Appropriate decisions will be entered.
Ps were criminally prosecuted for failure to file individual income tax returns for 1992-95. At the time, Ps were owners, officers, and employees of Tryco Corp., which failed to file employment tax returns and corporate income tax returns during this period. As part of a plea agreement with the Department of Justice, Ps agreed that their wrongdoing had inflicted a "tax loss" on the IRS of $61,021 and acknowledged that they could be required to make restitution of this amount. On advice of their attorney they transferred funds to Tryco with instructions that Tryco remit the funds to the IRS. In December 1999 Tryco remitted $61,021 to the IRS with a cover letter from Ps' attorney designating the payment as "payment of [Form] 941 taxes of the corporation" that was "to be applied to the withheld income taxes" of Ps for specified calendar quarters of 1992-95. In early 2000 Ps' accountants determined that Ps actually owed $30,202 more in individual income tax for 1992-95 than Tryco had remitted to the IRS in December 1999. Accordingly, Ps transferred additional funds to Tryco, and in June 2000 Tryco remitted to the IRS an additional check for $30,202. 2013 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 23">*24 The cover letter from Ps' attorney stated that the payment was "submitted as a pre-assessment designated payment of [Form] 941 taxes of the corporation" which "represents the withheld income taxes of * * * [Ps]" for the fourth quarter of 1995. Ps argued for a downward adjustment to their sentence and for a probated sentence on the ground that they had remitted taxes to the IRS in excess of the "tax loss" determined in the plea agreements. They were sentenced to probation and a small fine.
Subsequently, R filed a notice of intent to levy on Ps' assets in satisfaction of their assertedly unpaid 1992-95 income tax liabilities. Ps were granted a collection due process (CDP) hearing in which they challenged the levy on the ground that Tryco's 1999-2000 remittances had discharged their 1992-95 income tax liabilities in full. The Appeals officer upheld the levy, concluding that Tryco's 1999-2000 payments "were not withheld at the source and * * * cannot be designated to the withholding of a specific employee." Ps timely petitioned under
1.
2.
3.
4.
141 T.C. 173">*174 LAUBER,
These cases were tried before Judge Holmes in November 2006, and the facts are detailed in a separate Memorandum Opinion by Judge Holmes,
Some facts have been stipulated, and the stipulation of facts and its accompanying exhibits are incorporated by this reference. On December 22, 1999, Tryco submitted 32 separate checks to the IRS, in the aggregate amount of $571,917, with respect to petitioners' income tax liabilities 2013 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 23">*28 for 1992 through 1995. These checks represented delinquent payments of employment tax for petitioners James Dixon and Sharon Dixon, respectively, for the 16 calendar quarters in those four tax years. Petitioners provided Tryco with the funds to make these payments by executing a mortgage on their home and contributing the mortgage proceeds to Tryco.
141 T.C. 173">*176 Each check Tryco issued was accompanied by a substantially identical cover letter signed by petitioners' attorney, informing the IRS that the check represented "payment of [Form] 941 taxes of the corporation," for a specified calendar quarter in a specified amount, "to be applied to the withheld income taxes of employee Sharon Dixon" or "to the withheld income taxes of employee James R. Dixon," as the case may be. The "memo" line on each check was inscribed "Designated Payment of 941 Taxes * * * for Sharon Dixon" or "Designated Payment of 941 Taxes * * * for James R. Dixon" for the relevant calendar quarter.
Judge Holmes concludes that $510,896 of the total amount Tryco remitted in December 1999 represents tax that Tryco actually withheld at the source from petitioners' wages during 1992-95. The balance of the December 1999 remittance, or 2013 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 23">*29 $61,021, represented the "tax loss" that petitioners and the Department of Justice agreed that the Federal Government had suffered as a result of petitioners' tax crimes.32013 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 23">*30 Of this "tax loss," $30,799 was allocable to Sharon Dixon and $30,222 was allocable to James Dixon. In their plea agreements, executed February 7, 2000, petitioners acknowledged that they "may be required to make full restitution for the losses sustained by the Internal Revenue Service as a result of the offenses of conviction."
