IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF FLORIDA
                              FIFTH DISTRICT

                                              NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO
                                              FILE MOTION FOR REHEARING AND
                                              DISPOSITION THEREOF IF FILED



SAND LAKE HILLS HOMEOWNERS
ASSOCIATION, INC.,

             Appellant,

 v.                                                  Case No. 5D16-21

JEFFREY C. BUSCH, SUSAN D. BUSCH
AND DAVID F. ALLAN, ET AL.,

             Appellees.

________________________________/

Opinion filed January 20, 2017

Appeal from the Circuit Court
for Orange County,
Lisa T. Munyon, Judge.

John Bengier, of Meier, Bonner, Muszynski,
O’Dell & Harvey, P.A., Longwood,
for Appellant.

Frederic B. O’Neal, Windermere,
for Appellees, Jeffrey C. Busch and Susan
D. Busch.

No Appearance for other Appellees.


ORFINGER, J.

      Appellant, Sand Lake Hills Homeowners Association, Inc., appeals a final

judgment awarding attorney’s fees to Jeffrey C. Busch and Susan D. Busch, pursuant to
sections 57.105(7) and 712.08, Florida Statutes (2015). We affirm in part and reverse in

part.

        In the 1970s and 1980s, an area loosely known as Sand Lake Hills was developed

in sections, with each section having its own separately recorded covenants and

restrictions. The Busches’ home is located in Section Three of the Sand Lake Hills

community. The original covenants and restrictions applicable to Sand Lake Hills Section

Three were recorded in 1978. Under the original covenants and restrictions, Appellant

was a voluntary homeowners’ association where some homeowners voluntarily

contributed to the upkeep and maintenance of the community, while others did not.

Because membership was voluntary, Appellant is not a statutory homeowners’

association. See § 720.301(7), Fla. Stat. (2000) (defining homeowners’ association as

“Florida corporation responsible for the operation of a community or a mobile home

subdivision in which the voting membership is made up of parcel owners or their agents,

or a combination thereof, and in which membership is a mandatory condition of parcel

ownership, and which is authorized to impose assessments that, if unpaid, may become

a lien on the parcel”).

        In 2004, Appellant recorded a “Notice Of Reassertion Of Covenants And

Restrictions Pursuant To Chapter 712, Florida Statutes” in the public records of Orange

County, Florida (“MRTA Preservation Notice”) in an effort to preserve the covenants and

restrictions applicable to Sand Lake Hills Section Three.1 Appellant also prepared an




        1 Under the Marketable Record Titles Act (“MRTA”), any person with an interest in
land may preserve that interest by filing a notice with the clerk of the circuit court. The
notice must be filed during the thirty-year period following the effective date of the root of
title. § 712.05, Fla. Stat. (2004).


                                              2
       The statute does not define “false” or “fictitious.” Thus, we turn to a dictionary to

ascertain the plain and ordinary meaning of these terms. See L.B. v. State, 

, 372 (Fla. 1997) (“[A] court may refer to a dictionary to ascertain the plain and ordinary

meaning which the legislature intended to ascribe to the term.”). “False” ordinarily means

“not real or genuine,” “not true or accurate; especially: deliberately untrue : done or said

to fool or deceive someone,” or “based on mistaken ideas.” False, Merriam-Webster

Online Dictionary, http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/false (last visited Dec. 27,

2016). “Fictitious” customarily means “not true or real.” Fictitious, Merriam-Webster

Online Dictionary, http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/fictitious (last visited Dec.

27, 2016). Since “false” or “fictitious” includes “mistaken ideas,” as well as “not real or

genuine” and “not true or real” claims, section 712.08 provides a remedy in the trial court’s

discretion when a claim is filed against another’s property and that claim is later

determined to be untrue. It does not require deliberate untruthfulness. Melissa Scaletta,

Marketable Record Title Act & Uniform Title Standards, in Fla. Real Prop. Title

Examination & Ins. § 2:13 (Fla. Bar 7th ed., 2012) (“Anyone who files a false claim is

liable to the owner for costs, attorneys’ fees, and damages sustained by the owner. F.S.

