Petitioners seek a writ of mandamus which, if granted, will halt the district court's nascent efforts to probe the continuing need for, or the possible modification of, consent decrees affecting the operation of a state institution, the Massachusetts Treatment Center for Sexually Dangerous Persons (the Treatment Center). Because petitioners cannot satisfy the strict prerequisites for extraordinary relief by way of mandamus, we dismiss the petition.

The United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts has been involved with the Treatment Center for more than two decades. In 1974, the district court entered a consent decree and supplemental consent decree in the case of King v. Greenblatt.1 The decrees placed the Treatment Center under the primary authority of the Massachusetts Department of Mental Health and obligated the department to operate the facility in accordance with certain standards. The district court specifically retained the right to amend the King decrees in the future.

Although the original plaintiff, King, soon left the Treatment Center, other residents took up the cudgels. Over time, inmates brought a variety of suits to enforce the decrees. The stream of litigation occasionally overflowed the district court. See, e.g., Pearson v. Fair, 935 F.2d 401 (1st Cir.1991) (Pearson II); Langton v. Johnston, 928 F.2d 1206 (1st Cir.1991); Pearson v. Fair, 808 F.2d 163 (1st Cir.1986) (per curiam) (Pearson I ). The petitioners, all of whom were originally inmates of the Treatment Center and at least one of whom still resides there, have been at the eye of the storm. In the early 1980s, they brought an action to enforce the King decrees, see Pearson I, 808 F.2d at 165, and subsequently survived the Commonwealth's challenge to their alleged lack of standing. See Pearson II, 935 F.2d at 404 n. 4. Moreover, in 1988, the petitioners intervened in the King case and fended off the Commonwealth's motion to vacate the judgment therein.

The continuing saga of the federal courts' involvement with the Treatment Center took a new turn in 1992 when the district court, acting on its own initiative and without providing advance notice, appointed a special master to analyze "the impact of existing and pending legislation on the consent decrees" and on "the operation of the Treatment Center"; to study all unresolved claims alleging violations of the consent decrees; and to advise the court concerning the Treatment Center's operation and the continued viability of the King decrees.2

The petitioners learned of this initiative after the fact. They did not take kindly to it. When the district court refused to alter its stance, the petitioners headed for the court of appeals. In this forum, they ask for mandamus, asserting that the lower court lacked jurisdiction to appoint a master because King was dead, juridically if not literally, and because neither side was currently seeking, or had recently sought, modification of the King decrees. Petitioners also assert a host of other challenges to the entry of the order and to its scope.

Congress has authorized the federal courts to issue prerogative writs which are "necessary or appropriate in aid of their respective jurisdictions." 28 U.S.C. § 1651(a) (1988). As the Court recently reminded us, a traditional use of prerogative writs has been to confine inferior courts to the lawful exercise of their prescribed jurisdiction or compel them to exercise their authority when duty demands. See Mallard v. United States Dist. Court, 490 U.S. 296, 308, 109 S. Ct. 1814, 1821, 104 L. Ed. 2d 318 (1989) (quoting Roche v. Evaporated Milk Ass'n, 319 U.S. 21, 26, 63 S. Ct. 938, 941, 87 L. Ed. 1185 (1943)). This use is customarily accomplished by means of mandamus or prohibition (terms which we employ interchangeably in this opinion). Such writs afford a mechanism for immediate correction of acts or omissions amounting to an "usurpation of power." De Beers Consolid. Mines, Ltd. v. United States, 325 U.S. 212, 217, 65 S. Ct. 1130, 1133, 89 L. Ed. 1566 (1945).

Prerogative writs are drastic remedies which have the potential, if overexercised, "to spawn piecemeal litigation and disrupt the orderly processes of the justice system." In re Recticel Foam Corp., 859 F.2d 1000, 1005 (1st Cir.1988). Thus, mandamus must be used sparingly and only in extraordinary situations. See Allied Chem. Corp. v. Daiflon, Inc., 449 U.S. 33, 34, 101 S. Ct. 188, 189, 66 L. Ed. 2d 193 (1980) (per curiam); Will v. United States, 389 U.S. 90, 107, 88 S. Ct. 269, 280, 19 L. Ed. 2d 305 (1967); In re Insurers Syndicate, 864 F.2d 208, 211 (1st Cir.1988); see also Boreri v. Fiat S.p.A., 763 F.2d 17, 26 (1st Cir.1985) (warning that the writ's "currency is not profligately to be spent").