In early 2000 petitioners' accountants determined that petitioners actually owed $30,202 more in individual income tax for 1992-95 than Tryco had remitted to the IRS in December 1999. Accordingly, petitioners contributed additional funds to Tryco and, on June 1, 2000, Tryco remitted 141 T.C. 173">*177 to the IRS an additional check for $30,202. The cover letter accompanying this check, signed by petitioners' attorney, informed the IRS that the payment was "submitted as a pre-assessment designated payment of [Form] 941 taxes of the corporation [Tryco] for calendar quarter 9504, and which represents the withheld income taxes of employee James R. Dixon and employee Sharon Dixon."
Before sentencing, petitioners argued for a downward departure from the Federal Sentencing Guidelines and for a probated sentence on the ground that they had remitted taxes to the IRS substantially in excess of the "tax loss" determined in their plea agreements. On June 9, 2000, each petitioner was sentenced by the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Texas to four years' probation and a relatively small fine.
The IRS accepted 2013 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 23">*31 all of Tryco's payments. According to IRS transcripts of petitioners' accounts, the IRS initially credited these payments to petitioners' 1992-95 income tax liabilities, as designated by Tryco. If credited to petitioners' account, these payments would have fully discharged their 1992-95 income tax liabilities (excluding any applicable interest and penalties). Subsequently, the IRS reversed itself and chose to disregard Tryco's designation. Instead, the IRS applied the payments to Tryco's general unpaid employment tax liabilities, which then exceeded $23 million.
Respondent ultimately issued petitioners a notice of intent to levy on their assets in satisfaction of their assertedly unpaid 1992-95 income tax liabilities. Petitioners requested and were granted a CDP hearing under
Petitioners 2013 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 23">*32 advance two distinct arguments in support of their position. First, they contend that they are entitled to a withholding credit under
The employer is "required to collect the tax by deducting and withholding the amount thereof from the employee's wages as and when paid, either actually or constructively."
If an employer actually withholds tax from an employee's wages, but withholds less than the correct amount of tax,
The "proper adjustment" procedure outlined in
The requirement of "actual withholding" at the source is confirmed by
This statutory scheme sets forth clearly the conditions under which a taxpayer is entitled to a
141 T.C. 173">*181 Neither of these conditions 2013 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 23">*38 was satisfied with respect to the $91,223 of aggregate payments in issue here. Neither the $61,021 attributable to the "tax loss" occasioned by petitioners' offenses nor the $30,202 attributable to errors discovered by petitioners' accountants in early 2000 represents funds contemporaneously "withheld at the source" by Tryco from petitioners' wages. And these payments, submitted in December 1999 and June 2000, respectively, were made well outside the time period prescribed by
In holding that a
In finding it unnecessary to decide the
At the outset, the IRS argues that we lack subject matter jurisdiction to decide whether it was obligated to honor Tryco's specific designation of the delinquent 1999-2000 employment tax payments. Respondent notes correctly that this Court, for the tax years at issue, generally lacked jurisdiction concerning employment tax liabilities. From that premise, respondent concludes that we have no jurisdiction to decide whether an employer's designated payments of delinquent employment taxes should properly be credited to the income tax liabilities of the named employees. We reject this argument because respondent's conclusion does not follow from his premise.
The "underlying tax liabilit[ies]" that were the subject of petitioners' CDP hearing were their income tax liabilities for 1992-95. During the hearing petitioners contended that 141 T.C. 173">*183 respondent should not levy to collect this tax because the tax, by virtue of Tryco's designated 2013 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 23">*42 payments, had already been paid.