712.08.”). If the Legislature intended the trial court to find that the person intentionally

filed a false or fictitious claim, it could have easily required such a finding, as the North

Carolina legislature did in its similarly worded statute. Cf. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 47B-6 (2015)

(“No person shall use the privilege of registering notices hereunder for the purpose of

asserting false or fictitious claims to real property; and in any action relating thereto if the

court shall find that any person has intentionally registered a false or fictitious claim, the

court may award to the prevailing party all costs incurred by him in such action, including




                                               7
The court also awarded attorney’s fees pursuant to section 712.08 in the MRTA case,

finding that the 2004 MRTA Preservation Notice, which Appellant filed, was a false or

fictitious claim.

       1.      The ARD Case and Section 57.105(7), Florida Statutes.

       “It is well-settled that attorney[’s] fees can derive only from either a statutory basis

or an agreement between the parties.” Trytek v. Gale Indus., Inc., 

, 1198

(Fla. 2009) (citing State Farm Fire & Cas. Co. v. Palma, 

, 832 (Fla. 1993)).

When entitlement to attorney’s fees is based on a provision in a contract, an appellate

court reviews the matter de novo. Gibbs Constr. Co. v. S.L. Page Corp., 

,

790 (Fla. 2d DCA 2000). But, a stranger to the contract cannot recover attorney’s fees

based on the contract. See HFC Collection Ctr., Inc. v. Alexander, 

,

1116-17 (Fla. 5th DCA 2016).

       Here, the trial court found that the ARD was ineffective as to the Busches and did

not encumber their property.      “[W]here a motion for attorney’s fees is based on a

prevailing-party provision of a document, the fact that a contract never existed precludes

an award of attorney’s fees.” David v. Richman, 

, 924 (Fla. 1990).

Because the trial court found that no contract existed between Appellant and the Busches,

the Busches were not entitled to attorney’s fees under the fee provision of the ARD. Thus,

we reverse the order awarding attorney’s fees to the Busches and against Appellant

pursuant to the ARD and section 57.105(7).

       2.      The MRTA Case

       The court awarded attorney’s fees pursuant to section 712.08 in the MRTA case,

concluding that the MRTA Preservation Notice was a false or fictitious claim. Appellant




                                              4
argues that this was error because (1) it is not a homeowners’ association within the

meaning of chapter 712 and (2) it did not intentionally file a false or fictitious claim within

the meaning of section 712.08.

       A statute that awards attorney’s fees is in derogation of the common law rule that

each party pay its own attorney’s fees and must be strictly construed. See Willis Shaw

Express, Inc. v. Hilyer Sod, Inc., 

, 278 (Fla. 2003). The question before

us is a matter of statutory interpretation, which we review de novo. E.g., Borden v. East–

European Ins. Co., 

, 591 (Fla. 2006); State v. Glatzmayer, 

,

301 n.7 (Fla. 2001). Legislative intent is the polestar that guides our analysis regarding

statutory interpretation. E.g., Diamond Aircraft Indus., Inc. v. Horowitch, 

,

367 (Fla. 2013); Bautista v. State, 

, 1185 (Fla. 2003); Patel v. State, 

, 1243 (Fla. 5th DCA 2014). To discern legislative intent, our analysis begins

with the statute’s plain language. E.g., Heart of Adoptions, Inc. v. J.A., 

,

198 (Fla. 2007); Knowles v. Beverly Enters.-Fla., Inc., 

, 5 (Fla. 2004); State

v. Dugan, 

, 1212 (Fla. 1996); Holly v. Auld, 

, 219 (Fla.

1984). “When the statute is clear and unambiguous, courts will not look behind the

statute’s plain language for legislative intent or resort to rules of statutory construction to

ascertain intent.” Daniels v. Fla. Dep’t of Health, 

, 64 (Fla. 2005). The

statute’s plain and ordinary meaning must control unless this leads to an unreasonable

result or a result clearly contrary to legislative intent. 

Legislature enacted MRTA to simplify and facilitate land transactions.

See Blanton v. City of Pinellas Park, 

, 1227 (Fla. 2004).              Section

712.05(1), Florida Statutes (2015), provides, in part: “[A] homeowners’ association




                                                5
desiring to preserve any covenant or restriction may preserve and protect the same from

extinguishment by the operation of this act by filing for record, during the 30-year period

immediately following the effective date of the root of title, a written notice . . . .” Section

712.06, Florida Statutes (2015), sets forth the contents of the notice and must be carefully

followed because pursuant to section 712.08, a person who files a false notice is liable to

the owner for costs, attorney’s fees, and damages sustained by the owner:

           Filing false claim.- No person shall use the privilege of filing notices
           hereunder for the purpose of asserting false or fictitious claims to
           land; and in any action relating thereto if the court shall find that any
           person has filed a false or fictitious claim, the court may award to the
           prevailing party all costs incurred by her or him in such action,
           including a reasonable attorney’s fee, and in addition thereto may
           award to the prevailing party all damages that she or he may have
           sustained as a result of the filing of such notice of claim.

