FILED
                                               United States Court of Appeals
                UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS         Tenth Circuit

                       FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                       January 8, 2018
                       _________________________________
                                                                 Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                     Clerk of Court
MRS. FIELDS FRANCHISING, LLC,
a Delaware limited liability company,

       Plaintiff Counter Defendant-
       Appellee,

v.                                                   No. 16-4144
                                             (D.C. No. 2:15-CV-00094-DB)
MFGPC, a California corporation,                       (D. Utah)

       Defendant Counterclaimant
       Third Party Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

MRS. FIELDS FAMOUS BRANDS,
LLC, a/k/a Famous Brands
International;

       Third Party Defendant-
       Appellee,

and

MRS. FIELDS CONFECTIONS, a
Delaware limited liability company,

       Third Party Defendant.
                      _________________________________

                       ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
                       _________________________________

*
      This order and judgment does not constitute binding precedent except
under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel.
But the order and judgment may be cited for its persuasive value under
Fed. R. App. P. 32.1(a) and Tenth Cir. R. 32.1(A).
Before LUCERO, BACHARACH, and MORITZ, Circuit Judges.
                  _________________________________

      This case arises from a license that allowed MFGPC, Inc. to sell

popcorn under the brand “Mrs. Fields.” The licensor (Mrs. Fields

Franchising, LLC) terminated the agreement and sued for a declaratory

judgment stating that the termination had been proper.

      MFGPC responded with its own claims against Mrs. Fields

Franchising and Mrs. Fields Famous Brands, LLC for breach of contract

and an account stated. 1 The district court granted a motion to dismiss

MFGPC’s claims and allowed Mrs. Fields Franchising to voluntarily

dismiss its own claim for a declaratory judgment. MFGPC appeals these

rulings.

      We reverse the dismissal of MFGPC’s breach-of-contract claim

because its allegations in the complaint state a plausible basis for relief.

But we affirm the dismissal of the account-stated claim because MFGPC

failed to plead an essential element. We also affirm the ruling that allowed

Mrs. Fields Franchising to voluntarily dismiss its claim for a declaratory

judgment. In our view, this ruling fell within the district court’s discretion.

I.    Mrs. Fields Franchising terminated its contract with MFGPC.

      In 2003, MFGPC’s predecessor-in-interest (LHF, Inc.) entered into a

license agreement with Mrs. Fields Original Cookies, Inc. Under the

1
      MFGPC brought counterclaims against Mrs. Fields Franchising and
third-party claims against Famous Brands.
                                       2
agreement, LHF enjoyed the exclusive right to sell popcorn under the Mrs.

Fields brand, and Mrs. Fields Original Cookies received 5% of net sales

(known as “running royalties”). The agreement also guaranteed Mrs. Fields

Original Cookies a certain amount of royalty payments for the first five

years (known as “guaranteed royalties”). One way for LHF to pay running

royalties would be to ship licensed popcorn to Mrs. Fields Original

Cookies and have the price received for the popcorn reduced by any

outstanding running royalties. Mrs. Fields Original Cookies allegedly

transferred its contract rights to Mrs. Fields Franchising.

      The license agreement had an initial term of five years; at the end of

the five-year period, the agreement would automatically renew for

successive five-year terms unless MFGPC had failed to pay the guaranteed

royalties. Otherwise, the agreement could be terminated only under

specific conditions, such as MFGPC’s breach of the agreement.

      In December 2014, Mrs. Fields Franchising wrote to MFGPC,

terminating the license agreement for failure to pay guaranteed royalties.

MFGPC objected to the termination, responding that MFGPC owed no

outstanding royalties and that it was owed $26,660.43 for popcorn that had

been shipped to Famous Brands.

II.   We reverse the dismissal of MFGPC’s breach-of-contract claim.

      When considering a dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6), we engage in de

novo review. Albers v. Bd. of Cty. Comm’rs of Jefferson Cty., 

697, 700 (10th Cir. 2014). In diversity cases, we apply state substantive

law and federal procedural law. Racher v. Westlake Nursing Home, 

, 1162 (10th Cir. 2017). The parties agree that we apply Utah law

to the substantive issues and federal law to the pleading standard.

     A.    The Lindley declaration does not affect consideration of the
           motion to dismiss.

     In dismissing MFGPC’s breach-of-contract claim, the district court

relied on a declaration by Mr. Christopher Lindley, MFGPC’s president,

which MFGPC had earlier filed when seeking a preliminary injunction. In

his declaration, Mr. Lindley acknowledged that MFGPC had not paid the

running royalties accruing in 2012 or 2013; but he attributed the

nonpayment to an agreement with Famous Brands’ Chief Executive Officer

to postpone the payment of running royalties.