The Appeals officer considered and rejected petitioners' designation argument, concluding that Tryco's 1999-2000 payments "cannot be designated to the withholding of a specific employee." We have jurisdiction to review that conclusion because it determines whether petitioners have unpaid income tax liabilities that are a proper subject of IRS collection action. In determining whether the IRS may properly take collection action, our jurisdiction "extends to facts and issues in nondetermination years where they are relevant to computing the unpaid tax."
In 2013 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 23">*43 sum, because the question whether Tryco's designated payments should have been credited toward petitioners' 1992-95 income tax liabilities is relevant to computing the unpaid tax, we have jurisdiction to decide this question. The extent of our jurisdiction over employment tax liabilities is immaterial because the underlying tax liabilities at issue on this appeal are petitioners' income tax liabilities for 1992-95.
The IRS did not send petitioners a notice of deficiency for the tax years at issue. In their posttrial brief, petitioners accordingly urged a de novo standard of review. In its posttrial brief, the IRS agreed that, "[s]ince the validity of the underlying tax liability is at issue, the Court will determine the underlying tax liability de novo."
There is some uncertainty in our precedents as to whether a de novo standard of review applies where (as here) the controversy concerns the proper application, to the tax liability at issue in the CDP hearing, of a credit, overpayment, or remittance.6 Petitioners contend that respondent's refusal to honor Tryco's designation of the December 1999 and June 2000 payments was inconsistent with judicial precedent and with the published IRS administrative position. If that is so, respondent's proposed collection action would be impermissible under an abuse of discretion standard as well as under a de novo standard. We accordingly do not need to decide whether petitioners' challenge involves a dispute concerning their "underlying tax liability" as to which a de novo standard of 2013 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 23">*45 review would apply.
Respondent agrees that the law generally allows taxpayers to designate how voluntary 2013 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 23">*46 tax payments should be applied. Respondent does not dispute that Tryco's tax payments were "voluntary," and he appears to agree that Tryco's directions, if followed, would result in applying the $91,223 as a credit toward petitioners' 1992-95 income tax liabilities. Respondent's position is that the IRS policy of honoring designations, while well established, is limited. This policy is assertedly confined to designations of tax payments to a particular tax period or to a particular type of tax, e.g., to "trust fund" tax liabilities as opposed to corporate income tax liabilities. According to respondent, there is no legal basis for insisting that the IRS honor the designation of a delinquent employment tax payment toward the income tax liability of a specific employee.
We can discover no such limitation on the IRS' obligation to honor the designation of voluntary tax payments, either in published IRS administrative pronouncements or in the judicial decisions that have cited and relied upon them for the past 30 years. As explained more fully below, we accordingly reject respondent's argument and hold that petitioners should have received a credit of $91,223 toward their 1992-95 income 2013 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 23">*47 tax liabilities by virtue of Tryco's designated payments.
1. In
141 T.C. 173">*186
The principle that the IRS must honor a taxpayer's designation of a voluntary tax payment has been recognized repeatedly by the courts. We have discovered no case addressing the specific fact pattern involved here, where a taxpayer designates a voluntary payment toward the income tax liability of a named third party. However, the Commissioner's published position concerning designated payments refers broadly to voluntary payments that a taxpayer "has directed to be applied in a particular manner,"
The Supreme Court has stated: "IRS policy permits taxpayers who 'voluntarily' submit payments to the IRS to 2013 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 23">*49 designate the tax liability to which the payment will apply."
Respondent notes correctly that many of these cases involved "trust fund taxes," where the dispute centered on whether an employer's tax payment should be applied to its corporate income tax obligations or rather to employment tax obligations for which its officers and employees would have individual liability as "responsible persons."9 Respondent 141 T.C. 173">*188 acknowledges the IRS' policy of honoring an employer's designation of voluntary payments between these two types of taxes. In his view, 2013 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 23">*52 however, petitioners inappropriately "seek to extend this policy beyond designating a payment for a specific type of tax and argue that an employer should be allowed to designate a payment as the withholding of a particular employee." According to respondent, designated employment tax payments can be applied only to an employer's
We find no such gloss on the IRS' policy of honoring designated tax payments in its published administrative position, which it is 2013 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 23">*53 obligated to follow,
Generally, a taxpayer must pay the entirety of an assessed tax or proposed deficiency in order to support jurisdiction of a refund suit under
This "divisible tax" litigation procedure is beneficial to employers, enabling them to seek resolution of an employment tax dispute by means of a test case, without the necessity of paying up front the entire amount at issue for numerous workers. This procedure is commonly used to establish the status of particular workers, or a particular class of workers, as "employees" or "independent contractors."