§ 712.08, Fla. Stat. (2015) (emphasis added).

       Thus, section 712.08 prohibits false filings by any “person.” It is irrelevant that

Appellant was not a homeowners’ association as defined in section 720.301 or a

homeowners’ association entitled to enforce use restrictions. As a corporation, Appellant

is a “person” under the statute. See § 1.01(3), Fla. Stat. (2015) (“The word ‘person’

includes individuals, children, firms, associations, joint adventures, partnerships, estates,

trusts, business trusts, syndicates, fiduciaries, corporations, and all other groups or

combinations.”).

       Second, and contrary to Appellant’s argument, section 712.08 does not require the

filer to intentionally or knowingly file the false or fictitious claim. Rather, the statute’s plain

language provides: “[I]f the court shall find that any person has filed a false or fictitious

claim, the court may award to the prevailing party all costs incurred by her or him in such

action, including a reasonable attorney’s fee . . . .” § 712.08, Fla. Stat. (2015).



                                                6
       The statute does not define “false” or “fictitious.” Thus, we turn to a dictionary to

ascertain the plain and ordinary meaning of these terms. See L.B. v. State, 

, 372 (Fla. 1997) (“[A] court may refer to a dictionary to ascertain the plain and ordinary

meaning which the legislature intended to ascribe to the term.”). “False” ordinarily means

“not real or genuine,” “not true or accurate; especially: deliberately untrue : done or said

to fool or deceive someone,” or “based on mistaken ideas.” False, Merriam-Webster

Online Dictionary, http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/false (last visited Dec. 27,

2016). “Fictitious” customarily means “not true or real.” Fictitious, Merriam-Webster

Online Dictionary, http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/fictitious (last visited Dec.

27, 2016). Since “false” or “fictitious” includes “mistaken ideas,” as well as “not real or

genuine” and “not true or real” claims, section 712.08 provides a remedy in the trial court’s

discretion when a claim is filed against another’s property and that claim is later

determined to be untrue. It does not require deliberate untruthfulness. Melissa Scaletta,

Marketable Record Title Act & Uniform Title Standards, in Fla. Real Prop. Title

Examination & Ins. § 2:13 (Fla. Bar 7th ed., 2012) (“Anyone who files a false claim is

liable to the owner for costs, attorneys’ fees, and damages sustained by the owner. F.S.

712.08.”). If the Legislature intended the trial court to find that the person intentionally

filed a false or fictitious claim, it could have easily required such a finding, as the North

Carolina legislature did in its similarly worded statute. Cf. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 47B-6 (2015)

(“No person shall use the privilege of registering notices hereunder for the purpose of

asserting false or fictitious claims to real property; and in any action relating thereto if the

court shall find that any person has intentionally registered a false or fictitious claim, the

court may award to the prevailing party all costs incurred by him in such action, including




                                               7
a reasonable attorney’s fee . . . .”) (emphasis added). To read the word “intentionally”

into the statute would make section 712.08 a penal statute, rather than a remedial statute

that provides a remedy to a person who expends attorney’s fees to clear the title of a

“false or fictitious claim” on his, her, or its real property. See Adams v. Wright, 

391, 394 (Fla. 1981) (“A remedial statute is ‘designed to correct an existing law,

redress an existing grievance, or introduce regulations conducive to the public good.’ It is

also defined as ‘(a) statute giving a party a mode of remedy for a wrong, where he had

none, or a different one, before.’” (quoting Black’s Law Dictionary (5th ed. 1979))).

       For these reasons, we affirm that portion of the order awarding the Busches

attorney’s fees and costs in the MRTA case as well as costs in the ARD case. However,

we reverse only that portion of the order awarding attorney’s fees to the Busches and

against Appellant in the ARD case.

       AFFIRMED IN PART; REVERSED IN PART; and REMANDED.


COHEN, C.J., and HODGES, R.W., Associate Judge, concur.




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