     In moving to dismiss, Mrs. Fields Franchising and Famous Brands

did not rely on the Lindley declaration. But in a reply brief, they contended

that Mr. Lindley had admitted a breach of the license agreement. In

response, MFGPC argued at a hearing that the Lindley declaration

supported equitable estoppel, preventing Mrs. Fields Franchising and

Famous Brands from relying on a failure to timely pay running royalties.

The district court ordered additional briefing from both sides and

ultimately rejected MFGPC’s argument on equitable estoppel.




                                      4
      According to MFGPC, the district court erred by considering the

Lindley declaration without converting the motion to dismiss into a motion

for summary judgment. This contention was forfeited but is undeniably

correct.

      MFGPC forfeited this argument by failing to raise it in district court.

See Ave. Capital Mgmt. II, L.P. v. Schaden, 

, 885 (10th Cir.

2016). According to MFGPC, it never had an opportunity to raise the issue

because Mrs. Fields Franchising and Famous Brands had waited until their

reply brief to invoke the Lindley declaration. We disagree. After the reply

brief was filed, the district court conducted a hearing and allowed MFGPC

to file a surreply brief on the issue of equitable estoppel. In the hearing

and surreply brief, MFGPC could have objected to consideration of the

Lindley declaration. But MFGPC instead urged a theory of equitable

estoppel.

      The surreply brief provided a particularly golden opportunity for

MFGPC to question consideration of the Lindley declaration. The issue of

equitable estoppel arose only because of statements in the declaration.

Thus, when MFGPC was allowed to file a surreply brief, it could have

argued that declaration should not be considered in a motion to dismiss,

obviating the need to address equitable estoppel. MFGPC could also have

made this argument in the hearing.



                                       5
      Bypassing its opportunity to object, MFGPC forfeited its challenge to

consideration of the Lindley declaration. But forfeiture involves a matter

of discretion. Cox v. Glanz, 

, 1244 (10th Cir. 2015). And we

have exercised our discretion to consider an appellant’s arguments for

reversal, even when forfeited, if they are indisputably correct and entail a

pure matter of law. Proctor & Gamble Co. v. Haugen, 

, 1271

(10th Cir. 2000). “We have justified our decision to exercise discretion in

these situations because no additional findings of fact or presentation of

evidence were required for the issue’s disposition and both parties had the

opportunity to address the issue in their appellate briefing.” United States

v. Jarvis, 

, 1202 (10th Cir. 2007).

      MFGPC is indisputably correct in arguing that the district court had

to either disregard the Lindley declaration or convert the motion to dismiss

to a motion for summary judgment. The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure

did not permit any other course of action. Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(d); see

Nakahata v. N.Y.-Presbyterian Healthcare Sys., 

, 202-03 (2d

Cir. 2013) (stating that the procedure in Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(d) is

mandatory); Venture Assocs. v. Zenith Data Sys., 

, 430 (7th

Cir. 1993) (stating that the predecessor to Rule 12(d) “is mandatory”). This

constraint on the court’s discretion involves a pure matter of law. Price v.

Philpot, 

, 1167 (10th Cir. 2005); see Brown & Pipkins, LLC



                                      6
v. Serv. Emps. Int’l Union, 

, 729 (4th Cir. 2017) (treating the

interpretation of a Federal Rule of Civil Procedure as a question of law).

      But even if we were to consider the Lindley declaration, it would

prove irrelevant under Rule 12(b)(6). Under this rule, the court does not

“‘weigh potential evidence that the parties might present at trial.’” Tal v.

Hogan, 

, 1252 (10th Cir. 2006) (quoting Sutton v. Utah State

Sch. for the Deaf & Blind, 

, 1236 (10th Cir. 1999)). Instead,

the court assesses “‘whether the plaintiff’s complaint alone is legally

sufficient to state a claim for which relief may be granted.’” 

173 F.3d at 1236). A party has stated a valid claim when the

complaint “contain[s] sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a

claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 

, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 

, 570

(2007)). Thus, we consider only MFGPC’s complaint to determine the

sufficiency of the allegations.

      Mrs. Fields Franchising and Famous Brands urge judicial notice of

the Lindley declaration, arguing that MFGPC’s submission of the

declaration made it a public record. Usually a court cannot consider

matters outside the pleadings on a 12(b)(6) motion, but an exception exists

for facts subject to judicial notice. 

n.24. A court may

take judicial notice of “‘its own files and records, as well as facts which

are a matter of public record.’” 

