equivalent value in exchange for the transfer" and
PUFTA § 5104(a)(2). Under the latter, a transfer by the Debtor is fraudulent as to its creditors if the Debtor did not receive "reasonably equivalent value in exchange for the transfer" and "was insolvent at that time or ... became insolvent as a result of the transfer." Id. § 5105.
Whether the Debtor received reasonably equivalent value under either standard depends first on "whether the debtor received `any value at all' from the challenged transaction" and second on "whether the value received was `roughly the value it gave.'" Image Masters, Inc. v. Chase Home Fin., 489 B.R. 375, 387 (E.D.Pa.2013) (first quoting R.M.L., Inc., 92 F.3d at 149; then quoting In re Fruehauf Trailer Corp., 444 F.3d 203, 212-13 (3d Cir.2006)). "Value," in turn, is defined as "property, or satisfaction or securing of a present or antecedent debt of the debtor." Id. (quoting 11 U.S.C. § 548(d)(2)(A)). Here, the analysis stops at the first step because, as explained above, the Trustee alleged that the Debtor received absolutely "no consideration" in exchange for the transfers. Am. Compl. ¶ 237. The Amended Complaint therefore satisfies the constructive fraud standards with respect to the value that the Debtor received in exchange for the transfers.
The section 5104(a)(2)(i)-(ii) tests "address[ ] slightly different aspects of the same fundamental inquiry: whether the debtor is and, on a continuing basis, will be able to pay its debts as they become due." PUFTA § 5104 cmt. 4. The subsection (a)(2)(i) test
Id. Therefore, the question is not whether the Debtor actually was not timely paying his debts. Id. Instead, the inquiry looks to the Debtor's "ability" to pay his debts and his "intentions and beliefs with respect to such ability ... on a continuing basis now and in the future." Id.; see also Rocky Mountain Holdings, 2009 WL 564437, at *10 (denying a motion to dismiss constructive fraud claims in part because the defendant "could have reasonably anticipated a tax liability ... that exceeded the amount of money it retained after ... the challenged transfers" and that arose five months after the transfers).
In addition, the Trustee's allegations regarding the circumstances of the alleged transfers and whether such transfers would leave the Debtor with unreasonably few assets relative to the needs of its business also satisfy section 5104(a)(2)(ii). As explained above, the Trustee alleged that DiPalma and Recchia transmitted various communications to the Debtor's creditors that it (1) had no assets, (2) would cease operations, and (3) would make various payments when it collected certain accounts receivables. Id. ¶ 65. The plausible inference from the Trustee's allegations is that DiPalma and Recchia reasonably believed that the transfers would leave the Debtor with unreasonably few assets and that they therefore intended the communications to conceal the transfers from its creditors. See id. (concluding that the communications were intended to "create a window for DiPalma and Recchia to divert, convert and steal [the Debtor's] valuable property and business"). Moreover, if the transfers comprised "substantially all" of the Debtor's Assets and the Debtor received absolutely "no consideration" in exchange therefor, as the Trustee alleged, id. ¶ 70(c), (e), then the transfers must have left the Debtor with unreasonably few assets. Accepting the foregoing nonconclusory allegations as true and making all reasonable inferences therefrom in favor of the Trustee, the Amended Complaint therefore plausibly states a claim under section 5104(a)(2).
The section 5105 test addresses "balance sheet insolvency," pursuant to which "[a] debtor is insolvent if, at fair valuations, the sum of [its] debts is greater than all of [its] assets."
As explained above, the Trustee alleges facts that support the inference that the Debtor became insolvent as a result of the transfers. See Am. Compl. ¶¶ 68(c)-(d), 70(c), (e), 73 (alleging that the transfers comprised "substantially all of [the Debtor's] assets," were made in exchange for absolutely "no consideration," left the Debtor "saddled with debt," and caused the Debtor to "cease all operations as a going concern" and default on approximately $2 million in debts to its creditors). Such an inference is consistent with the greater purpose that the Trustee attributes to DiPalma and Recchia's actions: to leverage the Debtor's "ability to borrow money ... its creditworthiness, as well as [its] cash flow" to build the Debtor's toy and craft division and then divert it and the Debtor's graphic design division to themselves. Id. 44-45, 78, 91. Accepting the foregoing nonconclusory allegations as
The Trustee raises a cause of action for conversion of the Debtor's Assets against DiPalma and Recchia in Count III of the Amended Complaint. Am. Compl. 240-45. This cause of action is an alternative to the fraudulent transfer claims that the Trustee sets forth in Count 11.
In response, the Joint Defendants argue that the alleged conversion must be imputed to the Debtor because the conversion was part of an elaborate scheme of fraud involving DiPalma, Recchia, and Stromberg, who collectively comprised 100% of the Debtor's shareholders.
In pari delicto is "derive[d] from the Latin maxim, in pari delicto potior est conditio defendentis, which means: `In a case of equal or mutual fault ... the position of the party ... [defending] is the better one.'" McAdam v. Dean Witter Reynolds, Inc., 896 F.2d 750, 756 (3d Cir. 1990) (quoting Black's Law Dictionary 711 (5th ed.1979)). The doctrine was fashioned to ensure that courts do not "lend their good offices to mediating disputes among wrongdoers" and to serve as "an effective means of deterring illegality." Id. (quoting Bateman Eichler, Hill Richards, Inc. v. Berner, 472 U.S. 299, 306, 105 S.Ct. 2622, 86 L.Ed.2d 215 (1985)).
To successfully assert in pari delicto, the Joint Defendants must show that the Debtor was "an active, voluntary participant in the wrongful conduct or transaction(s) for which it seeks redress, and bear `substantially equal [or greater] responsibility for the underlying illegality' as compared to the defendant." Official Comm. of Unsecured Creditors of Allegheny Health Educ. & Research Found. v. Price WaterhouseCoopers, LLP, 605 Pa. 269, 989 A.2d 313, 329 (2010) [hereinafter Allegheny Health III] (quoting McAdam, 896 F.2d at 756-57). The doctrine, however, "permits matters of public policy to be taken into consideration in determining the defense's availability in any given set of circumstances." Id. at 330 (citing Bateman Eichler, 472 U.S. at 307, 310, 105 S.Ct. 2622).
