1980 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 11">*11
Separation agreement entered into incident to a divorce provided, among other things, that "By way of property settlement," husband would pay wife $ 300,000 in installments of $ 12,000 per year. Despite the fact that the parties intended and agreed that the $ 12,000 annual payments would be treated as a division of property for State court and Federal tax purposes, the payments were in fact in the nature of support or alimony, taxable to the wife and deductible by the husband.
75 T.C. 451">*451 In1980 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 11">*13 these consolidated cases, the respondent has determined the following deficiencies in the 1973 income tax of petitioners:
Docket No. | Petitioner | Deficiency |
10332-76 | Joyce Schottenstein | $ 3,825.84 |
4505-77 | Alan J. Schottenstein | 63,537.00 |
After concessions, the only issue for decision is whether $ 12,000 paid to petitioner Joyce Schottenstein by petitioner Alan J. Schottenstein is includable in petitioner Joyce Schottenstein's 75 T.C. 451">*452 income pursuant to
FINDINGS OF FACT
Some of the facts were stipulated, and they are so found. The stipulations of fact, supplemental stipulations of fact, and the exhibits attached thereto are incorporated herein by this reference.
Petitioner Joyce Schottenstein (hereinafter Joyce) resided at 2641 Berwick1980 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 11">*14 Boulevard, Columbus, Ohio, when she filed her petition in this case. Joyce filed an individual Federal income tax return with the Office of the Internal Revenue Service at Cincinnati, Ohio, for the year 1973.
Petitioner Alan J. Schottenstein (hereinafter Alan) resided at 1000 Urlin Ave., Columbus, Ohio, when he filed his petition herein. Alan filed an individual Federal income tax return with the Office of the Internal Revenue Service at Cincinnati, Ohio, for the year 1973.
Alan and Joyce were married on May 1, 1966, and were divorced on August 1, 1973. Two children were born of this marriage, one in December 1967 and one in June 1971.
At the time of her marriage to Alan, Joyce owned the following assets: (a) A 1965 Thunderbird automobile; (b) jewelry with an estimated value of $ 10,000; (c) a mink stole with an estimated value of $ 1,000; (d) clothing and other personal effects; (e) $ 3,700 in teacher's retirement benefits; and (f) furniture, household articles, and other items of personal property of slight value.
Alan and Joyce received approximately $ 2,100 in cash as wedding gifts. Joyce's 1965 Ford Thunderbird was sold for approximately $ 1,800 subsequent to the marriage. 1980 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 11">*15 Approximately $ 900 was received as an insurance payment as a result of the theft loss of certain jewelry. All of these funds and the $ 3,700 received by Joyce in teacher's retirement benefits were consumed during the marriage.
Joyce was not gainfully employed at any time during the marriage. The only property or assets of significant value which 75 T.C. 451">*453 Joyce acquired during the marriage were as a result of gifts from Alan.
With the exception of the funds from the above-noted sources, Alan provided the funds expended during the marriage. Among the funds which Alan supplied were: (a) $ 15,000 toward the purchase of a $ 50,000 house (a loan of $ 35,000 was also obtained) on Berwick Boulevard, Columbus, Ohio, title to which was taken in the names of both Alan and Joyce; (b) $ 30,000 for the purchase of a one-half interest in an apartment complex known as the Tamara Apartments, title to which was taken by Alan and Joyce individually as owners of undivided one-fourth interests; and (c) undisclosed amounts for all or substantially all household furnishings. Household expenditures approximated $ 20,000 annually, which were also paid by Alan.
Alan had substantial assets at the time1980 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 11">*16 of the marriage. Stock in Columbus Cycle & Supply Co., a third generation family-owned corporation, was Alan's principal asset both at the time of and during the marriage.
Alan and Joyce separated in late 1971. Subsequently, negotiations aimed at reaching a final separation and financial settlement commenced.
In 1972, Alan, as plaintiff, instituted divorce proceedings against Joyce. A counterclaim was filed by Joyce requesting "temporary support and alimony, expense money, permanent alimony and a divorce." Following a trial, Alan's prayer for divorce was denied by the trial court, Joyce having earlier dismissed her counterclaim for divorce.
Shortly after Alan's prayer for a divorce was denied, negotiations aimed at reaching a final separation and financial settlement were renewed. After several months of negotiations, agreement was reached, and a "Separation Agreement" was executed by Alan and Joyce on April 19, 1973. Subsequent thereto, Joyce filed a complaint requesting a divorce from Alan.