To ensure that the writ's use is appropriately rationed, we have, for the most part,3 insisted that a writ-seeker limn "some special risk of irreparable harm," together with "clear entitlement to the relief requested." Recticel, 859 F.2d at 1005; accord In re Bushkin Assocs., Inc., 864 F.2d 241, 243 (1st Cir.1989); In re Justices of the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico, 695 F.2d 17, 20 (1st Cir.1982).4 On the former prong, the petitioner "must ordinarily demonstrate that something about the order, or its circumstances, would make an end-of-case appeal ineffectual or leave legitimate interests unduly at risk." Recticel, 859 F.2d at 1005-06; accord United States v. Sorren, 605 F.2d 1211, 1215 (1st Cir.1979). On the latter prong, the petitioner must usually establish a "clear and indisputable" right to the requested relief, Bankers Life & Cas. Co. v. Holland, 346 U.S. 379, 384, 74 S. Ct. 145, 148, 98 L. Ed. 106 (1953) (quoting United States v. Duell, 172 U.S. 576, 582, 19 S. Ct. 286, 287, 43 L. Ed. 559 (1899)), or, in other words, that the challenged order is palpably erroneous. See supra note 4. This dichotomous standard is sufficiently stringent that "[i]nterlocutory procedural orders ... rarely will satisfy th[e] precondition for mandamus relief." Recticel, 859 F.2d at 1006. Nonetheless, a district court's appointment of a master may be so far afield, and the potential for mischief so great in a particular situation, that immediate relief by way of mandamus is warranted. See, e.g., La Buy v. Howes Leather Co., 352 U.S. 249, 256, 77 S. Ct. 309, 313, 1 L. Ed. 2d 290 (1957); National Org. for the Reform of Marijuana Laws (NORML) v. Mullen, 828 F.2d 536, 541-42 (9th Cir.1987).

Because petitioners' variegated challenges reflect neither a special risk of significant harm nor palpable error attributable to the judge's interlocutory order, mandamus is not justified. For ease in presentation, we discuss these points in reverse order.

A. Presence of Palpable Error.

The petitioners have failed to demonstrate that the district court lapsed into palpable error or, stated another way, that they are clearly entitled to the relief requested. To explain why this is so, we deal extensively with petitioners' main "case or controversy" approach and then consider their other asseverations in a group.

1. The Case or Controversy Requirement. Petitioners strive to convince us that, at the time the district court appointed the master, no justiciable case or controversy existed; and that, therefore, the court's order plainly outstripped its jurisdiction. Petitioners' exhortation has two strands. We find neither strand persuasive.

a.

The first strand might be subtitled: "On the Death of King." Petitioners suggest that King was a "dead case" which the district court improperly resurrected. Whatever this morbid metaphor may mean, it misses the mark. The entry of a consent decree does not "kill" a case or terminate a district court's jurisdiction. Rather, when, as now, an injunction entered pursuant to a consent decree has ongoing effects, the issuing court retains authority to enforce it. See, e.g., System Fed'n No. 91, Etc. v. Wright, 364 U.S. 642, 647, 81 S. Ct. 368, 371, 5 L. Ed. 2d 349 (1961) (explaining that structural injunctions "often require[ ] continuing supervision by the issuing court and always a continuing willingness to apply its powers and processes on behalf of the party who obtained th[e] equitable relief"). By the same token, a court retains authority to modify or interpret such decrees in light of changed circumstances. See, e.g., id. at 646-47, 81 S.Ct. at 370-71; United States v. Swift & Co., 286 U.S. 106, 114-15, 52 S. Ct. 460, 462-63, 76 L. Ed. 999 (1932). This authority is part of a court's inherent powers and exists regardless of whether a particular consent decree expressly so provides.5 See Swift, 286 U.S. at 114, 52 S.Ct. at 462; see also Fed.R.Civ.P. 60(b)(5)-(6).