Whether the Debtor is responsible for the alleged misconduct "is complicated by the fact that [corporations] must act through their agents." Id. at 330 n. 20, 333. Therefore the imputation of DiPalma and Recchia's misconduct to the Debtor "is a linchpin" to the application of in pari delicto. State law generally governs the substantive law of imputation as applied to state law claims. Lafferty, 267 F.3d at 358.
"Under the law of imputation, courts impute the fraud of an officer to a corporation when the officer commits the fraud (1) in the course of his employment, and (2) for the benefit of the corporation."
The Third Circuit has recognized an exception to the imputation doctrine known as the "adverse interest" exception which prohibits imputation "where an agent acts in his own interest, and to the corporation's detriment." Belmont, 708 F.3d at 495. In addition, the adverse interest exception is subject to a limited exception known as the "sole actor" exception which is only applied "to cases in which the agent who committed the fraud was the sole shareholder of the corporation or dominated the corporation." Thabault v. Chait, 541 F.3d 512, 529 (3d Cir.2008) (concluding that the sole actor exception did not apply in that case because the agents owned only 65% of the principal's stock).
Although an affirmative defense typically is not considered on a motion to dismiss, it may be if it "is established on the face of the complaint." Leveto v. Lapina, 258 F.3d 156, 161 (3d Cir.2001) (quoting Hafley v. Lohman, 90 F.3d 264, 266 (8th Cir.1996)). Here, the affirmative defense of in pari delicto has not been established on the face of the Amended Complaint because the Trustee has alleged facts which support the application of the adverse interest exception to the imputation doctrine — namely, that DiPalma and Recchia's conduct in converting the Debtor's Assets adversely affected the Debtor and only conferred benefits on DiPalma and Recchia. In addition, it does not appear on the face of the Amended Complaint that the sole actor exception applies to invalidate the adverse interest exception because the Debtor's agents, DiPalma and Recchia, owned only 80% of the Debtor's stock.
Finally, and perhaps most importantly, the Court notes that "imputation rules justly operate to protect third parties on account of their reliance on an agent's actual or apparent authority." Allegheny Health III, 989 A.2d at 336 (emphasis added) (citing Travelers Cas. & Sur. Co. v. Castegnaro, 565 Pa. 246, 772 A.2d 456, 460 (2001)). Imputation therefore "does not furnish a basis on which an agent may defend against a claim by the principal," rather it "is applicable only for purposes of determining a principal's legal relations with a third party." Restatement
For the foregoing reasons, the Joint Defendants may not avail themselves of the affirmative defense of in pari delicto with respect to the Trustee's conversion claims. Because the Joint Defendants fail to articulate any other objection to the Trustee's substantive allegations and the Trustee's allegations plausibly state a claim for conversion, the Court will deny the Second Joint Motion as to Count III of the Amended Complaint.
Counts IV-V of the Amended Complaint assert fraudulent transfer claims to recover the Debtor's toy and craft division related Assets and graphic design division related Assets that DiPalma and Recchia allegedly transferred to WeVeel and Junto, respectively. Am. Compl. ¶¶ 82, 94, 246-59. PUFTA sections 5104-05 pertain only to "transfer[s] made ... by a debtor." Once a cause of action is established thereunder, the available remedies are set forth in section 5107, and the individuals against whom the remedies may be invoked are set forth in section 5108. The remedies are cumulative and include
PUFTA § 5107(a) & cmt. 6. Judgment "to the extent a transfer is voidable in an action ... under section 5107(a)(1)" is available against "the first transferee of the asset or the person for whose benefit the transfer was made" and also against "any subsequent transferee." Id. § 5108(b).
The Trustee does not allege that DiPalma and Recchia defrauded their creditors when they transferred the Debtor's Assets to WeVeel and Junto. Counts IV and V of the Amended Complaint therefore do not assert independent causes of action for those transfers, but seek judgments against WeVeel and Junto as subsequent transferees of the transfers underlying Count II. Accordingly, the Trustee alleges that DiPalma and Recchia's transfers to WeVeel and Junto were entered into "with actual intent to hinder, delay and/or defraud [the Debtor's] creditors"; "in bad faith because all of the participants ... had sufficient knowledge to place them on inquiry of the voidability of the ... transaction"; and "for no consideration or inadequate consideration." Am. Compl. ¶¶ 249-51, 256-58.
The Joint Defendants raise virtually the same arguments to dismiss the fraudulent transfer claims against WeVeel and Junto as they did with regard to the alleged fraudulent transfer claims against DiPalma and Recchia. Second Joint Mot. 30-33. As explained above, those arguments fail. The Joint Defendants also argue, however, that the fraudulent transfer claims against WeVeel and Junto should be dismissed because the Trustee's "factual basis for involving WeVeel .... and Junto ... because
Section 5108(a) establishes that "[a] transfer ... is not fraudulent under section 5104(a)(1) ... against a person who took in good faith and for a reasonably equivalent value or against any subsequent transferee." PUFTA § 5108(a). Although section 5108(a) neglects to expressly delegate the burden of proof between the plaintiff and the transferee, it is well established that section 5108(a) sets forth "an affirmative defense for which the transferee bears the burden of proof." Image Masters, Inc. v. Chase Home Fin., 489 B.R. 375, 391 (E.D.Pa.2013) (citing In re Lockwood Auto Grp., Inc., 428 B.R. 629, 636 (Bankr.W.D.Pa.2010)); see also PUFTA § 5108 cmt. 1 (citing Chorost v. Grand Rapids Factory Showrooms, Inc., 77 F.Supp. 276, 280 (D.N.J.1948), aff'd, 172 F.2d 327 (3d Cir.1949)) (stating that "[t]he person who invokes this defense carries the burden of establishing good faith and the reasonable equivalence of the consideration exchanged").