Woudenberg ex rel. Foor

                                       7
v. Gibson, 

, 568 (10th Cir. 2000), abrogated on other grounds

by McGregor v. Gibson, 

, 955 (10th Cir. 2001)). But such

“‘documents may only be used to show their contents, not to prove the

truth of matters asserted therein.’” 

Asset Mgmt. v.

Jaharis, 

. 1188 (11th Cir. 2002)).

      Here Mrs. Fields Franchising and Famous Brands sought to use the

declaration to prove the truth of its contents (that MFGPC had failed to

timely pay running royalties in 2012 and 2013). Because the truth of the

declaration is not subject to judicial notice, the declaration would not

affect our review of the motion to dismiss. See Brown v. Montoya, 

, 1165-66 (10th Cir. 2011) (declining to judicially notice or

otherwise consider a document when reviewing a dismissal under Rule

12(b)(6) because the document had not been referenced in the complaint);

see also Barefoot Architect, Inc. v. Bunge, 

, 835 (3d Cir.

2011) (“[E]vidence is irrelevant to a Rule 12(b)(6) motion.”).

                                    * * *

      We decline to consider the Lindley declaration because

           exclusion involved a pure matter of law and was undeniably
            required in district court and

           consideration of a motion to dismiss is based solely on
            MFGPC’s allegations in its complaint.




                                      8
     B.    MFGPC stated a valid claim for breach of contract.

     Confining our consideration to MFGPC’s complaint, as we must, we

conclude that MFGPC has alleged a valid claim for breach of contract.

     Under Utah law, the elements of a claim for breach of contract are

“‘(1) a contract, (2) performance by the party seeking recovery, (3) breach

of the contract by the other party, and (4) damages.’” Am. W. Bank

Members, L.C. v. State, 

, 230-31 (Utah 2014) (quoting Bair v.

Axiom Design, L.L.C., 

, 392 (Utah 2001)). To determine

whether these elements were satisfied, we consider the allegations in

MFGPC’s complaint.

     There MFGPC alleged six pertinent facts:

     1.    MFGPC had a license agreement with Mrs. Fields Franchising,
           Famous Brands, or both.

     2.    The agreement could be terminated only if MFGPC had failed
           to perform.

     3.    MFGPC performed under the agreement.

     4.    Mrs. Fields Franchising attempted to terminate the agreement.

     5.    As a result of the attempted termination, MFGPC suffered lost
           profits through the inability to sell licensed popcorn.

     6.    Mrs. Fields Franchising and Famous Brands failed to pay
           MFGPC for licensed popcorn that MFGPC had shipped to
           Famous Brands.

These allegations state a plausible claim for breach of contract.




                                      9
      According to MFGPC, the contractual breach consisted of Mrs.

Fields Franchising’s termination of the license agreement and failure to

pay for the licensed popcorn. Mrs. Fields Franchising and Famous Brands

argue that no damages existed because

            damages cannot be based on the licensor’s assertion of a legal
             position (that the license agreement was terminated) and

            the termination allowed MFGPC to continue selling Mrs. Fields
             popcorn for six months.

Both arguments are invalid.

      MFGPC characterized Mrs. Fields Franchising’s correspondence not

as an actual termination but as the assertion of a position that the license

had been terminated. A fact-finder could reasonably view this distinction

as illusory. However one characterizes the action by Mrs. Fields

Franchising, the result was that MFGPC could no longer sell popcorn under

the Mrs. Fields brand. Why would MFGPC continue making popcorn and

shipping it to a licensor that believed there was no valid license

agreement?

      Mrs. Fields Franchising and Famous Brands also deny damages

because the license agreement allowed MFGPC to continue selling Mrs.

Fields popcorn for six months after termination of the agreement. This

argument fails for two reasons. First, the agreement allowed MFGPC to

sell popcorn that had already been manufactured and packaged, not to

continue to manufacture and sell the popcorn as if the agreement had not
                                      10
been terminated. Second, six months of selling popcorn does not eliminate

the damages, for the license agreement would have allowed MFGPC to

continue to sell the popcorn for roughly 2½ more years in the absence of a

termination.

                                    ***

       MFGPC has adequately alleged a plausible claim for breach of

contract. Nonetheless, the district court focused on MFGPC’s argument

involving equitable estoppel. This focus proved misguided, for equitable

estoppel emerged as an issue only because the court had improperly relied

on a declaration going beyond the allegations in MFGPC’s complaint.

Instead, we confine our consideration to the complaint, which states a valid

breach-of-contract claim. 2

III.   We affirm the dismissal of MFGPC’s account-stated claim.

       The district court also dismissed MFGPC’s claim for an account

stated. We affirm this dismissal because MFGPC failed to allege an

agreement on the amount owed.