Since a district court has power to modify a consent decree, it is impossible to say that the court below acted "in clear excess" of its power, In re Justices, 695 F.2d at 21, in taking the much more tentative step of appointing a master to investigate the possibility of modifying the decree. See Chicago Housing Auth. v. Austin, 511 F.2d 82, 83 (7th Cir.1975) (raising no question as to jurisdiction in such a context). In other words, nothing about the lower court's raising of a moistened finger to test the winds implicated jurisdictional concerns.

To be sure, petitioners place great emphasis on the fact that the original plaintiff, King himself, no longer resides at the Treatment Center. Because of this fact, and because the King case was never certified as a class action, petitioners categorize the case as defunct. We believe this taxonomy is too simplistic. In the first place, the King case is not dead; it is, at worst, moribund. Even that description may be overly pessimistic; petitioners themselves became parties in King five years ago (when the district court granted their motion to intervene), and their status as parties has not been altered by any subsequent order. In the second place, the King decrees have ongoing effects and other inmates continue to bring actions seeking their enforcement. The district court obviously gave weight to this reality, noting the "many cases filed by patients at the Treatment Center." Moreover, in opting to appoint a master, the court made specific reference to contemporaneous allegations about institutional failings gathered by forty-eight Treatment Center residents desirous of improving their lot.6 All things considered, we find the tales of King's demise to be greatly exaggerated.

b.

The second, more substantial, salvo of petitioners' jurisdictional assault bombards the spontaneous character of the district court's action. This fusillade also goes awry. We believe that a district court's jurisdiction to modify a consent decree necessarily implies that the court does not act in clear excess of its authority when it appoints a master, sua sponte, to look into possible decree-modifying changes. We explain briefly.

A consent decree is not simply a contract entered into between private parties seeking to effectuate parochial concerns. See Firefighters v. Cleveland, 478 U.S. 501, 519, 106 S. Ct. 3063, 3073, 92 L. Ed. 2d 405 (1986); United States v. ITT Continental Baking Co., 420 U.S. 223, 236 n. 10, 95 S. Ct. 926, 934 n. 10, 43 L. Ed. 2d 148 (1975). The court stands behind the decree, ready to interpret and enforce its provisions. This ongoing supervisory responsibility carries with it a certain correlative discretion. See Wright, 364 U.S. at 648, 81 S.Ct. at 371. Unlike petitioners, we do not envision a vast jurisdictional limbo in which courts forced to exercise their equity powers remain powerless to question whether what they have been doing "has been turned through changing circumstances into an instrument of wrong." Swift, 286 U.S. at 115, 52 S.Ct. at 462. Put bluntly, "parties cannot, by giving each other consideration, purchase from a court of equity a continuing injunction." Wright, 364 U.S. at 651, 81 S.Ct. at 373.

This is especially so when, as in the instant case, a consent decree calls for judicial supervision of a government-run facility. In so ramified a setting, a court's decrees implicate the citizenry's interests as well as those of the parties and bear directly on the salubrious operation of public institutions. See Heath v. De Courcy, 888 F.2d 1105, 1109 (6th Cir.1989) (acknowledging that such decrees "reach beyond the parties involved directly in the suit"); New York State Ass'n for Retarded Children, Inc. v. Carey, 706 F.2d 956, 969 (2d Cir.) (deeming it "well recognized that in institutional reform litigation ... judicially-imposed remedies must be open to ... accommodation of a wider constellation of interests than is represented in the adversarial setting of the courtroom"), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 915, 104 S. Ct. 277, 78 L. Ed. 2d 257 (1983). In institutional reform litigation, injunctions should not operate inviolate in perpetuity. See Rufo v. Inmates of the Suffolk County Jail, --- U.S. ----, ---- - ----, 112 S. Ct. 748, 762-65, 116 L. Ed. 2d 867 (1992); Board of Educ. v. Dowell, 498 U.S. 237, ---, 111 S. Ct. 630, 637, 112 L. Ed. 2d 715 (1991); see also Milk Wagon Drivers Union v. Meadowmoor Dairies, Inc., 312 U.S. 287, 298-99, 61 S. Ct. 552, 557-58, 85 L. Ed. 836 (1941) (explaining that continuation of an injunction is justified only by continuation of the circumstances which induced it). This must mean that, notwithstanding the parties' silence or inertia, the district court is not doomed to some Sisyphean fate, bound forever to enforce and interpret a preexisting decree without occasionally pausing to question whether changing circumstances have rendered the decree unnecessary, outmoded, or even harmful to the public interest.