Section 5108(b)(2), with respect to a transfer that is avoidable under PUFTA, allows judgment to be entered against "any subsequent transferee other than a good faith transferee who took for value." PUFTA § 5108(b) (emphasis added). Like section 5108(a), the burden of proof under section 5108(b)(2) is not expressly delegated. However, unlike section 5108(a), it is not well established whether the burden of proof under section 5108(b)(2) falls upon the plaintiff or upon the transferee. "No court appears to have addressed this specific issue under Pennsylvania law, but it has been assumed that `subsequent transferees' are subject to the requirements of `good faith' and `reasonably equivalent value' under PUFTA." Gregory M. Monaco, A Practitioner's Primer on the Pennsylvania Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act, Pa. B. Ass'n Q., Jan. 2015, at 18, 38 (citing United States v. Rocky Mountain Holdings, Inc., Civ. A. No. 08-3381, 2009 WL 564437, at *8 (E.D.Pa. Mar. 4, 2009)) (examining whether the requirements of the affirmative defense set forth in section 5108(a)(1) apply to subsequent transferees and noting disagreements among courts in different jurisdictions).
"In 2014 the Uniform Law Commission approved a set of amendments to the Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act" and "changed the title of the Act to the Uniform Voidable Transactions Act." Unif. Voidable Transactions Act, Prefatory Note (2014 Amendments) (Unif. Law Comm'n 2014). The amendments "address[ed] a small number of narrowly-defined issues, and w[ere] not a comprehensive revision" of the Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act, id., from which PUFTA was adopted by the Pennsylvania Bar Association, PUFTA § 5101 cmt. 1. As a result, "PUFTA will continue, by and large, to exist in its current form, and much of the case law interpreting PUFTA will not be disturbed." Monaco, A Practitioner's Primer, supra, at 18.
The Uniform Voidable Transactions Act added "uniform rules allocating the burden of proof ... with respect to claims for relief and defenses under the Act."
Based on the foregoing, the Court concludes that PUFTA section 5108(b)(2) sets forth an affirmative defense and that the burden of proof thereunder lies with the subsequent transferee. As an affirmative defense, whether the transferee took in good faith under section 5108(b)(2) will justify dismissal of a complaint only if the defense "appears on its face." Image Masters, 489 B.R. at 391 (quoting Leveto v. Lapina, 258 F.3d 156, 161 (3d Cir.2001)). "When facts or matters outside of the complaint are necessary to establish the affirmative defense ... raising it under Rule 12(b)(6) is usually not
The term "good faith" is defined with respect to whether the transferee "acted without actual fraudulent intent and ... did not collude with the debtor or otherwise actively participate in the fraudulent scheme of the debtor." PUFTA § 5108 cmt. 6. The Court analyzes such circumstances relative "to what the transferee objectively knew or should have known ... not to the subjective knowledge or belief of the transferee." Image Masters, 489 B.R. at 391 (quoting Lockwood Auto Grp., 428 B.R. at 636). Therefore, the affirmative defense set forth in section 5108(b)(2) may be unavailable even where the transferee lacked "actual knowledge" that the original transfer was fraudulent if it was "on inquiry notice" of "suspicious circumstances" that warranted "a diligent investigation." Id. (quoting Lockwood Auto Grp, 428 B.R. at 636).
The Trustee has alleged that DiPalma and Recchia own membership interests in WeVeel and Junto and that WeVeel and Junto "knew or had reason to believe that DiPalma and Recchia had obtained the [Debtor's Assets] in connection with the" alleged fraudulent scheme. Am. Compl. ¶¶ 82, 111, 250, 257. It is therefore impossible to conclude on the face of the Amended Complaint that WeVeel and Junto received the transfers in good faith. Moreover, the Joint Defendants have made no arguments in support of WeVeel and Junto's good faith, but have merely argued that the Trustee has failed to prove their bad faith, which she is not required to do in response to the motion to dismiss. Second Joint Mot. 30-33. The affirmative defense set forth in section 5108(b)(2) is therefore inapplicable at this stage of the proceedings.
Counts VI-VII of the Amended Complaint attempt to pierce the corporate veils of WeVeel and Junto under the "single entity theory."
It is true that the Pennsylvania Supreme Court has not yet decided whether to recognize the single entity theory. In the absence of a decision by the highest court of the state, this Court ordinarily would "don the soothsayer's garb and predict how that court would rule if it were presented with the question." Official Comm. of Unsecured Creditors v. R.F. Lafferty & Co., 267 F.3d 340, 349 (3d Cir. 2001) (citing Wiley v. State Farm Fire & Cas. Co., 995 F.2d 457, 459 (3d Cir.1993)). The Court's analysis would examine "(1) what the Pennsylvania Supreme Court has said in related areas; (2) the `decisional law' of the Pennsylvania intermediate courts; (3) federal appeals and district court cases interpreting the state law;
The Pennsylvania Superior Court's opinion in Miners, Inc. v. Alpine Equipment Corp., 722 A.2d 691 (Pa.Super.Ct.1998), is the most significant opinion issued by a Pennsylvania state court that addresses the single entity theory. As a result, its analysis of whether and how the single entity theory would apply under Pennsylvania law is frequently cited by courts that confront the issue.
However, the overwhelming majority of such courts either declined to apply the single entity theory because it has not yet been adopted by the Pennsylvania Supreme Court or declined to predict whether it would be adopted because the plaintiff inadequately pleaded its elements.
