REVISED April 12, 2013

        IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                 FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
                                                         United States Court of Appeals
                                                                  Fifth Circuit

                                                              FILED
                               Nos. 11-41385 &            January 30, 2013
                                  11-41407
                                                            Lyle W. Cayce
                                                                 Clerk
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                    Plaintiff–Appellee
v.

CRISTOBAL CERVANTES; LUIS EDUARDO ALVAREZ;
and MARK ANTHONY MILAN,

                                    Defendants–Appellants



                Appeals from the United States District Court
                     for the Southern District of Texas


Before JOLLY, PRADO, and HIGGINSON, Circuit Judges.
PRADO, Circuit Judge:
      Appellants Mark Anthony Milan, Cristobal Cervantes, and Luis Eduardo
Alvarez were convicted on charges stemming from a sting operation conducted
by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives. Appellants, along
with a fourth defendant who did not appeal, worked with an undercover agent
to plan an armed home invasion with the aim of stealing a large quantity of
drugs. The home invasion was a sham. Appellants were arrested on the day the
invasion was set to happen and subsequently indicted on six counts. After a jury
                               Nos. 11-41385 & 11-41407

trial, Appellants were convicted on all six counts. They now appeal their
convictions and sentences on a number of grounds.1 As explained below, the
district court’s only error occurred when it applied a sentencing enhancement
that should not have been applied. Appellants’ other arguments lack merit.
Therefore, we AFFIRM the convictions of Cervantes, Alvarez, and Milan;
VACATE the sentences of Cervantes and Alvarez; and REMAND for
resentencing.
I.     Factual Background
       In January 2011, an agent with the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms,
and Explosives (“ATF”), received information that Mark Anthony Milan
(“Milan”) was interested in purchasing firearms. During recorded conversations,
Milan told the ATF agent that he was interested in getting as many weapons as
the agent could supply. In fact, Milan even attempted to negotiate a bulk
discount. The deal was eventually called off, however, when Milan was unable
to procure the purchase money quickly enough. Nevertheless, during the course
of this attempted sting operation, a second ATF agent saw a picture of Milan
and immediately recognized him from an earlier investigation involving an
attempted home invasion. Based on the second agent’s identification of Milan,
taken together with other information received from a confidential source, the
ATF elected to continue its investigation of Milan in hopes of eventually
arresting him.




       1
          In his brief, Milan briefly mentions a challenge to the evidentiary sufficiency of his
convictions in his summary of argument section. That specific contention does not appear
anywhere else in his brief, however. Having failed to present substantive argumentation on
point, it is deemed waived. Fed. R. App. P. 28(a)(9).

                                               2
                               Nos. 11-41385 & 11-41407

       After the firearm sale fell through, an undercover ATF agent arranged a
meeting with Milan through a confidential informant to discuss the armed
invasion     of   a   non-existent       stash    house.        Through       a   series    of
meetings—recordings of which were presented at trial—Milan and Cervantes2
were told about a drug stash house from which they could steal some twenty-five
kilograms of cocaine. Specifically, the undercover agent claimed to have been
cheated by his cartel employer, and he wanted Milan to steal cocaine from the
cartel’s stash house to settle the score. According to the ATF agent, the stash
house would have at least twenty-five kilograms of cocaine within, and Milan’s
team could keep all cocaine recovered beyond the first five kilograms, which the
ATF agent claimed he was owed.3 At the time, twenty-five kilograms of cocaine
in Laredo was worth over $400,000. The ATF agent also told Milan that the
house would be guarded by at least two people, one of whom would be armed and
intimidating. Milan and Cervantes agreed to rob the stash house, reassuring the
ATF agent that “they had cars, they had guns.” The ATF agent “was instructed
at that time just to get them to the house, and they would do the rest.” Milan
and Cervantes repeatedly reassured the ATF agent that their crew would consist
of professionals.
       As planned, on March 9, 2011, the ATF agent informed Milan that the
target shipment of drugs had arrived at the stash house. Milan and Cervantes


       2
        While it appears that the ATF only intended to arrange a meeting with Milan,
Cervantes and Milan arrived together at the first meeting on February 10, 2011.
       3
         Importantly, the undercover agent repeatedly emphasized that cocaine was the only
possible spoil of this particular invasion. That is, the agent made clear that the only item of
value in the stash house would be cocaine. As the agent said during trial, “I wanted to be very
clear that—I’m being very clear that there’s no money in the house. It’s not marijuana. It’s
not jewelry.”