In order for this statutory scheme to function as Congress intended, an employer will often find it necessary to designate employment tax payments toward the tax liabilities of specific employees. A large company with complex operations may have multiple locations with distinctive activities. It may have multiple classes or categories of workers who manifest varying indicia of "employee" and "independent contractor" status or who receive different kinds of payments that may or not be "wages."
Collateral estoppel applies only where the facts actually litigated are the same as the facts in the collateral proceeding.10141 T.C. 173">*190 Thus, in order to ensure that a decision 2013 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 23">*56 in the refund suit will have collateral estoppel effect with respect to all affected workers, the employer must ensure that it has paid employment taxes for at least one worker in each distinct employment class. If an employer fails to establish full payment of employment taxes for at least one affected worker for one calendar quarter, the case may be dismissed for lack of jurisdiction.
Where an employer has distinct employment classes, it is hard to see how it can meet the threshold requirement to prove it has paid taxes for at least one employee in each contested class unless it can designate payments toward the tax liabilities of specific employees--
2. Ensuring that the IRS honors taxpayer designations of voluntary tax payments is essential to vindicate the policy against double collection of the same tax. In the instant cases, there is a single underlying tax liability--petitioners' individual income tax liabilities for 1992-95. The Code provides two ways to collect this tax: from the employer as withholding tax under
Such derivative liability for withholding agents is common in a multitude of Code settings.
An analogous principle has been recognized in so-called responsible person cases.
In a "responsible person" situation, numerous individuals and/or entities may be liable for redundant penalties deriving from the same unpaid tax.
This well-established IRS policy against double collection of trust fund taxes illuminates the proper disposition of the question presented here. Just as there is no Code provision explicitly mandating that an employer's (late) payment of employment tax must be credited toward a responsible person's liability for the
3. The outcome that we believe to be supported by judicial precedent and sound tax policy is likewise supported by common sense. Petitioners themselves supplied Tryco with the $91,223 at issue. They contributed these funds to their corporation, on the advice of their attorney, with explicit instructions that the funds be remitted to the IRS and 2013 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 23">*66 designated toward payment of their 1992-95 income tax liabilities. These funds were paid to the IRS pursuant to petitioners' plea agreement with the Department of Justice, which stated that they "may be required to make full restitution for the losses sustained by the Internal Revenue Service" as a result of their tax offenses. Petitioners successfully argued for probated sentences on the ground that they had remitted taxes to the IRS in excess of the "tax loss" determined in their plea agreements. Since these payments were intended as "restitution" for petitioners' tax offenses, those payments should logically be credited toward petitioners' liability for the 1992-95 tax years that were the subject of the criminal tax case. It would be inequitable and inconsistent with the premises of the plea agreement and sentencing for the IRS to insist on collecting this same tax again.
For these reasons, we hold that the IRS was obligated to honor Tryco's designation of its delinquent 1999-2000 141 T.C. 173">*195 employment tax payments to petitioners' income tax liabilities for 1992-95. Respondent's failure to honor this designation was an abuse of discretion. The $91,223 payments at issue, if properly credited 2013 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 23">*67 to petitioners' account, would have fully discharged their 1992-95 income tax liabilities (excluding any applicable interest and penalties). The IRS therefore may not levy on their assets to collect this tax a second time.162013 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 23">*68
An important corollary of our holding concerns penalties and interest.
Reviewed by the Court.