The separation agreement first provided for a mutual release of all marital claims against each other. Paragraph 3 was headed "Division of Property and Support" and provided in pertinent1980 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 11">*17 part that: (a) As of December 31, 1972, the audited book value of Alan's stock in the Cycle Co., together with the fair market value of all his other assets, net of liabilities, was less than $ 4 million; (b) Alan would convey his one-fourth individual interest in the Tamara Apartments to Joyce; (c) Alan would provide 75 T.C. 451">*454 Joyce with a new automobile; (d) Joyce would retain her personal property owned at the time of the marriage, her clothes, and the majority of the household furnishings located in the Berwick Boulevard home; and (f) the Berwick Boulevard home would be sold and Joyce would receive the first $ 30,000 of the net proceeds (with Alan guaranteeing Joyce a minimum payment of $ 30,000) and one-half of any amount in excess of $ 30,000. Paragraph 3(e) also specifically provided:
(e)(1) By way of property settlement, the husband will pay the wife the sum of Three Hundred Thousand Dollars ($ 300,000.00) (subject to adjustment as hereinafter provided) in annual installments of Twelve Thousand Dollars ($ 12,000.00) without interest except that each annual installment commencing with the second annual installment shall be increased in proportion to the increase, if any, in1980 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 11">*18 the Consumer Price Index For Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers published by the The Bureau of Labor Statistics, United States Department of Labor from January 1 of each calendar year to January 1 of the succeeding calendar year during the periods that the payments provided in this subparagraph are due; but in no event shall any adjustment increase the amount of said payment more than Four Percent (4%) over the amount paid in the previous year. * * * If the husband should die before the payment of the twenty-five (25) Annual Installments provided for herein, then the amount due under the provisions of this paragraph shall be a liability of the husband's estate determined as follows: the number of Annual Installments due shall be multiplied by Twelve Thousand Dollars ($ 12,000.00). The amount so determined shall be a liability of the husband's estate and due six (6) months following the death of the husband. The husband's estate shall have no further liability for Annual Installments under the provisions of this paragraph except for those that were due prior to the death of the husband. * * *
(e)(2) * * * [Alan was required to provide security for his obligation under subpar. 1980 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 11">*19 (e)(1)].
Paragraph 3(g) provided:
(g) The husband shall pay to the wife for her separate maintenance and support the sum of Five Thousand Dollars ($ 5,000.00) per year, payable in monthly installments of Four Hundred Sixteen Dollars and Sixty-Six Cents ($ 416.66) each, commencing thirty (30) days following execution of this Agreement, and continuing each month thereafter for a period of sixty (60) consecutive months unless the wife dies or remarries, in which event, the husband's obligation to pay or furnish such support shall absolutely cease and terminate upon the happening of the earlier of such event.
Paragraph 6 of the separation agreement provided that Alan would pay Joyce's legal fees. Paragraph 4 provided that Joyce would have custody of the children, and paragraph 7 provided that Alan would pay Joyce $ 500 per month per child for the 75 T.C. 451">*455 support of the children and would also provide them with health insurance and college tuition.
On August 1, 1973, a "Decree of Divorce" was granted with respect to a complaint for divorce filed by Joyce. The separation agreement was incorporated into and made a part of the divorce decree.
During 1973, Alan paid $ 12,000 to Joyce pursuant1980 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 11">*20 to subparagraph (e)(1) of the separation agreement. Alan deducted this amount as an itemized deduction on his return filed for 1973. Joyce did not include this amount in her income on her return filed for 1973.
In the respective statutory notices of deficiency, respondent disallowed Alan's deduction of the $ 12,000 amount and included it in Joyce's income.
OPINION
There is no dispute that Alan's payment of $ 12,000 to Joyce during 1973 pursuant to subparagraph (e)(1) of the separation agreement satisfied the
1980 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 11">*22 The statutory requirement that payment be made in discharge of a legal obligation imposed "because of the marital or family relationship" in effect requires the payments to be in the nature of support (and will be hereinafter referred to as support or alimony) rather than in settlement of some property interest of the wife. See
The character of the payment in issue is a factual question which must be resolved from the surrounding facts and circumstances.
75 T.C. 451">*457 As could be expected, Alan's and Joyce's testimony as to what they intended and what they understood the $ 300,000 amount to represent was contradictory and of little value. 1980 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 11">*24 The testimony of their respective negotiating attorneys was also contradictory. The only fact which this evidence clearly established was that the negotiations prior to execution of the separation agreement were protracted, acrimonious, and at arm's length.
However, the more objective indicia of the nature of the payments, in our opinion, support a conclusion that the payments in issue were intended and agreed to be treated as a property settlement rather than support or alimony.