                                              3
                          Nos. 11-41385 & 11-41407

met the agent at a pre-determined location, with two additional crew members
in the car with them, and traveled together to a second location where the arrest
was scheduled to happen. After discussing the plan with Cervantes, the agent
expressed a desire to review the plan with Milan and Cervantes’ two associates,
both of whom were still seated in Milan’s vehicle. The agent’s true desire was
to identify the associates and ensure that they knew the nature of the group’s
plan. As the agent put it, he wanted to make sure that they “knew exactly why
[they] were there.” When Cervantes rolled down the window, the ATF agent was
able to see Alvarez and Porras, both of whom he identified at trial.
      The undercover agent then reviewed parts of the plan with all four
individuals, but not before asking Alvarez and Porras if they understood
English; both nodded in response. The agent reminded the group that the house
would be guarded and that it contained at least twenty-five kilograms of cocaine.
Cervantes showed the agent a pistol that Cervantes then tucked into his
waistband and Porras held up a duffle bag containing two rifles. After he
expressed nervousness regarding the risk entailed by the operation, Alvarez
reassured the agent by telling him that the group did not consist of “rookies.”
Alvarez even went so far as to tell the undercover agent that he would go into
the house first. At no point did Milan, Cervantes, Alvarez, or Porras express any
doubt, uncertainty, or unwillingness to proceed.
      Satisfied that the four men understood the plan, the undercover agent
stepped away from the car and gave the arrest signal. The four men were then
arrested without incident. The defendants were dressed in all black, and within
the automobile the police recovered black hats bearing police labeling. Further,
Alvarez and Porras were wearing bulletproof vests. At trial, Appellants were



                                       4
                           Nos. 11-41385 & 11-41407

convicted on all six counts charged, whereas Porras, the fourth defendant, was
convicted of only a single count.




II.    Jurisdiction
       The district court had jurisdiction under 18 U.S.C. § 3231. After judgment
was entered, Appellants filed timely notices of appeal. As such, this Court has
jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291.
III.   Discussion
       Appellants present a number of issues on appeal, some that are Appellant-
specific and others that overlap.       Distinct legal issues are dealt with
individually, but where Appellants have raised identical challenges, those issues
are dealt with collectively under a single heading.
       A.    Whether the Magistrate Judge erred in limiting the number
             of Appellants’ relatives present for voir dire.

       Criminal defendants are guaranteed a public trial by the Sixth
Amendment. United States v. Osborne, 

, 98 (5th Cir. 1995). The right
to a public trial helps ensure, inter alia, the fairness of the proceedings. Id.
(citing Waller v. Georgia, 

, 46 (1984)). However, the right is not
absolute. Id. (citing Waller, 467 U.S. at 45). Whereas the Supreme Court has
enumerated a four-part test for determining whether closed proceedings are
warranted, the requisite analysis varies when, as here, the challenged closure
was partial rather than complete. Id. (citing Aaron v. Capps, 

, 688
(5th Cir. 1975)).




                                        5
                              Nos. 11-41385 & 11-41407

       When a criminal proceeding is only partially closed, the court must “look
to the particular circumstances of the case to see if the defendant will still
receive the safeguards of the public trial guarantee.” Osborne, 68 F.3d at 98.
This is because “the partial closing of court proceedings does not raise the same
constitutional concerns as a total closure because an audience remains to ensure
the fairness of the proceedings.” Id. Partial closure of a courtroom during a
criminal proceeding is a constitutional question reviewed de novo, and the Court
will affirm so long as the lower court had a “substantial reason” for partially
closing a proceeding. Id. at 98–99.
       Both Alvarez and Cervantes claim that the magistrate judge committed
reversible error when he partially closed voir dire.4 Before jury selection began,
the magistrate judge determined that each defendant could have only three
relatives present in the courtroom during voir dire. The magistrate judge so
decided in response to a request from Cervantes to allow six of his family
members to observe the proceeding. The decision was made in light of a number
of considerations, including the limited space available within the courtroom, the
nature of the proceedings, and the desire to minimize disruptions. The judge
was also concerned about Cervantes’s close proximity to panel members without
shackles given an earlier violent outburst at his detention facility. Alvarez and
Cervantes claim that the partial closure of voir dire violated their Sixth




       4
         Additionally, Cervantes cursorily claims his Sixth Amendment right to a public trial
was violated when two of his relatives were removed from the courtroom during trial after
their child fell asleep multiple times. This argument completely lacks merit, however, since
Cervantes offers no meaningful argumentation on point and only superficially cites Presley v.
Georgia, 

 (2010), an inapposite case concerning the complete closure of
proceedings from the public.

                                             6
                               Nos. 11-41385 & 11-41407

Amendment right to a public trial.5 As discussed below, the magistrate judge
gave multiple substantial reasons for partially closing voir dire, and we will
affirm.
       In Osborne, a case involving sexual assault against a minor, the district
court excluded an observer from the courtroom during the victim’s testimony
because the observer was both the sister of the defendant and the aunt of the
victim. 68 F.3d at 99. Partial closure during the victim’s testimony was
intended to facilitate her testimony by removing from the courtroom an
individual whose “presence may have traumatized the witness,” even though
other relatives of the defendant were allowed to stay. Id. This Court upheld the
district    court’s    partial     closure     because      substantial      reasons     were
present—protecting the victim and facilitating her testimony—and because the
balance of individuals remaining in the courtroom protected the defendant’s
interest in a fair trial subject to observation by the public. Id. The district court
was admonished, however, for failing to develop a detailed record of the issues
and findings on point. Id.
       Here, the magistrate judge presented multiple substantial reasons for
partially closing voir dire and detailed those reasons on the record. As explained
to the parties, the magistrate judge was concerned about available space within
the courtroom, even though the courtroom was technically capable of fitting
extra observers.       And while other larger courtrooms were available, the
proceedings had already encountered numerous delays, and the magistrate judge


       5
          Alvarez arguably waived his objection to the partial closure of voir dire for two
reasons. First, Alvarez did not request to have more than three family members present at
voir dire such that the magistrate judge’s determination completely satisfied Alvarez’s request.
Second, Alvarez did not object when voir dire was partially closed.