Against this backdrop, the fact that the court acted sua sponte is not fatal. After all, Fed.R.Civ.P. 53, which governs the appointment of masters, does not necessitate a motion as a condition precedent to judicial action. Taking our lead from the rule itself, we hold that a district court is not jurisdictionally disabled from acting on its own initiative in appointing a master to ascertain the need for alteration of its ongoing activities under a consent decree.7 Cf., e.g., INS v. Chadha, 462 U.S. 919, 939-40, 103 S. Ct. 2764, 2778-79, 77 L. Ed. 2d 317 (1983) (explaining that, to be constitutionally sufficient, a case or controversy need not stem exclusively from the adversarial positions of the litigants but may stem from the real-world effect of a court's actions); Gomes v. Moran, 605 F.2d 27, 30 (1st Cir.1979) (holding that a district court did not exceed its powers when it refused to bind defendants to an "incorrect" decree despite their failure to request a modification).

2. Petitioners' Other Arguments. None of petitioners' remaining asseverations reveals error of a kind or to a degree required to justify a writ of mandamus. We deal in summary fashion with certain of these asseverations, dismissing the remainder without comment.

a.

Citing La Buy, 352 U.S. at 256, 77 S.Ct. at 313, petitioners contend that the order of reference constitutes an "abdication of the judicial function" to a non-Article III adjudicator. Here, however, unlike in La Buy or in Stauble v. Warrob, Inc., 977 F.2d 690 (1st Cir.1992) (where the district court referred the entire case to a master for trial and adjudication), we think it far from clear that the master's mission, as presently constituted, extends beyond permissible bounds. All that can be gleaned from the record before us is that the district court seeks information about the efficacy of an ongoing injunction. On its face, this seems a concinnous use of a master. See Stauble, 977 F.2d at 695 (discussing use of masters in connection with "remedy-related issues"); Chicago Housing Auth., 511 F.2d at 83-84 (refusing to annul appointment of master in analogous circumstances); see generally Vincent Nathan, The Use of Masters in Institutional Reform Litigation, 10 U.Tol.L.Rev. 419, 443-44 (1979). The order's scope, as the judge has delineated it, seems more akin to rendering "mere assistance" to the court, a permissible use of a master in many sets of circumstances, Stauble, 977 F.2d at 695, than to abdicating adjudication of "fundamental question[s]," an impermissible use under any non-consensual set of circumstances. Id.

b.

It is also argued that the court's designation of a master should be obliterated because Rule 53's core requirement--the bedrock concept that references are reserved for the rare cases which present "some exceptional condition," Fed.R.Civ.P. 53(b)--is completely unfulfilled. We disagree.

The case at hand is intricate. Its circumstances are highly ramified. "Change" has been the watchword virtually ever since the consent decrees were entered. See, e.g., Langton, 928 F.2d at 1209-10 & nn. 2-4 (describing certain changes in pertinent legislation over time); id. at 1212-13 (describing substantial changes in facilities and conditions of confinement); id. at 1213-16 (describing sweeping changes in treatment modalities, programs, and the like). After two decades of intimate involvement with an especially complex public institution immersed in a state of continuing transition, the district court is still mired in litigation. We think that this scenario at least arguably reflects an exceptional condition. Hence, appointing a master to survey the legislative landscape, investigate the incidence and impact of changed circumstances, assess the current relevance of the decrees, and report the results to the court did not constitute palpable error as a matter of law. See, e.g., Chicago Housing Auth., 511 F.2d at 83-84 (refusing to annul district court's appointment of master in analogous circumstances); see also NORML, 828 F.2d at 543-45 (explaining that complexity of litigation and of decree-compliance can justify appointment of a master in institutional reform litigation); Carey, 706 F.2d at 962-63 (similar).

c.