By way of background, the elements of the single entity theory include an "identity of ownership, unified administrative control, similar or supplementary business functions, involuntary creditors, and insolvency of the corporation against which the claim lies." Miners, 722 A.2d at 695 (citing E. Latty, Subsidiaries and Affiliated Corporations § 7, at 5-40 (1936)). The single entity theory applies "where two or more corporations share common ownership and are, in reality, operating as a corporate combine." Id. (emphasis added). Under the single entity theory, "for
Here, the Trustee alleges that the Debtor:
Am. Compl. ¶¶ 261-65, 268-72. The Joint Defendants argue in response that the Debtor on one hand, and WeVeel and Junto on the other, did not share identical ownership either at the time of the transfers or at any point thereafter and that the single entity theory therefore does not apply here. Second Joint Mot. 36 (citing J.B. Hunt, 2013 WL 3208586).
The Joint Defendants are correct. According to the Amended Complaint, DiPalma owned a 60% interest in the Debtor and Recchia and Stromberg each owned a 20% interest in the Debtor. Am. Compl. ¶ 36. In contrast, in addition to DiPalma and Recchia, WeVeel is also allegedly owned by Lane, Pecci, Chiapelli, and unidentified "others," and Junto is also allegedly owned by Chiapelli, all in unspecified amounts. Id. ¶¶ 82, 91, 104. The Debtor therefore does not share an identity of ownership with either WeVeel or Junto. Cf. Miners, 722 A.2d at 695 (concluding that no identity of ownership existed where, although 60% of each of two corporations shared common ownership, the remaining 40% of each did not).
Despite her failure to plead the first element of the single entity theory, the Trustee argues that Pennsylvania "generally takes a `flexible approach' to piercing the corporate veil" under which the Court should consider the "totality of the circumstances." Resp. to Second Joint Mot. 54-55 (quoting Macready, 2011 WL 4835829, at *6). She argues that it may therefore be appropriate to pierce the corporate veil under the single entity theory even if the elements of the theory are not all met. Id. at 55 n. 13, 99 S.Ct. 914 (citing Bona Fide Demolition & Recovery, LLC v. Crosby Constr. Co. of La., 690 F.Supp.2d 435, 448 (E.D.La.2010); N. Am. Van Lines, Inc. v. Emmons, 50 S.W.3d 103, 120 (Tex.App.-Beaumont 2001)).
The single entity theory, in contrast, sets forth a discrete list of factors that the Trustee must plead in order to state a claim. Indeed, Macready v. TCI Trans Commodities, A.G., Civ. A. No. 00-4434, 2011 WL 4835829 (E.D.Pa. Oct. 12, 2011), which the Trustee cited in support of the application of the totality of the circumstances approach, specifically denied recovery under the single entity theory based upon the plaintiff's failure to prove just a single element thereof. See 2011 WL 4835829, at *8 (denying recovery where the plaintiff failed to show that it was an involuntary creditor of the defendant). Furthermore, the cases cited by the Trustee for the proposition that she need not plead all of the elements of the single entity theory are distinguishable. See Bona Fide Demolition, 690 F.Supp.2d at 445, 448 (applying an eighteen-factor test, which "provides no guidance as to the weight to be given [to] any of the eighteen factors or whether any, all or some of the factors must be present"); N. Am. Van Lines, 50 S.W.3d at 119-20 (applying a test that "relies on equity analogies to partnership principles of liability" and that "does not require proof of all the elements of a true joint venture or partnership").
Finally, according to the Trustee, the Debtor "cease[d] all operations as a going concern" as a result of the alleged transfers in November 2009. Am. Compl. ¶ 68(c). The Debtor was therefore effectively defunct when DiPalma and Recchia began to use WeVeel and Junto as "front[s]" through which they operated the Debtor's former toy and craft and graphic design divisions. See id. ¶¶ 78, 82, 91 (alleging that DiPalma and Recchia acquired membership interests in WeVeel and Junto in April 2010). Based on this timeline, it is implausible that the Debtor comprised a "corporate combine" with WeVeel or Junto or was a "mere instrumentality" of either such that WeVeel and Junto should be held liable for its debts under the single entity theory. Based on the foregoing analysis, the Court therefore will dismiss Counts VI-VII of the Amended Complaint to pierce the corporate veils of WeVeel and Junto.
In Count VIII of the Amended Complaint, the Trustee asserts unjust enrichment claims against the Defendants and IYA. Am. Compl. ¶¶ 274-77. Under Pennsylvania state law, the terms "unjust enrichment" and "quantum meruit" are synonymous. Goldsmith Assocs., Inc. v. Del Frisco's Rest. Grp., LLC, Civ. A. No. 09-1359, 2009 WL 3172752, at *2 (E.D.Pa. Oct. 1, 2009) (quoting Ne. Fence & Iron Works, Inc. v. Murphy Quigley Co., 933 A.2d 664, 667 (Pa.Super.Ct.2007)). "Unjust enrichment contemplates that [a] person who has been unjustly enriched at the expense of another must make restitution
"`Unjust enrichment' is essentially an equitable doctrine." Styer v. Hugo, 422 Pa.Super. 262, 619 A.2d 347, 350 (1993), aff'd, 535 Pa. 610, 637 A.2d 276 (1994). The elements of a claim for unjust enrichment are (1) the conferral of benefits upon the defendant by the plaintiff; (2) the acceptance and retention of such benefits by the defendant; and (3) circumstances under which "it would be inequitable" if the defendant retained the benefits without compensating the plaintiff. Id. (quoting Wolf v. Wolf, 356 Pa.Super. 365, 514 A.2d 901 (1986), overruled on other grounds by Van Buskirk v. Van Buskirk, 527 Pa. 218, 590 A.2d 4 (1991)). In other words, "the party against whom recovery is sought" must have "either wrongfully secured or passively received a benefit that would be unconscionable for the party to retain without compensating the provider." Hershey Foods Corp. v. Ralph Chapek, Inc., 828 F.2d 989, 999 (3d Cir.1987) (citing Torchia ex rel. Torchia v. Torchia, 346 Pa.Super. 229, 499 A.2d 581 (1985)).