                                               7
                            Nos. 11-41385 & 11-41407

wished to avoid further delay. The court also had serious concerns about the
panel members’ comfort and safety given the nature of the case. Since this case
involved narcotics and firearms in a border town where violent, drug-related
disputes are common, the judge was concerned that the close proximity of the
defendants’ families might chill jurors’ responses during voir dire. Further, if
jurors did not feel comfortable enough to fully and honestly answer the court’s
questions, then the court would be unable to empanel an impartial jury. Cf.
United States v. Edwards, 

, 617 (5th Cir. 2002) (protecting the
defendants’ right to a fair trial constitutes a substantial interest for Sixth
Amendment purposes).
      In addition to stating multiple reasons for excluding some of Cervantes’s
family from voir dire, the magistrate judge allowed the defendants to each have
three family members present. This allowance, combined with the general
public’s access to voir dire, protected Appellants’ interest in a public trial,
thereby satisfying the Sixth Amendment. See Osborne, 68 F.3d at 98. Given the
circumstances of this case, the magistrate judge presented more than one
substantial reason justifying a partial closure of voir dire; and the partial closure
did not jeopardize the defendants’ right to a fair, public trial. Id. Therefore, we
affirm the magistrate judge’s decision to partially close voir dire.
      B.     Whether the Magistrate Judge abused his discretion when
             he declined to question potential jurors regarding
             entrapment.

      Refusal to ask a specific question during jury selection is reviewed for
abuse of discretion. United States v. Harper, 

, 409 (5th Cir. 2008).
“The trial court has broad discretion to determine who will question potential
jurors and what questions will be asked.” United States v. Rasco, 

,

                                         8
                            Nos. 11-41385 & 11-41407

231 (5th Cir. 1997). Accordingly, unless abuse of discretion and prejudice are
shown, this Court will not disturb “the scope and content of voir dire . . . on
appeal.” United States v. Okoronkwo, 

, 433 (5th Cir. 1995). In the
Fifth Circuit, “it is not an abuse of discretion to refuse to allow inquiries of jurors
as to whether they can accept certain propositions of law.” United States v.
Ledee, 

, 992 (5th Cir. 1977); accord United States v. Rodriguez, 

, 1176 (5th Cir. 1993). Rather, an abuse of discretion is present when
“there is insufficient questioning to produce some basis for defense counsel to
exercise a reasonably knowledgeable right of challenge.” Rodriguez, 993 F.2d at
1176. As explained below, the magistrate judge did not abuse his discretion.
      On appeal, Cervantes challenges the magistrate judge’s refusal to question
potential jurors about the law of entrapment, a defense which Cervantes
intended to rely on at trial. Cervantes requested that the magistrate judge read
a proposed entrapment instruction and ask jurors whether they could follow that
law, a request that the magistrate judge declined.           Denial of the request
notwithstanding, the magistrate judge told the potential jurors that they would
be obligated to evaluate the evidence impartially, follow the law, and obey the
trial judge’s instructions. The magistrate judge also inquired into other topics
that would indicate potential prejudice, including relationships with law
enforcement officers, prior jury service, experience with the criminal justice
system, and possible connections to any of the individuals involved in the
defendants’ case. Cervantes now claims that the failure to question potential
jurors regarding their knowledge of and willingness to apply the law of
entrapment prevented him from properly evaluating potential jurors. However,
Cervantes has failed to show an abuse of discretion.


                                          9
                           Nos. 11-41385 & 11-41407

      In his brief, Cervantes claims that the entrapment inquiry was reasonably
necessary for him to exercise his peremptory challenges. However, he fails to
demonstrate what a specific entrapment inquiry would have yielded beyond the
answers elicited when the magistrate judge asked the jury panel whether they
would be able and willing to follow the law as laid out by the trial judge. Such
an inquiry occurred at multiple points during voir dire and addressed
Cervantes’s concerns in general terms. Questioning jurors specifically about the
law of entrapment would not have significantly contributed to Cervantes’s
ability to exercise his peremptory challenges or the voir dire generally. Rather,
the magistrate judge meaningfully inquired into potential jurors’ ability and
willingness to follow the legal principles set forth at trial, and the decision to
exclude questions specifically pertaining to entrapment was well within the
discretion of the court. The magistrate judge was not required to inquire
regarding entrapment at counsel’s behest, and it was within the magistrate
judge’s discretion to refuse counsel’s request. The substantively similar, if more
general, questions asked by the magistrate judge covered much of what
Cervantes sought and enabled Cervantes “to exercise a reasonably
knowledgeable right of challenge.” Rodriguez, 993 F.2d at 1176. The magistrate
judge therefore did not abuse his discretion, and we affirm.
      C.    Whether Milan or Cervantes suffered prejudice when
            Alvarez’s attorney asked an improper question.