COLVIN, FOLEY, GALE, GOEKE, 2013 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 23">*71 WHERRY, KROUPA, GUSTAFSON, PARIS, MORRISON, and KERRIGAN,
VASQUEZ,
GOEKE,
The Court is obviously aware of petitioners' 1999 plea agreement with the U.S. attorney, which is discussed in both the opinions issued today. The opinion of the Court only referenced the plea agreement as the source for the "tax loss" figure discussed in both opinions. There were no credibility findings attached to that reference. In Judge Holmes' Memorandum Opinion, the plea agreement was used in connection with the best evidence rule to serve as "other evidence" that reflects the content of Tryco's missing payroll documents. Judge Holmes also made a credibility finding with regard to petitioners' testimony.
The Court 2013 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 23">*72 is also aware that James Dixon pleaded guilty to Federal tax evasion for 2006,
WHERRY, KROUPA, MORRISON, and LAUBER,
HOLMES,
And that's more or less what happened here. Tryco sent in a few dozen checks together with letters 2013 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 23">*73 saying to please pay the company's tax bill and designated them as well as payments of "withheld income taxes" for one or the other of the 141 T.C. 173">*198 Dixons. The IRS credited Tryco's giant unpaid employer-tax liability, but did not reduce the Dixons' large income-tax liability.
The majority is quite right that the Dixons don't get a credit under
I must respectfully dissent, because this Court doesn't have the power to replace a clear and explicit 2013 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 23">*74 crediting scheme with one that we deem "fair".
Had the Dixons sent the money in themselves and told the Commissioner to apply the payments toward their own income-tax liability, they'd have a credit for their payments (but might still be on the hook for leftover penalties or interest), and so would Tryco, under
What colors these cases, and makes the Dixons look sympathetic, is that the money Tryco paid is money that the Dixons contributed to the corporation after they took out a home-equity loan for almost a half-million dollars. It was this money that they sent to Tryco, and had Tryco pay over to the IRS in December 1999. The letters that accompanied the payment told the IRS exactly where to put it: towards 141 T.C. 173">*199 "[Form] 941 taxes of the corporation * * * to be applied to the withheld income taxes" of James R. Dixon or Sharon Dixon for 2013 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 23">*75 each quarter of the 1992 through 1995 tax years. The "memo" lines on the checks themselves said, "Designated Payment of 941 Taxes" for each Dixon. The letter that Tryco sent along with the June 2000 payment said something similar: It was a "payment of [Form] 941 taxes of the corporation for calendar quarter 9504,1 and which represents the withheld income taxes of employee James R. Dixon and employee Sharon Dixon." The Dixons couldn't have been much more clear--Form 941 is the
We even have testimony from Larry Campagna, the Dixons' tax attorney, saying 2013 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 23">*76 that the Dixons knew that they had a choice--pay their own taxes directly, or have Tryco pay its own taxes, specifically those attributable to underwithholding for the Dixons. And he explained why the Dixons decided to pay Tryco's liability rather than their own. Campagna stated that he was afraid that had Mr. and Mrs. Dixon remitted the income taxes directly for their account, then the 941 liability for Tryco would not have been reduced by the payment, and the Government would have been asking for a double collection of the same money on the income tax side and the employment tax side.2
There was something else here: Had the Dixons simply sent the money in and told the IRS to apply the payments towards their own income-tax liabilities, they still would've been on the hook for all of the interest and penalties that 141 T.C. 173">*200 had accrued between the due dates of the original returns--April 1993, 1994, and 1995--and the dates that they finally paid up in December 1999 and June 2000.
We also have the Dixons' briefs, which say that the Dixons gave "detailed written instructions (on the checks and in the cover letters)," that "unequivocally provided" for how the IRS was to apply their payments, and also say "[t]he IRS did not have to guess how Tryco wanted the payments applied." They reiterate that those instructions said that the payments were for "Form 941 taxes of the corporation for all quarters during 1992-1995," specifically those attributable to the withheld income taxes of the Dixons.