To support an unjust enrichment claim, it is unnecessary to allege that the plaintiff conferred benefits directly upon the defendant; the defendant may have benefited indirectly. Glob. Ground Support, LLC v. Glazer Enters., Inc., 581 F.Supp.2d 669, 676 (E.D.Pa.2008). However, "[t]he doctrine does not apply simply because the defendant may have benefited as a result of the actions of the plaintiff." Styer, 619 A.2d at 350 (citing Meehan v. Cheltenham Twp., 410 Pa. 446, 189 A.2d 593 (1963)). Rather, "the most significant element of the doctrine is whether the enrichment of the defendant is unjust." Id. The focal point of the Court's analysis is therefore "whether the defendant has been unjustly enriched," rather than the "intention of the parties." Com. ex rel. Pappert v. TAP Pharm. Prods., Inc., 885 A.2d 1127, 1137 (Pa.Commw.Ct.2005) (citing Torchia, 499 A.2d 581); Styer, 619 A.2d at 350. Whether the Amended Complaint states a claim for unjust enrichment therefore "depends on the unique factual circumstances of [the] case." Id. at 350.
The Trustee alleges that each of the Defendants received "a financial benefit" from the Debtor as a result of DiPalma and Recchia's "stealing and taking personal possession" of the Debtor's Assets and transferring the Assets to WeVeel and Junto in the spring of 2010. Am. Compl. ¶ 275. The Trustee argues that "[t]he retention of said financial benefits by Defendants, without payment to [the Debtor], would be unjust," therefore "[e]quity requires that Defendants be disgorged of said unjustly received financial benefit[s]." Id. ¶¶ 276-77. The Joint Defendants and Cra-Z-Art move to dismiss the Trustee's unjust enrichment claims. For the reasons stated below, the Court will deny the Joint Defendants' motion and grant Cra-Z-Art's motion.
With respect to the Joint Defendants, the Trustee argues that they accepted and retained benefits from the Debtor in the
The Trustee further argues that it would be "inequitable" if the Joint Defendants retained such benefits and did not compensate the Debtor because they acquired the Debtor's former toy and craft and graphic design divisions unlawfully. Resp. to Second Joint Mot. 58 (quoting Glob. Ground Support, 581 F.Supp.2d at 675). In response, the Joint Defendants argue that the transfer of the Debtor's Assets is "imputed to [the Debtor]" who is therefore "deemed to have participated in the transfer." Second Joint Mot. 38 (citing Official Comm. of Unsecured Creditors v. R.F. Lafferty & Co., 267 F.3d 340, 359 (3d Cir. 2001)). Accordingly, the Joint Defendants argue that the Trustee therefore "is barred from now bringing a claim for unjust enrichment" pursuant to the affirmative defense of in pari delicto. Id. at 39. Alternatively, they argue that the Trustee therefore "has not shown how the transfer... is unjust" and that the equitable remedy of disgorgement is unavailable to the Debtor.
WeVeel, Junto, and Lane, in contrast, are third parties and imputation principles do protect third parties "who transact business with a corporation." Allegheny Health III, 605 Pa. 269, 989 A.2d 313, 333 (2010) (citing Aiello v. Ed Saxe Real Estate, Inc., 508 Pa. 553, 499 A.2d 282, 285-86 (1985)). As explained above, in order for an agent's fraud to be imputed to his principal, the agent's fraud must have, inter alia, occurred "in the course of his employment .... and while transacting corporate business." Belmont v. MB Inv. Partners, Inc., 708 F.3d 470, 494 (3d Cir. 2013) (emphasis added) (quoting In re Pers. & Bus. Ins. Agency, 334 F.3d 239, 242-43 (3d Cir.2003)).
The Debtor's Assets were allegedly transferred to WeVeel and Junto after DiPalma and Recchia transferred the Assets from the Debtor to themselves. See Am. Compl. ¶¶ 68, 82, 94 (stating that the transfers from the Debtor to DiPalma and Recchia occurred in November 2009 and that the transfers from DiPalma and Recchia to WeVeel and Junto occurred in the spring of 2010). Based on the Trustee's factual allegations, there is no reason to believe that, at the moment of the subsequent transfers, DiPalma and Recchia still were acting on behalf of the Debtor, which had "suddenly cease[d] all operations as a going concern" as a result of the original transfers. Id. ¶ 68(c). Moreover, the Joint Defendants do not argue (and the Trustee does not allege) that WeVeel, Junto, or Lane reasonably believed that DiPalma and Recchia were acting on behalf of the Debtor during the subsequent transfers.
In any event, even if WeVeel, Junto, and Lane did transact business with the Debtor, imputation principles would not apply here because such entities/individual allegedly engaged in collusive conduct and imputation principles "justly operate to protect third parties on account of their reliance on an agent's actual or apparent authority." Allegheny Health III, 989 A.2d at 336 (citing Travelers Cas. & Sur. Co. v. Castegnaro, 565 Pa. 246, 772 A.2d 456, 460 (2001)). Imputation principles therefore "do not (and should not) apply in circumstances in which the agent's authority is neither actual nor apparent, as where both the agent and the third party know very well that the agent's conduct goes unsanctioned by one or more of the tiers of corporate governance." Id. For example, "secretive, collusive conduct between corporate agents and third parties that [is] `overwhelmingly adverse to the corporation'" may not be imputed to the principal, "even if the collusion provided `a peppercorn of benefit'" to the principal. Official Comm. of Unsecured Creditors of Allegheny Health, Educ. & Research Found. v. PriceWaterhouseCoopers, LLP, 607 F.3d 346, 352 (3d Cir.2010) (quoting Allegheny Health III, 989 A.2d at 334-35). "In such cases, `the ordinary rationale supporting imputation breaks down completely'" because "there can be no justifiable reliance on the agent's authority." Id. at 352-53 (quoting Allegheny Health III, 989 A.2d at 336).