      It is a well established rule that a defendant’s decision not to testify at
trial may not be commented on during the course of the trial. Doyle v. Ohio, 

, 617–18 (1976); United States v. Davis, 

, 685 (5th Cir.
2010). However, not all comments touching on a defendant’s decision to remain


                                       10
                            Nos. 11-41385 & 11-41407

silent run afoul of the Fifth Amendment.          A comment violates the Fifth
Amendment if the language used “was manifestly intended or was of such
character that the jury would naturally and necessarily take it to be a comment
on the failure of the accused to testify.” United States v. Rocha, 

,
232 (5th Cir. 1990) (quoting Davis v. United States, 

, 441 (5th Cir.
1966)). The comment must have a clear effect on the jury to warrant reversal,
and the doctrine of harmless error applies: an otherwise impermissible comment
will not require reversal if it did not contribute to the jury’s verdict beyond a
reasonable doubt. United States v. Moreno, 

, 475 (5th Cir. 1999).
      Here, Milan and Cervantes object to a single question posed by Alvarez’s
attorney while cross-examining their co-defendant, Porras. At the outset of
questioning, counsel asked Porras whether he was the third of four defendants,
which Porras answered affirmatively. He then asked, “And the first two have
already been asked if they wanted to take the stand and they have declined?”
Counsel for Milan and Cervantes immediately objected, and the trial judge
moved quickly to admonish Alvarez’s attorney, going so far as to suggest that his
question “borders on sanctionable conduct.” After chiding counsel, the trial court
quickly mitigated the situation by reminding the jury to completely disregard
the question and to not allow it a role in deliberations. And, at the close of trial,
none of the defendants requested a jury instruction on the Fifth Amendment.
      The question posed by Alvarez’s attorney did not contribute to the jury’s
verdict. Before the trial even began, the magistrate judge spoke at length
regarding the defendants’ right to remain silent and the fact that jurors may not
hold the exercise of that right against the defendants during deliberations.
Moreover, as soon as Alvarez’s attorney made an indirect reference to Milan and


                                         11
                           Nos. 11-41385 & 11-41407

Cervantes’s decision not to testify, the trial court quickly admonished counsel
and instructed the jury to disregard the question entirely. These instructions
alone provided ample protection against any prejudicial impact counsel’s lone
question may have had on the jury’s deliberation. Furthermore, it is important
to note that none of the parties requested jury instructions on the right to
remain silent, either at the time of counsel’s question or at the end of the trial.
While it is not even clear that counsel’s question “was manifestly intended or
was of such character that the jury would naturally and necessarily take it to be
a comment on the failure of the accused to testify,” Rocha, 916 F.2d at 232, the
question posed did not influence the jury’s deliberations, Moreno, 185 F.3d at
475. The trial court repeatedly reminded the jury that defendants had the right
to remain silent and acted swiftly when counsel asked the question at issue.
Therefore, we affirm.
      D.    Whether the district court erred in admitting evidence of a
            prior attempted home invasion.

      Evidence of prior bad acts may not be used to prove a person’s character
or conduct in accordance with their character. Fed. R. Evid. 404(b)(1); United
States v. Beechum, 

, 910 (5th Cir. 1978) (en banc). However, under
Rule 404(b)(2), evidence of other acts is admissible to prove, inter alia, “motive,
opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, absence of mistake,
or lack of accident.” Fed. R. Evid. 404(b)(2). This Circuit has further held that
evidence of prior acts intended to rebut an entrapment defense falls within the
ambit of Rule 404(b). United States v. Hooker, 

, 76 (5th Cir. 1993).
But any such evidence must still pass muster under Rule 403: its probative
value may not be substantially outweighed by any unfair prejudice against the


                                        12
                           Nos. 11-41385 & 11-41407

defendant. See Beechum, 582 F.2d at 911 (“What the rule calls for is essentially
a two-step test. First, it must be determined that the extrinsic offense evidence
is relevant to an issue other than the defendant’s character. Second, the
evidence must possess probative value that is not substantially outweighed by
its undue prejudice and must meet the other requirements of [R]ule 403.”).
      At trial, the government introduced into evidence footage from a security
camera showing an attempted armed home invasion committed by Milan and
others in December 2007. Additionally, the government produced testimony
from two individuals who were in that home during the attempted invasion, as
well as the officer who arrested Milan at the scene of the crime. The government
sought to introduce this evidence in order to rebut Milan’s claim of entrapment
by showing his predisposition, and objections were raised. While the trial court
acknowledged that the evidence had the potential to produce some undue
prejudice against the co-defendants, the court nevertheless deemed it highly
relevant. Moreover, to mitigate possible prejudice against the defendants, the
court agreed to give a limiting instruction stating that the evidence was limited
to Milan’s predisposition. Indeed, the district court made both points clear
before allowing the government to proceed and again at the close of trial.
Appellants claim that the district court erred in admitting this evidence. They
argue that the evidence was unduly prejudicial and that it suggested guilt by
association to the jury since Appellants were members of the same gang as
Milan.
      If a defendant preserves his challenge to the introduction of Rule 404(b)
evidence, the district court’s decision is reviewed for abuse of discretion, subject
to harmless error analysis. United States v. Girod, 