       An account stated entails an agreement that a specific amount is

owed for a prior transaction. See Hurd v. Cent. Utah Water Co., 

, 777-78 (Utah 1940). A claim for an account stated contains three

essential elements:


2
     Our conclusion is based on the standard under Rule 12(b)(6). We
express no opinion on the merits of a future motion for summary judgment.
                                     11
      1.    a transaction between the parties giving rise to a debt,

      2.    an agreement between the parties on the amount of the debt,
            and

      3.    an express or implied promise by the debtor to pay the amount
            owed.

DeMentas v. Estate of Tallas ex rel. First Sec. Bank, 

, 634

(Utah Ct. App. 1988).

      MFGPC alleges that it had shipped licensed popcorn to Famous

Brands and that Famous Brands approved an invoice for $70,222.60. But in

the complaint, MFGPC did not allege an account stated for $70,222.60;

instead, MFGPC alleged an account stated for $26,660.43, which was the

amount invoiced minus the amount of running royalties that MFGPC

regarded as due.

      In its complaint, MFGPC alleged that Famous Brands had approved

invoices for $70,222.60. But MFGPC has not sued for this amount.

According to MFGPC, the invoices were subject to an offset for the unpaid

running royalties; and MFGPC does not allege that Famous Brands agreed

to the amount of this offset.

                                      ***

      An agreement on the amount owed is an essential element of an

account stated, and MFGPC has not alleged such an agreement. Thus,

MFGPC has not adequately alleged an account-stated claim, requiring us to

affirm the dismissal of this claim.

                                      12
IV.   We affirm the district court’s grant of Mrs. Fields Franchising’s
      motion for voluntary dismissal.

      MFGPC also argues that the district court erred by granting Mrs.

Fields Franchising’s motion to voluntarily dismiss its own claim for a

declaratory judgment. The district court did not err in making this ruling.

      Because MFGPC had already filed an answer, Mrs. Fields

Franchising could voluntarily dismiss its claim only if permitted to do so

by the court. Fed. R. Civ. P. 41(a). Court permission is required to avoid

unfairly harming the opposing party. Brown v. Baeke, 

, 1123

(10th Cir. 2005). When a district court allows voluntary dismissal, we

apply the abuse-of-discretion standard of review. 

view, the district court did not abuse its discretion. After the

court dismissed MFGPC’s claims, Mrs. Fields Franchising requested

dismissal of its previously asserted claim for a declaratory judgment. Little

reason existed to withhold permission. Mrs. Fields Franchising had asked

for a declaratory judgment to avoid uncertainty about its right to terminate

the license agreement. But the district court then dismissed MFGPC’s

claim for breach of contract, leaving Mrs. Fields Franchising with little

reason to seek a declaration on whether the termination had created a

contractual breach. At that point, the district court could reasonably

decline to force Mrs. Fields Franchising to pursue its claim for a




                                      13
declaratory judgment. Under these circumstances, the ruling fell within the

district court’s discretion.

      MFGPC relies on prior statements by the district court, which

allegedly weighed against allowing Mrs. Fields Franchising to dismiss its

claim. But even under MFGPC’s version of events, the district court’s

change of mind would not entail an abuse of discretion if the eventual

ruling was reasonable. It was.

V.    We vacate the award of attorney fees and costs.

      The license agreement entitles the prevailing party in a contract suit

to an award of attorney fees and costs. The district court awarded attorney

fees and costs to Mrs. Field Franchising as the prevailing party because

MFGPC’s claims had been dismissed. MFGPC challenges the award of

attorney fees and costs, but we need not address this challenge.

      As discussed above, we are reversing the dismissal of MFGPC’s

breach-of-contract claim. Thus, identification of the prevailing party is

premature, requiring us to vacate the award of attorney fees and costs. See

N. Tex. Prod. Credit Ass’n v. McCurtain Cty. Nat. Bank, 

, 819

(10th Cir. 2000) (vacating an award of attorney fees in light of the reversal

of a grant of summary judgment).




                                     14
VI.   Conclusion

      In summary, we

          reverse the dismissal of MFGPC’s breach-of-contract claim
           because the complaint stated a valid claim under Rule 12(b)(6),

          affirm the dismissal of MFGPC’s account-stated claim because
           of the failure to plead an essential element,

          affirm the district court’s ruling that allowed Mrs. Fields
           Franchising to voluntarily dismiss its claim for a declaratory
           judgment because this ruling fell within the court’s discretion,
           and

          vacate the award of attorney fees and costs to Mrs. Fields
           Franchising because it is no longer considered the prevailing
           party.

                                  Entered for the Court



                                  Robert E. Bacharach
                                  Circuit Judge




                                    15