The Trustee plausibly alleges in the Amended Complaint that WeVeel, Junto, and Lane "knew the existence of, history and purpose and the goals of the [alleged fraudulent scheme]; and agreed, actually or impliedly, to join in concert with" DiPalma and Recchia to defraud the Debtor. Am. Compl. ¶¶ 80, 92. Pursuant to the Trustee's allegations, WeVeel, Junto, and Lane therefore did not rely on DiPalma and Recchia's actual or apparent authority as agents of the Debtor in the context of the subsequent transfers. Rather, they colluded with DiPalma and Recchia to the Debtor's detriment and the rationale supporting imputation is therefore absent. For all of the foregoing reasons, the affirmative defense of in pari delicto finds no support on the face of the Amended Complaint.
The Joint Defendants did not rebut whether it would be unjust if they retained the profits that they allegedly derived from the Debtor's former toy and craft and graphic design divisions on any basis other than imputation. Their retention of the profits would be unjust, however, if the profits were produced by property that "in good conscience" belonged to the Debtor. See Great-W. Life & Annuity Ins. Co. v. Knudson, 534 U.S. 204, 213-14, 214 n. 2, 122 S.Ct. 708, 151 L.Ed.2d 635 (2002) (approving of "an accounting for profits" as "a form of equitable restitution" under such circumstances). Here, the Joint Defendants' alleged use of the Debtor's Assets, personally and proximately through WeVeel and Junto, to produce profits was unauthorized by the Debtor, nor did any of the Joint Defendants ever pay for the use of such assets. Accepting the Trustee's nonconclusory allegations as true and making all reasonable inferences therefrom in her favor, it would be unjust if the Joint Defendants retained such profits. "[A]ny lesser liability would provide an inadequate incentive to lawful behavior." See Restatement (Third) of Restitution § 3 cmt. c (Am. Law Inst.2011) (stating that if a defendant made a "profitable, unauthorized use of the claimant's property, then
With respect to Cra-Z-Art, the Trustee first argues that it unjustly received the benefits "of approximately $150,000 in receivables owed to [the Debtor] that were effectively and unlawfully cancelled pursuant to Cra-Z-Art falsely informing Chesapeake Bank that the invoices which memorialized the receivables (and which had been factored to Chesapeake Bank) were not valid." Resp. to Second Cra-Z-Art Mot. 30; Am. Compl. ¶¶ 140, 142. Specifically, as explained above, the Trustee alleges that Cra-Z-Art "falsely reported to Chesapeake ... that $78,395 of the invoices were not valid." Am. Compl. ¶ 146.
In response, Cra-Z-Art observes that, according to the Trustee's allegations, Chesapeake paid the Debtor for the allegedly falsely canceled invoices pursuant to the Factoring Agreement. Second Cra-Z-Art Mot. 19. Cra-Z-Art argues that any benefit that accrued to Cra-Z-Art as a result of the cancelled invoices therefore "did not come at the expense of [the Debtor], and [the Debtor] therefore has no standing to complain. In short, [the Debtor] has no right to be paid twice, and therefore has no unjust enrichment claim against Cra-Z-Art." Id. Cra-Z-Art further argues that to the extent that the canceled invoices benefited Cra-Z-Art at the Debtor's expense, "each purchase order" underlying the invoices "was a contract," and the Trustee therefore "cannot recover in quasi-contract, the equitable relief for unjust enrichment." Id. at 20.
Cra-Z-Art is correct that the Trustee's claim for unjust enrichment essentially seeks "a quasi-contractual remedy in which a contract is implied-in-law" and "sounds in restitution." Hershey Foods, 828 F.2d at 998 (quoting Ragnar Benson, Inc. v. Bethel Mart Assocs., 308 Pa.Super. 405, 454 A.2d 599, 603 (1982)) (citing Overseas Dev. Disc. Corp. v. Sangamo Const. Co., Inc., 686 F.2d 498, 510-11 (7th Cir.1982)). A quasi-contract "imposes a duty, not as a result of any agreement, whether express or implied, but in spite of the absence of an agreement when one party receives an unjust enrichment at the expense of another." Id. at 999 (quoting Birchwood Lakes Cmty. Ass'n, Inc. v. Comis, 296 Pa.Super. 77, 442 A.2d 304, 308 (1982)).
Where a contract exists, the parties thereto "are not entitled to the remedies available under a judicially-imposed quasi[-]contract [i.e., the parties are not entitled to restitution based upon the doctrine of unjust enrichment] because the terms of their agreement (express and implied) define their respective rights, duties, and expectations." Wilson Area Sch. Dist., 895 A.2d at 1254 (alteration in original) (quoting Curley v. Allstate Ins. Co., 289 F.Supp.2d 614, 620-21 (E.D.Pa.2003)). Only where "the terms of the contract do not address the compensation owed to a plaintiff for a particular benefit conferred on the defendant" will the plaintiff be entitled to restitution despite the existence of a contract between the parties. Essex Ins. Co. v. RMJC, Inc., 306 Fed.Appx. 749, 753-54 (3d Cir.2009).
The Court agrees with Cra-Z-Art that the canceled invoices cannot provide a basis for the Trustee's unjust enrichment claims because of the underlying contracts, the existence of which the Debtor does not dispute. The Court presumes that the contracts between Cra-Z-Art and the
The Trustee also argues Cra-Z-Art unjustly and "knowingly received property that was stolen from [the Debtor], or derived from property that had been stolen from [the Debtor]." Resp. to Second Cra-Z-Art Mot. 30; Am. Compl. ¶ 154. As explained above, the Trustee alleges that Cra-Z-Art purchased "approximately $60,000 to $70,000" of graphic design services per month from DiPalma and Junto that were derived from the Debtor's copyrighted graphic design services, beginning in January 2010. Am. Compl. ¶¶ 142, 147, 149. The Trustee further alleges that "[t]here was no formal agreement between [the Debtor] and Cra-Z-Art" such that the Debtor "retained all of the rights to distribute, reuse or otherwise possess or enforce the copyright[s] beyond the single-use for which [they were] granted." Id. ¶¶ 151-52. Because DiPalma and Junto continued to provide Cra-Z-Art with the graphic design services that it formerly purchased from the Debtor, the Trustee alleges that Cra-Z-Art "avoid[ed] the cost and delay of having them recreated from scratch" by a new supplier without the original working files. Id. ¶ 298. The Trustee argues that the Debtor was therefore "entitled to payment every time Cra-Z-Art used, or continues to use products that were designed by [the Debtor]." Id. ¶ 299 (emphasis added).