, 318 (5th Cir.
2011). “If the defendant does not object, then plain error review applies.” United

                                        13
                           Nos. 11-41385 & 11-41407

States v. Morin, 

, 994 (5th Cir. 2010). Plain error is present if a
defendant can show that (1) there was error; (2) it was plain; (3) it affected his
substantial rights; and (4) it seriously affected the fairness, integrity, or public
reputation of the judicial proceedings. Puckett v. United States, 

,
135 (2009). An error generally only affects a defendant’s substantial rights if it
was prejudicial; that is, if there is a reasonable probability that the proceedings
would have produced a different result but for the error. Morin, 627 F.3d at 994.
Having reviewed the record and Appellants’ briefs, only Milan and Cervantes
objected to this evidence at trial. Indeed, Alvarez concedes that he did not
object. As such, Alvarez’s objection will be reviewed for plain error, id.; the
objections of Milan and Cervantes will be reviewed for abuse of discretion, Girod,
646 F.3d at 318.
      The arguments put forth by Milan and Cervantes are unpersuasive and
do not show an abuse of discretion. First, contrary to their claims, the prior act
evidence admitted here certainly had probative value as to Milan’s
predisposition. Milan was charged with involvement in a conspiracy to commit
an armed home invasion. Based on the evidence adduced at trial, the four
defendants were prepared to attack a house using firearms and black clothing
bearing police insignia.     The prior home invasion attempt showed many
similarities to the charged act: a group of well-armed men attempted to launch
a swift, organized assault on a residential property. Since Milan claimed
entrapment, it became the government’s burden to show predisposition; and
“demonstrated experience in the criminal endeavor” qualifies as evidence of
predisposition. United States v. Theagene, 

, 919 (5th Cir. 2009).




                                        14
                           Nos. 11-41385 & 11-41407

This evidence showed experience in armed home invasions and was thus highly
relevant to Milan’s predisposition.
      Second, the probative value of this evidence was not substantially
outweighed by undue prejudice. The evidence presented was not inflammatory
or heinous; the government did not seek to admit graphic, explicit, or otherwise
evocative evidence. Cf. Beechum, 582 F.2d at 917 (affirming predisposition
evidence that was not “of a heinous nature” or likely to “incite the jury to
irrational decision by its force on human emotion”). The government presented
a surveillance video showing an armed individual trying to gain access through
the front door of a house and testimony from people within the house at the time
of the incident, as well as from the arresting officer. Nothing presented was of
a sort that would incite the jury to an irrational decision. Furthermore, the
district court gave specific limiting instructions both when the evidence was
admitted and at the close of trial. Accordingly, it was not an abuse of discretion
to admit evidence of Milan’s prior attempted home invasion.
      Alvarez’s argument also fails because the district court committed no
error. Under Rule 404(b), the evidence of Milan’s prior attempted home invasion
was clearly relevant to his predisposition since it demonstrated Milan’s
experience with this sort of criminal endeavor. Moreover, the evidence itself was
not heinous, provocative, or otherwise prejudicial. The evidence did not pertain
to Alvarez’s predisposition, and the district court was mindful to give specific,
detailed limiting instructions to the jury to that effect. The court instructed the
jury that the evidence bore on the predisposition of a single defendant when the
evidence was introduced and again at the close of trial. The trial court’s
instructions mitigated the possibility that the evidence would produce guilt by
association, as Alvarez fears. Therefore, we affirm.

                                        15
                          Nos. 11-41385 & 11-41407

      E.    Whether there was sufficient evidence to support two of
            Alvarez’s convictions.

      This Court reviews motions for acquittal de novo.       United States v.
Clayton, 

, 412 (5th Cir. 2007) (per curiam). “In reviewing the
sufficiency of the evidence, we view the evidence and the inferences drawn
therefrom in the light most favorable to the verdict, and we determine whether
a rational jury could have found the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable
doubt.” Id. The evidence itself need not refute every defense hypothesis; “the
jury is free to choose among reasonable constructions of the evidence.” Id.
(quoting United States v. Anderson, 

, 522 (5th Cir. 1999)).
      Alvarez contends here that there was insufficient evidence to convict him
of conspiracy to possess a controlled substance with intent to distribute and
aiding and abetting the possession of a firearm in furtherance of a drug
trafficking crime. He argues that there was no evidence that he knew about the
drugs involved in the armed home invasion, and he claims that the government
did not prove that he shared his co-conspirators’ criminal intent for the aiding
and abetting charge since the undercover agent initially only met with Milan
and Cervantes to plan the home invasion. As explained below, these arguments
are unpersuasive. The government presented sufficient evidence, viewed in the
light most favorable to the verdict, showing that Alvarez conspired to possess a
controlled substance with intent to distribute and that he aided and abetted the
possession of a firearm in furtherance of a drug trafficking crime.
      The elements of Alvarez’s drug conspiracy charge are (1) an agreement
with another person; (2) knowledge of the agreement; and (3) voluntary
participation in the conspiracy. United States v. Percel, 