The separation agreement on its face states that "By way of property settlement," Alan agreed to pay Joyce the sum of $ 300,000 in 25 installments of $ 12,000 each. Although we are not bound by the label given to the payments (
Both parties had different attorneys during the course of the negotiations. Mr. Schwartz represented Alan 1980 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 11">*26 in the final negotiations and appears to have drafted the separation agreement. Mr. Bradley represented Joyce in the final negotiations. While Alan and Joyce apparently agreed between themselves on many 75 T.C. 451">*458 of the settlement provisions, their attorneys negotiated the terms both orally and by correspondence. By letter dated November 22, 1972, Schwartz advised Bradley that "the agreement between the parties was that the
Joyce's brother, Harvey, an attorney from Miami, Fla., participated in the last few days of the negotiations in Columbus, 1980 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 11">*27 Ohio. Some time after he returned to Flordia, Alan wrote to Harvey in longhand concerning the financial burden placed on him by the settlement agreement. After stating his income for 1972, Alan appears to set out the amounts he would be obligated for under the settlement as follows:
$ 20,000 | yearly property |
12,000 | child support |
2,000 | + medical, dental, Blue Cross -- open end |
5,000 | alimony (for 5 years) |
3,000? | camps -- open end |
-- or -- | |
at after-tax rate of 40% | |
$ 12,000 | property (60% of $ 20,000) |
12,000 | child support |
5,000 | + open end |
not including alimony | |
29,000 |
Alan attempted to explain the relationship of the $ 20,000 property figure used in the top table to the $ 12,000 property figure used in the "after-tax" second table by saying that the $ 20,000 figure represented what he thought the average annual installment would be over the 25 years after adding 4 percent 75 T.C. 451">*459 per year for the cost of living adjustment. We think this explanation was fabricated out of whole cloth and that the more likely interpretation of these figures is that Alan thought it would cost him $ 12,000, net after taxes, whether he paid Joyce $ 20,000 a year as deductible1980 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 11">*28 alimony or $ 12,000 a year as nondeductible property settlement. Since the $ 12,000 figure was used in the separation agreement "By way of property settlement," we believe Alan thought the payments were nondeductible installment payments on a lump-sum property settlement.
On the other side of the coin and supporting Alan's claim that the payments were for support, is the fact that no interest was to be paid on the deferred $ 300,000 payment. It might be expected that interest on the deferred amount would be required if it was intended as a property settlement. 7 Also, the $ 5,000 alimony for 5 years provided in paragraph 3(g) was rather meager (although if Joyce pays taxes on the $ 12,000 payments, her after-tax income from this source will also be rather meager). It is also quite apparent that at the time of the divorce Joyce had very little tangible property or property rights to exchange for an interest in Alan's estate. She received, under other provisions of the agreement, properties at least equal in value to the property she took into the marriage and that she had an interest in at the time of the divorce. We will discuss this later in the opinion.
1980 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 11">*29 Alan also claims that all Joyce was interested in during the negotiations was support and security, that there was no discussion of a division of property other than that which was made in other provisions of the agreement, that Joyce did not know how much he was worth, and that the parties agreed that Alan's net worth was not a factor in the negotiations. This has a rather hollow ring, however, in light of Joyce's attorney's testimony that Alan would not divulge his net worth, and since there was no litigation then pending, he could not be forced to disclose it. We note from Alan's 1973 income tax return that on August 8, 1973, 1 week after the divorce decree was entered, Alan sold his interest in the Cycle business for about $ 12 million, 75 T.C. 451">*460 compared to the "less than $ 4,000,000" figures used in the separation agreement.
Alan also explained that the $ 300,000 was characterized as "By way of property settlement" in the agreement to exclude jurisdiction of the divorce court to modify the provision, which it could do if it was support or alimony but which it had no jurisdiction to do if it was a division of property agreed to by the parties. Alan claims that Joyce insisted1980 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 11">*30 on this characterization for her security, but we think it is much more likely that Alan was the insistent party, particularly in light of his almost immediate sale of his business for such a large sum. We believe Alan wanted to have his cake, by precluding the divorce court from modifying the agreement, and now to eat it too, by convincing this Court that the label used was meaningless and the payments were in fact support and deductible by him. See
Based on all the evidence and circumstances, we are convinced that the parties intended the $ 300,000 to be treated as a property settlement, the payments on which were not to be taxable to Joyce and not to be deductible by Alan. Were this all that was required, we would hold for Joyce, but unfortunately such is not the situation.
As previously mentioned, the legal obligation referred to in
While
A review of the cases in the "support" area reveals that the courts have not focused merely on whether the payments are for "support" -- rather the approach has been to determine whether the payments are for support in contradistinction to being in exchange for the wife's release of some property interest.