In response, Cra-Z-Art argues that "[t]o the extent [it] is alleged to have received any benefit by, for example, receiving services from Junto, it paid for (and is not alleged not to have paid for) such services. These transactions are not alleged to be anything other than arms-length business transactions." Second Cra-Z-Art Mot. 18. Cra-Z-Art asserts that any benefit conferred upon it by the Debtor by virtue of the services Cra-Z-Art received from Junto was therefore "not unjustly confirmed." Id.
Cra-Z-Art is correct. The Trustee alleges that Cra-Z-Art paid DiPalma and Junto "for each use of the materials that had been exclusively developed by [the Debtor]"; that Cra-Z-Art conducts "approximately $60,000 to $70,000 in monthly business" with DiPalma and Junto; and that such business "fund[ed] the operation" of the alleged RICO Enterprise. Am. Compl. ¶¶ 147, 183(f), 290. The Court therefore concludes, and the Trustee did not dispute, that Cra-Z-Art provided reasonably equivalent value in exchange for the graphic design services that it purchased from DiPalma and Junto. In fact, on the face of the Amended Complaint, it appears that Cra-Z-Art paid the same monthly amount for the services that it received from the Debtor and, later, Junto. Cra-Z-Art therefore did not receive any discount or benefit by obtaining the services from DiPalma or Junto as opposed to the Debtor; rather, it paid the fair market value for the services. Based on the foregoing, it is impossible for the Court to conclude that Cra-Z-Art was unjustly enriched. The Court therefore will grant the Cra-Z-Art Motion to Dismiss the Trustee's unjust enrichment claims.
For the foregoing reasons, the Joint Defendants' Motion to Dismiss the Amended
An appropriate order follows.
"In determining the sufficiency of [the plaintiff's] allegations under Rule 9(b), we look only to the complaint; we will not consider the allegations in [the plaintiff's] brief." DiMare, 369 Fed.Appx. at 330 (citing Frederico v. Home Depot, 507 F.3d 188, 201-02 (3d Cir.2007)). "[I]t is axiomatic that the complaint may not be amended by the briefs in opposition to a motion to dismiss." Pennsylvania ex rel. Zimmerman v. PepsiCo, Inc., 836 F.2d 173, 181 (3d Cir.1988) (quoting Car Carriers, Inc. v. Ford Motor Co., 745 F.2d 1101, 1107 (7th Cir.1984)). Arguments asserted in briefs may be considered "only to the extent that they find support in the allegations set forth in the complaint" and will not be considered to the extent that they "do[] not properly describe what was said in the complaint." Id.
Although it is not an unreasonable inference that the information relating to DiPalma and Junto's transactions with Cra-Z-Art lies exclusively within the Defendants' control, the Amended Complaint's allegations do not set forth facts that directly support such an inference. With respect to the fraudulent circumstances surrounding DiPalma and Junto's transactions with Cra-Z-Art, however, whether the Trustee should enjoy the relaxed application of Rule 9(b) as it relates to cases of corporate fraud is a moot question. As explained below, there is an alternative basis upon which the pleading standard may be reduced if the Trustee does not possess the pertinent information.
Fed. R. Bankr. P. 9011(b).
"[I]f the mere reinvestment of racketeering income `were to suffice [as an injury under section 1962(a)], the use-or-investment injury requirement would be almost completely eviscerated when the alleged pattern of racketeering is committed on behalf of a corporation.'" Lightning Lube, 4 F.3d at 1189 (quoting Brittingham, 943 F.2d at 305). "Over the long term, corporations generally reinvest their profits regardless of the source. Consequently, almost every racketeering act by a corporation will have some connection to the proceeds of a previous act." Id. (quoting Brittingham, 943 F.2d at 305). The injury that results from the mere reinvestment of racketeering income actually "stems from the pattern of racketeering" itself, rather than from the reinvestment. Id. at 1188. If the reinvestment of racketeering income into an enterprise to perpetuate its pattern of racketeering activity did give rise to an actionable injury for a § 1962(a) violation, then "the distinction between § 1962(a) and § 1962(c) would become meaningless." Brittingham, 943 F.2d at 305.
In particular, the reinvestment of property or of proprietary information derived from a pattern of racketeering activity into an enterprise does not give rise to a violation of § 1962(a). Lightning Lube, 4 F.3d at 1189. There is no meaningful distinction between "the reinvestment of monies obtained by fraud and the reinvestment of proprietary information obtained through misappropriation" because in each situation "the real injury to the plaintiff is the theft of its property ... and not the investment of that property in an otherwise legitimate business." Id. Likewise, if property diverted by a pattern of racketeering activity is reinvested into the enterprise, an actionable injury therefor must be "derivative of the uses to which the diverted" property was put, not a "consequence" of the acquisition of the property itself or the "missed opportunity to make the very investment that defendants made." Kolar v. Preferred Real Estate Invs., Inc., 361 Fed.Appx. 354, 360-61 (3d Cir.2010) (emphasis added). The Trustee therefore does not allege that the Defendants invested income in a manner that violates § 1962(a). The Trustee alleges that the Defendants merely reinvested the racketeering income generated by the pattern of racketeering activity listed above into the RICO Enterprise. The Trustee therefore does not allege that the Debtor was injured by the use to which the racketeering income was put, but that it was injured by the pattern of racketeering activity itself, and does not allege an actionable injury for the alleged violation of § 1962(a).