, 910 (5th


                                      16
                           Nos. 11-41385 & 11-41407

Cir. 2008). “Absent direct evidence of an agreement, the jury can infer the
existence of an agreement from circumstantial evidence.” Id. Viewed in the
light most favorable to the verdict, the government presented sufficient evidence
to justify Alvarez’s conspiracy conviction.          The government presented
uncontradicted testimony identifying Alvarez at the site of the arrest and as the
individual, prior to arrest, who stated that he was “going in first” and that the
armed men were “not rookies.” These statements were recorded and presented
at trial. Further, after verifying that Alvarez spoke English, the agent explained
the nature of the invasion in detail to the four defendants. Specifically, the
agent reiterated that the house would be guarded by at least two individuals,
one of whom had a firearm, and that there would be at least twenty-five
kilograms of cocaine for the men to steal. The circumstances surrounding the
arrest show that the four defendants were clearly engaged in a joint criminal
enterprise, and the jury was entitled to credit the evidence and testimony
presented. The jury thus had more than sufficient evidence to conclude that the
elements of a drug conspiracy were met.
      To be convicted of aiding and abetting possession of a firearm in
furtherance of a drug trafficking crime, the government must show (1) that the
offense occurred and (2) that Alvarez associated with the venture, participated
in it as something he wished to bring about, and sought to make it succeed.
Percel, 553 F.3d at 911. Alvarez must also have shared the group’s criminal
intent. Id. In his brief, Alvarez contends that there was insufficient proof that
he shared his partners’ criminal intent or that he knew the crime involved drugs.
Here again, the government presented sufficient evidence, viewed in the light
most favorable to the verdict, to convict Alvarez.


                                       17
                              Nos. 11-41385 & 11-41407

      As explained above, Alvarez clearly knew that the group’s plan involved
drugs. The undercover agent asked Alvarez if he spoke English and then
reiterated that they were to rob a drug stash house containing at least twenty-
five kilograms of cocaine.        Alvarez contends that he was present for an
insufficient amount of time for a proper criminal scheme to form, but the test
does not include a temporal element.              At no time did Alvarez express
disagreement with the plan or attempt to disassociate himself.                 Likewise,
Alvarez shared his partners’ criminal intent. Alvarez told the undercover agent
that he would go in first and specifically reiterated that the group did not consist
of rookies. He knew that the group was armed, he was prepared to participate,
and he wanted the invasion to succeed. Given this evidence, a rational jury
could certainly have found Alvarez guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. Therefore,
we affirm.
      F.     Whether there was sufficient evidence of predisposition.
      “When a jury, which was fully charged on entrapment, rejects the
defendant’s entrapment defense, the applicable standard of review is the same
as that which applies to sufficiency of the evidence.” United States v. Rodriguez,

, 126 (5th Cir. 1995). As with the arguments discussed immediately
above, this Court reviews the sufficiency of the evidence regarding predisposition
de novo. United States v. Clayton, 

, 412 (5th Cir. 2007).
      The entrapment defense operates using a burden-shifting regime. United
States v. Theagene, 

, 918 (5th Cir. 2009). If a defendant makes a
prima facie showing of entrapment,6 then the government must prove beyond a

      6
        “This requires the defendant to make a prima facie showing of (1) his lack of
predisposition to commit the offense and (2) some governmental involvement and inducement
more substantial than simply providing an opportunity or facilities to commit the offense.”

                                            18
                             Nos. 11-41385 & 11-41407

reasonable doubt that the defendant was already predisposed to commit the
alleged offense when the government approached him. Id. There is no formulaic
way to prove predisposition. See United States v. Chavez, 

, 346 (5th
Cir. 1997) (per curiam) (“Many factors may indicate a defendant’s
predisposition . . . .”). In fact, “a defendant’s ready and willing participation in
government-solicited criminal activity, standing alone, is sufficient to prove
predisposition.” United States v. Reyes, 

, 739 (5th Cir. 2001). Other
possible factors include “desire for profit; demonstrated knowledge or experience
with the criminal activity under investigation; the character of the defendant,
including past criminal history; whether the government first suggested criminal
activity; and the nature of the inducement offered by the government.” Id.
      Here, the government presented sufficient evidence, viewed in a light most
favorable to the verdict, to support the jury’s rejection of Appellants’ entrapment
defenses.7 Cervantes demonstrated his eagerness to participate in the ATF’s
proposed home invasion on a number of occasions. He met with the undercover
agent three separate times and, on the day of his arrest, showed the agent the
pistol he intended to use as he tucked it in his waistband. Likewise, Alvarez
volunteered to the agent that he would “go in first,” a clear indication of
eagerness. The two men also clearly had a profit motive since the cocaine they
were going to steal was worth nearly half a million dollars. On no occasion did
either Cervantes or Alvarez express hesitation or doubt concerning the group’s




Theagene, 565 F.3d at 918.
      7
       Milan does not present any entrapment issues on appeal. Only Cervantes and Alvarez
have challenged the sufficiency of the government’s predisposition evidence.