So we know what the Dixons actually asked for in their letters--for the IRS to apply the payments towards Tryco's employment taxes--and we know that's exactly what they meant to do, because their lawyer explained why, and their briefs hammered it home. Nevertheless, the majority actually appears to come to two conflicting conclusions about what Tryco asked the IRS to do with the money. It argues both that the Commissioner should have reduced the Dixons' income-tax debt to the extent that Tryco paid its own 141 T.C. 173">*201 employer-tax debt; and that 2013 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 23">*79 Tryco's payment of that debt was also creditable to the Dixons as payment of restitution.
I'll address each in turn.
I agree with the starting point of the majority's first argument--there is overwhelming authority for the proposition that a taxpayer who submits a voluntary payment may direct which of his taxes that payment should be credited to. I also don't doubt that one person can pay another person's taxes. But what I can't agree to is the majority's combination of these two simple propositions to allow a taxpayer to designate that its payment should reduce
But the majority clearly errs in finding that the IRS did not do exactly what Tryco asked it to. According to the IRS transcripts in the record, the Commissioner applied the payments to Tryco's employment-tax liability, and gave the Dixons a
The majority defends at length--and with copious citations--Tryco's right to direct the IRS to apply its voluntary payment towards a specific portion of its own tax liability. There's nothing wrong with this--a company's employer tax has long been seen by the courts and the Commissioner to be the aggregation of numerous quarters of tax for numerous employees. It's convenient to pay it all in one lump sum 141 T.C. 173">*202 every so often, but an employer's total employer-tax liability is very much the sum of a large number of smaller liabilities. But assuming that Tryco's payment was properly applied to its own employment-tax 2013 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 23">*81 bill, and specifically that portion that should've been withheld from the Dixons, the Dixons still can't point to a single credit under current law that would cause Tryco's payment to erase their own income-tax liability.6
The reason is that employment taxes and income taxes are welded together by detailed and specific language in the Code and regulations.
The employer's tax liability under If the employer, in violation of the provisions of this chapter, fails to deduct and withhold the tax under this chapter, and thereafter the tax against which such tax may be credited is paid, the tax so required to be deducted and withheld shall not be collected from the employer * * *.7
The Code doesn't have a section like
Not to be discouraged by the lack of 2013 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 23">*85 any actual credit in the Code to which the Dixons are entitled, the majority makes one up. As support for this new judge-made credit, the majority gives three examples of other withholding obligations--
If this were a gap in the Code, the majority might have a point. But a closer look at the text shows that there are no gaps: Let's start with
141 T.C. 173">*205 The majority's last analogy is to the trust fund recovery penalty imposed by
But the Dixons' cases do not feature an IRS "policy" and are not about joint and several liability; they are about separate and distinct employer (secondary) and employee (primary) liabilities: Tryco's
This is just not an area where there is any room left for judge-made law. The Code and regulations create an intricate crediting scheme for employment and income taxes. Employers get a credit for any employee payments, but employees get a credit only when those payments 2013 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 23">*90 have "actually been withheld at the source."
After defending at length Tryco's right to designate the payments toward its own employment-tax bill relating to a specific employee, the majority puzzlingly also finds that the Dixons actually provided "explicit instructions" that the funds were for "payment of [
The majority hangs its recharacterization of Tryco's payments on the restitution language in the Dixons' February 7, 2000 plea agreements. In those agreements, the Dixons acknowledged that they "may be required to make full restitution for the losses sustained by the Internal Revenue Service as a result of the offenses of conviction."122013 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 23">*93 But remember that Tryco had sent in the bulk of the payments--$571,917--back in December 1999 to reduce its employer-tax debt. This language in the Dixons' later plea agreement can be nothing more than their acknowledgment 2013 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 23">*92 that they might have to pay their own tax bill
The majority glosses over some of the other tax consequences of its decision today. The Dixons had to contribute $602,119 to Tryco because Tryco wasn't doing much business anymore. The Dixons were controlling shareholders, and their capital contributions would have increased their bases in the Tryco stock.