As the alleged transferees, DiPalma and Recchia may be named as the defendants to actions under PUFTA sections 5104-05. "It is well-recognized that recovery from the transferee is one of the potential avenues for relief by a plaintiff pursuing a fraudulent transfer case." In re Lockwood Auto Grp., Inc., 428 B.R. 629, 640 (Bankr.W.D.Pa.2010) (citing United States v. Rocky Mountain Holdings, Inc., Civ. A. No. 08-3381, 2009 WL 564437, at *3 (E.D.Pa. Mar. 4, 2009)); see also PUFTA § 5108(b)(1) (authorizing judgments against "the first transferee of the asset" and other persons).
The Joint Defendants also argue that Counts II, IV, and V of the Amended Complaint should be dismissed because they are repeated "nearly verbatim" from the original Complaint, "which has already been found deficient in factual support regarding what specifically was transferred." Id. at 21. The Court will assess the sufficiency of the Amended Complaint on its merits. To the extent that the Trustee failed to supplement the allegations of the original Complaint as they relate to the fraudulent transfer claims, she did so at the risk that the Court will once again dismiss her claims.
Although the Joint Defendants assert the affirmative defense of in pari delicto to other counts of the Amended Complaint, it is not clear whether they intend to assert that defense to the fraudulent transfer claims. The defense of in pari delicto will be discussed in greater detail below. Briefly, "the doctrine of in pari delicto provides that a plaintiff may not assert a claim against a defendant if the plaintiff bears fault for the claim." Official Comm. of Unsecured Creditors v. R.F. Lafferty & Co., 267 F.3d 340, 354 (3d Cir.2001) (citing Feld & Sons, Inc. v. Pechner, Dorfman, Wolfee, Rounick, & Cabot, 312 Pa.Super. 125, 458 A.2d 545, 548-49 (1983)). To the extent that the Joint Defendants intended to raise the affirmative defense of in pari delicto in connection with the fraudulent transfer claims, however, it is clear that the defense would not apply because it can only be raised in defense to a claim brought by a trustee on behalf of a debtor pursuant to § 541. Here, the trustee filed the state fraudulent transfer claims pursuant to § 544 on behalf of the Debtor's creditors, not the Debtor. In re David Cutler Indus., Ltd., 502 B.R. 58, 72 (Bankr.E.D.Pa. 2013).
Moreover, to assert the in pari delicto defense, the Joint Defendants must impute DiPalma and Recchia's actions to the Debtor. However, the imputation of an agent's wrongdoing to its principal, also discussed in greater detail below, is a defense to claims by the agent's principal based on such wrongdoing that is only available to third parties, not to agents. Restatement (Third) of Agency § 5.04 cmt. b. (Am. Law Inst.2006). The Court therefore declines to dismiss the Trustee's fraudulent transfer claims on these grounds.
The Court notes that Bankruptcy Code § 548(a)(1)(A) and PUFTA section 5104(a)(1) were each derived from Uniform Fraudulent Conveyance Act ("UFCA") section 7. See 5 Collier on Bankruptcy ¶ 548.01[4] (Alan N. Resnick & Henry J. Sommer eds., 15th ed. rev.2008) (stating that the UFCA is an "integral part of fraudulent transfer avoidance under the Bankruptcy Code" such that "[c]ases decided under the UFCA ... are considered to be persuasive authority for similar issues arising under section 548 of the Code."); id. ¶ 548.04 (stating that, with respect to § 548(a)(1)(A), "[s]imilar provisions exist under the state uniform statues" such as UFCA section 7); PUFT A § 5104 cmt. 1 (stating that section 5104(a)(1) "is derived from § 7 of the Uniform Fraudulent Conveyance Act"). Cases interpreting the imputation of the transferee's intent to the transferor under § 548(a)(1)(A) are therefore instructive of the same issue under section 5104(a)(1). See In re Wettach, 811 F.3d 99, 107 (3d Cir.2016) ("We see no reason to treat the PUFTA differently than the Bankruptcy Code, particularly since claims under the former statute are likely to arise in proceedings governed by the latter."); Monaco, A Practitioner's Primer, supra, at 29 (first citing In re Int'l Auction & Appraisal Servs. LLC, 493 B.R. 460, 468 (Bankr.M.D.Pa.2013); then citing In re C.F. Foods, L.P., 280 B.R. 103, 115 n. 27 (Bankr. E.D.Pa.2002)) (footnote omitted) (observing that "[t]he definition of actual fraud set forth in Section 5104(a)(1) is identical to the definition set forth in Section 548(a)(1)(A) of the Bankruptcy Code. Accordingly, courts strive to maintain uniformity in the interpretation of the two statutes").
With respect to the causes of action that the Trustee asserts on behalf of the Debtor, however, any defenses that may have been asserted against the Debtor may also be asserted against the Trustee. Id. (quoting Hays & Co., 885 F.2d at 1154). The Joint Defendants may therefore assert in pari delicto as a defense to the Trustee's cause of action for conversion. See id. at 357-58 (quoting In re Hedged-Invs. Assocs., Inc., 84 F.3d 1281, 1285-86 (10th Cir.1996)) (concluding that although the Official Committee of Unsecured Creditors was an "innocent successor" to the debtor, it was not insulated from the defenses applicable to the debtor in causes of action the Committee asserted under § 541).
In fact, Bankruptcy Code § 550(b) is widely considered to place the burden of proof on subsequent transferees. See In re Nieves, 648 F.3d 232, 237 (4th Cir.2011) (citing cases from numerous jurisdictions including In re Smoot, 265 B.R. 128, 140 (Bankr.E.D.Va. 1999) and concluding that the subsequent transferee "claiming a defense to liability under § 550(b) bears the burden of proof.") The Third Circuit, however, has declined to decide whether the burden of proof under § 550 lies with the subsequent transferee. See In re Bressman, 327 F.3d 229, 236 n. 2 (3d Cir.2003).