                                           19
                            Nos. 11-41385 & 11-41407

plan. There was thus sufficient evidence to demonstrate that Cervantes and
Alvarez were predisposed to commit this crime. Therefore, we affirm.
      G.     Whether cumulative error occurred.
      The cumulative error doctrine provides for reversal when an aggregation
of non-reversible errors, i.e., plain and harmless errors that do not individually
warrant reversal, cumulatively deny a defendant’s constitutional right to a fair
trial. United States v. Delgado, 

, 343–44 (5th Cir. 2012) (en banc).
However, the cumulative error doctrine is only to be used in “rare instances.”
Id. at 344. Reversal is justified “only when errors ‘so fatally infect the trial that
they violated the trial’s fundamental fairness.’” Id. at 344 (quoting United States
v. Fields, 

, 362 (5th Cir. 2007)). As an illustration of how high the
cumulative error standard is, this Circuit reversed a conviction on cumulative
error grounds in United States v. Riddle, 

 (5th Cir. 1997), when the
trial court “improperly admitted two and a half days of expert prosecution
testimony, erroneously prevented the defense expert from testifying, admitted
six documents containing hearsay, and allowed testimony about other crimes for
which the defendant was not on trial.”          Delgado, 672 F.3d at 344 n.31.
Allegations of non-errors do not play a role in cumulative error analysis since
there is nothing to accumulate. Id. at 344.
      In support of his cumulative error claim, Cervantes cites the admission of
prior act evidence in violation of Rules 403 and 404(b), the failure to question
potential jurors on the law of entrapment, the exclusion of some family members
from voir dire, and a comment made by Alvarez’s attorney regarding the co-
defendants’ exercise of their Fifth Amendment rights. Of the errors cited, only
the last allegation potentially constitutes an error.        As this opinion has


                                         20
                            Nos. 11-41385 & 11-41407

discussed, Cervantes’s other claims did not amount to error and thus have no
impact on cumulative error analysis. Even assuming the single question posed
by Alvarez’s attorney was improper, it is clearly insufficient to justify reversal
for cumulative error as it did not deny Cervantes a fair trial. Therefore, we
affirm.
      Alvarez also argues that a cumulation of errors prevented him from
receiving a fair trial. However, his cumulative error argument is identical to his
ineffective assistance of counsel claim. That is, Alvarez’s cumulative error
argument is based exclusively on the same considerations used to claim
ineffective assistance of counsel. As explained below, Alvarez’s ineffective
assistance of counsel claim is not yet ripe for review because the issue was not
raised in the district court. See Part III.J, infra. Since Alvarez’s ineffective
assistance of counsel claim is not ripe for review, the Court cannot determine
whether there are in fact errors to accumulate for purposes of cumulative error
review.
      H.     Whether applying a sentencing enhancement for firearm
             possession was erroneous.

             If an objection is not preserved below, this Court applies plain error
review. Morin, 627 F.3d at 994. Plain error is present if a defendant can show
that (1) there was error; (2) it was plain; (3) it affected his substantial rights; and
(4) it seriously affected the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of the judicial
proceedings. Puckett v. United States, 

, 135 (2009). An error
generally only affects a defendant’s substantial rights if it was prejudicial; that
is, if there is a reasonable probability that the proceedings would have produced




                                          21
                              Nos. 11-41385 & 11-41407

a different result but for the error. Morin, 627 F.3d at 994. Neither Cervantes
nor Alvarez objected to the application of a firearm enhancement at sentencing.8
       Cervantes and Alvarez were convicted of, among other charges, conspiracy
to possess a controlled substance with intent to distribute under 21 U.S.C. § 846
and possessing a firearm in furtherance of a drug trafficking crime under 18
U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A)(I). Because the drug conspiracy charge involved firearms,
the Pre-Sentencing Reports for both defendants recommended a two-level
enhancement pursuant to § 2D1.1(b)(1) of the Sentencing Guidelines. U.S.
Sentencing Guidelines Manual § 2D1.1(b)(1) (2011) (“If a dangerous weapon
(including a firearm) was possessed, increase by 2 levels.”). However, Appellants
contend—and the government concedes—that this enhancement constitutes
inappropriate double punishment since Alvarez and Cervantes were also
separately sentenced for possession of a firearm in furtherance of a drug
trafficking crime. This Court has held that the enhancement contained in
§ 2D1.1(b)(1) impermissibly punishes a defendant twice for the same conduct if
it is levied in conjunction with a sentence for violating 18 U.S.C. § 924(c). United
States v. Benbrook, 

, 339 (5th Cir. 1997). This comports with the
approach advocated by the Sentencing Guidelines:
       Do not apply any weapon enhancement in the guideline for the
       underlying offense, for example, if (A) a co-defendant, as part of the
       jointly undertaken criminal activity, possessed a firearm different
       from the one for which the defendant was convicted under 18 U.S.C.
       § 924(c); or (B) in an ongoing drug trafficking offense, the defendant



       8
         Milan has not challenged his sentence, likely because the firearm enhancement error
discussed here would have been harmless as to him. In Milan’s case, removing the two-level
enhancement would not affect the applicable mandatory minimum because his prior drug
conviction raised the applicable mandatory minimum sentence anyway.