Petitioners next complain that some of the matters referred to the master outstrip the four corners of the pleadings in King. The short answer to this plaint is that the order's text does not bear it out. The slightly longer (but equally availing) answer is that the litigation's procedural posture is still fluid. The district court has before it a number of complaints dealing with various aspects of life at the Treatment Center. The order plainly indicates that the court proposes to treat these cases as a group, at least for some (as yet undefined) purposes. Class certification remains a seemingly viable option. To the extent (if at all) that the court intends the order of reference to extend beyond the sequestration-type issues originally involved in King, we presume that the court will travel an appropriate procedural path. See, e.g., Fed.R.Civ.P. 42(a) (discussing requirements for consolidation of actions); Fed.R.Civ.P. 23 (discussing prerequisites to class action and related matters); Fed.R.Civ.P. 24 (discussing requirements for intervention). We see no reason, therefore, given the confined office of a petition for mandamus, to stop the court in its tracks.

d.

Finally, petitioners claim that the district court failed to provide them with notice before appointing the master. They say, moreover, that this omission was exacerbated by an ex parte contact with respondents' counsel (a contact which, as a byproduct, gave respondents advance warning of the judge's mindset). We do not believe that, under the totality of the circumstances, these facts warrant the issuance of a prerogative writ.

While it seems logical for a trial court to consult with affected parties when contemplating the appointment of a master, the relevant procedural rule does not explicitly require prior notice, see Fed.R.Civ.P. 53, and we are unprepared to state that advance consultation is absolutely essential in every instance.8 Cf. Gary W. v. Louisiana, 601 F.2d 240, 244 (5th Cir.1979) (holding that a district court is not obliged to convene an evidentiary hearing anent whether to appoint a master). In this context, the purpose served by prior notice is threefold: it permits parties to (1) argue for or against the very idea of appointing a master, see, e.g., id. at 244-45, (2) offer their views on the scope of any reference, see, e.g., Stauble, 977 F.2d at 694-96 (discussing scope considerations), and (3) voice their preferences as to the master's identity. See, e.g., Morgan v. Kerrigan, 530 F.2d 401, 426-27 (1st Cir.), cert. denied, 426 U.S. 935, 96 S. Ct. 2648, 49 L. Ed. 2d 386 (1976). As we have already indicated, the reasons for appointing a master here are sensible and self-evident; the scope of the reference is unremarkable; and, lastly, the petitioners have neither expressed dissatisfaction with the individual selected as the master nor proffered any person whom they deem a more auspicious choice. In this unique situation, the incidence of any error is problematic; and, at any rate, the failure to provide notice seems benign.

The ex parte contact does not stem the tide. It appears that the judge, seeking to secure a commitment from the Commonwealth to absorb the master's costs, directed a clerk to call the attorney general's department.9 We agree with the petitioners that even this indirect inquiry should not have been conducted ex parte. In our adversary system, both the administration of justice and the appearance of justice demand that courts refrain, by and large, from communicating with one party to the exclusion of the other(s). See, e.g., Meridian Int'l Logistics, Inc. v. United States, 939 F.2d 740, 745 (9th Cir.1991) (stating the familiar rule that ex parte contacts by the judge are not the norm); see also Model Code of Judicial Conduct, Canon 3 B(7) (1990). Yet in this instance, the communication was wholly innocuous and petitioners have been unable to suggest how the judge's lapse was harmful. Because the court's impetuosity was in no way prejudicial, issuance of a prerogative writ would be tantamount to using a bazooka to slay a gnat. We decline to engage in such judicial overkill. See Grieco v. Meachum, 533 F.2d 713, 719 (1st Cir.) (applying harmless-error analysis where alleged ex parte contact caused no cognizable harm), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 858, 97 S. Ct. 158, 50 L. Ed. 2d 135 (1976); United States v. DeLeo, 422 F.2d 487, 499 (1st Cir.) (same), cert. denied, 397 U.S. 1037, 90 S. Ct. 1355, 25 L. Ed. 2d 648 (1970); see also Raytheon Co. v. Automated Business Sys., Inc., 882 F.2d 6, 8 n. 2 (1st Cir.1989) (similar; involving arbitrator's ex parte contact).