And we shouldn't forget that Tryco was the Dixons' employer. As the majority acknowledges,
If the Dixons wanted to pay their own tax liability, they could have and should have sent the checks to the IRS 141 T.C. 173">*209 directly, with a letter stating that the payments were for their own income-tax liability. That should have created a credit for Tryco under
I do also acknowledge that in situations like this one, the result I'm advocating may seem harsh. 2013 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 23">*96 But Congress in its wisdom created an asymmetric crediting scheme. If the Dixons had paid their tax debt directly, they would have created a credit for Tryco under
That may not be fair, or even logical, but it is unambiguously what the Dixons asked the IRS to do and what the unambiguous language of the Code requires here. This Court doesn't have the power to rewrite it or the unbridled discretion to do whatever we deem "fair". I must, respectfully, dissent.
HALPERN and BUCH,
BUCH,
The majority cites a series of revenue rulings and a revenue procedure for the proposition that "voluntary partial payments of assessed tax, penalty and interest are to be applied as the taxpayer designates."
Where there is a linear progression of guidance, it is perhaps best to start at the beginning, which, in this instance, is an income tax ruling from 1947. At the time, interest was deductible for individuals and businesses, and the IRS addressed the question of whether a taxpayer who made a lump-sum payment in compromise of tax, penalties, and interest could deduct interest. Where that lump-sum payment was less than the principal deficiency, the IRS held that no part of that lump-sum payment could be deducted 2013 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 23">*98 as interest.
Where additional taxes, penalty and interest are assessed for one or more years against a taxpayer whose income is reported on the cash 141 T.C. 173">*211 method of accounting, a partial payment thereon tendered to and accepted by the District Director of Internal Revenue with specific directions by the taxpayer as to its application, will be applied, as a general rule, in accordance 2013 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 23">*99 with such directions. The amount of interest satisfied by such a partial payment will be deductible in computing taxable income for the year in which the payment is made.
Next came relates to the application, by the Internal Revenue Service, of a partial payment of tax, penalty, and interest, assessed for one or more taxable periods, made by a taxpayer regularly employing the cash receipts and disbursements method of accounting. The specific question is whether the interest, if any, satisfied by such payment, is deductible 2013 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 23">*100 for Federal income tax purposes in the year in which it is paid.
That limitation was lifted with
Which brings us to If any part of a payment is applied to interest under the rules set forth in this revenue 2013 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 23">*101 procedure, the amount applied to interest is treated for purposes of
What is clear throughout the history of these revenue rulings and this final revenue procedure is that the IRS was addressing one issue, and one issue only: the deductibility of a partial payment of tax, penalties, and interest. There is no statement in any of these revenue procedures that the IRS agrees to accept the designation of a payment against both the taxpayer's liability and that of a third party.
The majority's citation of judicial sources of authority starts with an unremarkable statement: "The principle that the IRS must honor a taxpayer's designation of a voluntary tax payment has been recognized repeatedly by the courts."
141 T.C. 173">*213 The Court begins with
The Fifth Circuit authority cited by the majority is no more apt. In It is well established 2013 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 23">*104 that in the absence of a direction by the taxpayer the IRS can apply a payment to any outstanding tax liability
In fact, all of the cases cited by the majority stand for the same unremarkable proposition: when a taxpayer makes a partial payment, the taxpayer may designate that the payment be applied to specific liabilities amongst multiple outstanding liabilities of the taxpayer. That is not the case before us.