                                            22
                            Nos. 11-41385 & 11-41407

      possessed a firearm other than the one for which the defendant was
      convicted under 18 U.S.C. § 924(c).

U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual § 2K2.4 cmt. n.4. Therefore, the district
court clearly erred in applying a two-level enhancement to the drug conspiracy
charge. We therefore vacate Cervantes and Alvarez’s sentences and remand for
re-sentencing.
      I.     Whether applying a sentencing enhancement for body armor
             possession was erroneous.

      If an objection is not preserved below, this Court applies plain error
review. Morin, 627 F.3d at 994. Plain error is present if a defendant can show
that (1) there was error; (2) it was plain; (3) it affected his substantial rights; and
(4) it seriously affected the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of the judicial
proceedings. Puckett v. United States, 

, 135 (2009). An error
generally only affects a defendant’s substantial rights if it was prejudicial; that
is, if there is a reasonable probability that the proceedings would have produced
a different result but for the error. Morin, 627 F.3d at 994. At sentencing, the
government need only prove by a preponderance of the evidence those facts
necessary to calculate a sentence. United States v. Ollison, 

, 164
(5th Cir. 2009). “[T]he district court is entitled to rely upon the information in
the [Presentence Report (“PSR”)] as long as the information bears some indicia
of reliability. The defendant bears the burden of presenting rebuttal evidence
to demonstrate that the information in the PSR is inaccurate or materially
untrue.” United States v. Scher, 

, 413 (5th Cir. 2010) (citations
omitted); see also United States v. Sampson, No. 02-20195, 

,
at *1 (5th Cir. Oct. 30, 2002) (unpublished) (“In the absence of any evidence that


                                          23
                           Nos. 11-41385 & 11-41407

the information in the PSR was materially untrue, the district court did not err
in finding the PSR reliable and adopting the factual findings therein for
sentencing purposes.”).
      Alvarez received a four-level enhancement at sentencing for the use of a
bulletproof vest in preparation for the armed home invasion the defendants had
planned.   See U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual § 3B1.5.            At trial, the
government presented testimony concerning the body armor some of the
defendants were wearing, and introduced pictures of Alvarez wearing a
bulletproof vest upon arrest and pictures of the vest itself. At no point during
trial or sentencing did Alvarez contest that he was in fact wearing body armor
as defined in § 3B1.5.     Only now, on appeal, does Alvarez challenge the
government’s failure to prove that his bulletproof vest qualified as such.
      Despite his protestation, Alvarez has given no reason to suggest that the
PSR, which stated that Alvarez was wearing bulletproof body armor, was
inaccurate or materially untrue. The PSR comports with the evidence presented
at trial, which suggested Alvarez was wearing a commercially-available vest
stolen from a police vehicle; and there appears to be no error. Accordingly,
Alvarez’s PSR bears the requisite indicia of reliability and the district court was
entitled to rely on it. Because Alvarez failed to identify evidence or present
argument suggesting that the PSR was materially untrue, we affirm.
      J.    Whether Alvarez received ineffective assistance of counsel.
      The general rule in the Fifth Circuit is that Sixth Amendment ineffective
assistance of counsel claims are not reviewed on direct appeal unless they were
“adequately raised in the trial court.” United States v. Stevens, 

,
245 (5th Cir. 2007). In order to provide competent review of such claims, the


                                        24
                            Nos. 11-41385 & 11-41407

appellant must develop the record at the trial court. Id.; United States v. Pierce,

, 1301 (5th Cir. 1992). Only in those “rare cases” where the record
is sufficiently developed will this Court review Sixth Amendment ineffective
assistance of counsel claims on direct appeal. United States v. Palmer, 

, 221 (5th Cir. 1997).
      Here, Alvarez claims a litany of shortcomings that allegedly amount to
ineffective assistance of counsel. However, this direct appeal is the first time
that Alvarez has claimed ineffective assistance of counsel. Having not raised
this issue below, the record is insufficiently developed to enable review of
Alvarez’s claim. Stevens, 487 F.3d at 245. Accordingly, we deny Alvarez’s
ineffective assistance of counsel claim without prejudice to his right to pursue
the claim in collateral review.
IV.   Conclusion
      For the foregoing reasons, the sentences of Alvarez and Cervantes are
VACATED and REMANDED for resentencing.                 We AFFIRM Appellants’
convictions and sentences on all other grounds, and DENY WITHOUT
PREJUDICE Alvarez’s ineffective assistance of counsel claim.




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