B. Special Risk of Irreparable Harm.

Although it may be unnecessary to do so given petitioners' failure to show palpable error, we take this occasion to remark that petitioners likewise flunk the first part of the conventional mandamus test: they offer no satisfactory reason to believe that they will suffer irremediable harm if the writ does not issue. The order that petitioners challenge is merely preliminary. The only thing that it accomplishes is the appointment of a master to conduct certain studies, analyses, and investigations, compile a report, and thereafter make recommendations to the district judge. We decline petitioners' invitation to speculate, at this early date, about the purely hypothetical consequences that may or may not flow from these operose labors.10 Accord Chicago Housing Auth., 511 F.2d at 83 (rejecting similar challenge to similar order of reference).

Leaving rank speculation aside, we can detect no other harm of a kind sufficient to ground mandamus relief. Certainly, any increased workload that may result from the master's involvement cannot turn the trick. We have consistently rejected the general burdensomeness of litigation, standing alone, as comprising a showing of harm sufficient to animate the power of mandamus.11 See, e.g., Recticel, 859 F.2d at 1006 n. 5; In re Justices, 695 F.2d at 20.

We need go no further. Mandamus is an extraordinary remedy which "should be dispensed sparingly and only in pursuance of the most carefully written prescription, not made available over the counter, on casual demand. It is not a substitute for interlocutory appeal." Recticel, 859 F.2d at 1005. In its present posture, this case does not warrant a dose of such strong medicine. The record here is, for the most part, malady-free; and any symptoms of arguable error, if later shown to have blossomed into full blown diseases, are amenable to a traditional cure on direct appeal.

The petition for mandamus is denied and dismissed. Costs to respondents.

vs.

MAZZONE, District Judge.

The litigation spanning the twenty years since this case was filed is summarized adequately in my Opinion, August 28, 1989,1 and will not be repeated here except for brief references to explain the present order.

In Section V of my Opinion, entitled "Other Matters", beginning at page 167, I noted that the King consent decrees remained in full force and would be the vehicle in which to pursue a resolution of the conflicts and ambiguities attending the sequestration process at the Treatment Center. I also noted that all future orders would issue in the King case, re-opened by Judge Young in 1988, and that I expected to pursue a resolution of these matters in time.

That time has come, I believe. There are many cases filed by patients at the Treatment Center, all touching on the administration of the Center, the conditions of confinement and the availability of treatment.2

Also in the picture is existing and pending legislation. In 1990, the Legislature, adopting a recommendation of the Governor's Special Advisory Panel on Forensic Mental Health, passed legislation prohibiting new admissions to the Treatment Center under M.G.L. c. 123A.3 Now pending before the Legislature are further proposals for changes of the laws relating to sexually dangerous persons. What impact those proposals will have on the King consent decrees remains to be seen.

Finally, I have received a letter signed by 48 patient/inmates at the Treatment Center seeking the appointment of a board or master to investigate what they allege are continuing violations of their enumerated federal and state constitutional rights, as well as further violations due to pending legislative action.

I believe the questions already raised, and those which will be raised, are complex and interrelated. There are important legal and public policy issues to be defined and addressed. These matters will be more efficiently and effectively resolved by expert assistance to the Court.

Accordingly, I have appointed Herbert P. Gleason, Esquire, One State Street, Boston, MA 02109 as Special Master (Resume attached). It shall be the function of the Special Master to:

(1) Summarize all existing and pending legislation which affects the operation of the Treatment Center.

(2) Analyze and report on the impact of existing and pending legislation on the consent decrees.

(3) Review and report on all pending patient/inmate cases in which claims are made that the consent decrees are being violated.

(4) Report and make recommendations on the operation of the Treatment Center and its ability to render appropriate treatment consistent with its purpose and the consent decrees.

(5) Report and recommend revisions to the consent decrees to the extent advances in knowledge of sexual dangerousness make them appropriate.

(6) Such other matters as may be referred to the Special Master from time to time.

For the purposes of this Order, the Special Master shall have all of the powers available to him under Rule 53(c), Fed.R.Civ.P.

Compensation allowed the Special Master is fixed at $150 per hour, plus administrative expenses, payable monthly on itemized statements submitted by the Special Master. The Commonwealth has agreed to bear initially the compensation of the Special Master.