Here, Tryco and the Dixons want to designate that a payment be applied simultaneously to two separate liabilities. Judge Holmes' dissent correctly observes that such a designation is not supported 2013 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 23">*105 by the statutory scheme. It is also not supported by either administrative or judicial authority. By using
HALPERN and HOLMES,
1. Statutory references are to the Internal Revenue Code (Code) in effect at the relevant times. Dollar amounts are rounded to the nearest dollar.↩
2. In referring to petitioners' "income tax liabilities," we generally mean their income tax liabilities for 1992-95 exclusive of any interest, additions to tax, and penalties. We address applicable interest and penalties
3. Under the Federal Sentencing Guidelines, the "tax loss" suffered by the Government determines the "offense level," which in turn affects the sentence received by the defendant--the higher the offense level, the longer the possible prison term.
4. Except as otherwise noted, the
5. In
6.
7.
8. In all of these cases, the duty of the IRS to honor a taxpayer's designation of a voluntary payment was common ground. The disputes focused on whether the payment was "voluntary" and/or whether the taxpayer had made a proper and unambiguous "designation."
9. Because
10.
11.
12.
13. Judge Holmes suggests in dissent that the Code does have an explicit provision allowing credits for tax withheld from payments of pensions, annuities, interest, and dividends.
14.
15. Judge Holmes contends that petitioners cannot "point to a single credit under current law that would cause Tryco's payment to erase their own income tax liability," and that the Court has therefore "mint[ed] a new credit nowhere to be found in the Code."
16. Judge Buch in dissent errs in suggesting that our Opinion sanctions "double-dipping" by Tryco.
17. We have no occasion in these cases to address the income tax consequences of these designated payments for petitioners' 1999 and 2000 tax years. The regulations presuppose that, when nonwithheld taxes are paid to the IRS, an employer will normally seek reimbursement from the employee "on or before the last day of such year by deducting such amount from the remuneration of the employee, if any."
1. In IRS numerology, 9504 means the fourth quarter of tax year 1995.↩
2. That statement implies a misunderstanding of
3.
4. Campagna testified that "I don't think that I was concerned about the interest." As the trier of fact in these cases, I did not find this particular part of his testimony credible. The IRS transcripts show that the IRS finally got around to crediting the Dixons' accounts in April or May 2003. By that point over $530,000 of interest had accrued--almost 90% of the original tax reflected on the transcripts.
5. The Dixons' transcripts also show that the Commissioner later realized his mistake and took the credits and abatements away.↩
6. The Dixons need a credit under the Code because they want credit for an amount paid toward another taxpayer's--Tryco's--tax bill. They wouldn't need a Code-based credit if they had sent in the payments toward their own tax bill. This bit of confusion comes up because "credit" can mean two different things in tax law. It can mean amounts subtracted from the amount of tax otherwise owed (as is the case here), or it can mean the reduction in unpaid liability that occurs when a taxpayer pays his own tax and his account is "credited."
7.
8. Congress knows how to help employees when it wants to.
9.
10. Congress did put something of a derivative liability for employers of high-wage earners into the Code in enacting a higher tax rate to help fund Obamacare. The Code now makes an employee liable for this higher FICA tax "[t]o the extent that the amount of any tax imposed by
11. Courts certainly acknowledge that delays in collection, complex statutes of limitation, and the possibility of taxpayers' bringing a statutory refund suit mean that the Commissioner isn't trying to collect twice until he's actually established his right to retain the funds that he's collected.
12. This is almost certainly form language—"the fact that the court may order the defendant to pay restitution" should be "included in [the] paragraph setting out [a] defendant's awareness of possible punishment."
13. The Dixons submitted their final $30,202 payment on June 1, 2000, about four months after they signed the plea agreements. Nevertheless, the Commissioner shouldn't be expected to disregard a taxpayer's specific instructions in favor of ambiguous language in a document belonging to a third party. The same point is true of the Dixons' effort to get the Commissioner to rejigger crediting of the payments after Tryco had sent them in. The Dixons asked the Commissioner to reallocate money that they'd originally designated to apply to Tryco's 1994 taxes--$17,850 to 1992; $9,116 to 1993; and $22,981 to 1995. The majority seems to let this work, too, even though there is no authority anyone has cited requiring the IRS to allow a taxpayer to later change its designation once it's made.↩