Where this Court has found that either there had been a substantially equal distribution of the community property or that the wife had by other provisions received property equal in value to the interests she had in either her separate or marital property at the time of the divorce, so that the wife had no further tangible property rights that she could exchange for an interest in the husband's separate property, it has concluded that periodic payments in addition to the above were for support or alimony. In other words, if there was any ambiguity in the decree or agreement with respect to periodic payments, to support a conclusion that the payments are a division of property or a property settlement, the Court has required that the wife have tangible property rights that she gives 1980 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 11">*33 up in exchange for a share of the husband's estate. See, e.g.,
1980 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 11">*34 Applying the standards set by this Court in the above cases, 9 we do not find that Joyce had any tangible property rights, not otherwise accounted for, that she could exchange for the $ 300,000 Alan agreed to pay her. In other provisions of the separation agreement, she received property having a value at least equal to the property she took into and acquired during the marriage. There is no claim by Joyce that she had a tangible property interest, either separate or joint, for which she was not recompensed.
1980 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 11">*35 Property interests are determined under State law.
Neither husband nor wife has any interest in the property of the other, except as mentioned in
Under this statute, Joyce would have acquired no interest in Alan's separate property during their marriage, and her right to dower was too speculative to support a division of property.
Respondent contends 11 that "Ohio recognizes the right of a wife to share in the property acquired or appreciated during marriage" (based on the presumption of joint efforts) and that Joyce would have "equitable" property interests in excess of her share of jointly owned property and her separately owned property.
1980 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 11">*37 Respondent bases his contention on
75 T.C. 451">*464 Even assuming such a property interest could exist, it is of no benefit to Joyce in this case. Neither during the negotiations preceding the separation agreement nor during the trial of this case was any specific identification made of Alan's worth at the time of his marriage or his divorce. 1980 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 11">*39 Nor was there any evidence of the accessions to that wealth during the marriage or of the cause of any such accessions. Finally, no attempt was made to identify or value Joyce's contributions. Compare these facts with, for example,
Furthermore, regardless of what the parties1980 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 11">*40 agreed to call the $ 300,000 provision for the benefit of the domestic relations court and for tax purposes (see
1980 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 11">*41 For the above reasons, we must rather reluctantly conclude that the $ 12,000 payment made by Alan to Joyce during the year 1973 under paragraph 3(c) of the separation agreement was
1. Respondent has taken inconsistent positions with respect to his deficiency determinations against petitioner Joyce Schottenstein and petitioner Alan J. Schottenstein.↩
2.
(a) General Rule. -- (1) Decree of Divorce or Separate Maintenance. -- If a wife is divorced or legally separated from her husband under a decree of divorce or of separate maintenance, the wife's gross income includes periodic payments (whether or not made at regular intervals) received after such decree in discharge of (or attributable to property transferred, in trust or otherwise, in discharge of) a legal obligation which, because of the marital or family relationship, is imposed on or incurred by the husband under the decree or under a written instrument incident to such divorce or separation.↩
3.
(a) General Rule. -- In the case of a husband described in
4. Although
5. There is no question that the payments made as maintenance and support under par. 3(g) of the separation agreement qualify as alimony under
6. We have no evidence as to what the par. 16 referred to provided.↩
7. It might be that the cost of living adjustment was intended to be a substitute for interest, but a cost of living adjustment suggests that the payments were for support more than a substitute for interest.↩
8. But see the opinion of Seventh Circuit in
"To the extent that the (Tax) court held that a surrender of inchoate rights cannot support a division of property, we disagree. Where the record clearly shows that the parties so intended the payments for this purpose, surrender of a wife's inchoate rights in exchange for a lump sum payment, to be made in installments over a number of years, might well preclude a finding that the payments were made in pursuance of the husband's obligation of support. The intention of the parties is the principal determinant. * * *"↩
9. I have not found mentioned, as consideration for a division of property, intangible rights that a wife may have given up in exchange for a part of her husband's property, such as, e.g., the right to remain married. In this case, Alan tried but was unable to obtain a divorce, which certainly gave Joyce a bargaining point, at least. But see
10. The exception to the general rule of separate property interests set forth in
11. On brief, respondent, without waiving his inconsistent positions and admitting the closeness of the question, argued in favor of Joyce and against Alan.↩
12.
(B) In determining whether alimony is necessary, and in determining the nature, amount, and manner of payment of alimony, the court shall consider all relevant factors, including:
(1) The relative earning abilities of the parties;
(2) The ages, and the physical and emotional conditions of the parties;
(3) The retirement benefits of the parties;
(4) The expectancies and inheritances of the parties;
(5) The duration of the marriage;
(6) The extent to which it would be inappropriate for a party, because he will be custodian of a minor child of the marriage, to seek employment outside the home;
(7) The standard of living of the parties established during the marriage;
(8) The relative extent of education of the parties;
(9) The relative assets and liabilities of the parties;
(10) The property brought to the marriage by either party;
(11) The contribution of a spouse as homemaker.↩
13. In
14. While Alan did not divulge the value of his estate, Joyce told her attorney she thought it was about $ 8 million. There is no indication in the record that the parties even discussed a division of Alan's estate; at most, they discussed only a settlement on Joyce of an amount that was more related to her current needs than to Alan's estate.↩