NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                                  File Name: 11a0789n.06

                                             No. 10-5591

                             UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                  FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                                                                         FILED
                                                                                    Nov 22, 2011
JOHN PARTEE and FANNIE PARTEE,                             )
husband and wife,                                          )                   LEONARD GREEN, Clerk
                                                           )
       Plaintiffs-Appellants,                              )   ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
                                                           )   STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR
v.                                                         )   THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF
                                                           )   TENNESSEE
CITY OF MEMPHIS, TENNESSEE,                                )
                                                           )   OPINION
      Defendant-Appellee.                                  )
______________________________________                     )
                                                           )
                                                           )
                                                           )

Before: GILMAN and KETHLEDGE, Circuit Judges; and LUDINGTON, District Judge.*

       RONALD LEE GILMAN, Circuit Judge. John Partee was arrested by Tommy L. Callahan,

an off-duty City of Memphis police officer, after the vehicle that Partee was driving allegedly came

into contact with a trailer that Callahan was towing. Partee and his wife Fannie sued Callahan and

the City of Memphis for violating 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and for committing several state-law torts during

the arrest that allegedly caused injury to Partee.

       The district court granted the City’s pretrial motion to dismiss all of the Partees’ state-law tort

claims against the municipality, holding that the City retained immunity from such claims under

Tennessee’s Governmental Tort Liability Act (GTLA). But the district court allowed the Partees’



        *
         The Honorable Thomas L. Ludington, United States District Judge for the Eastern District
 of Michigan, sitting by designation.
§ 1983 claims against both defendants and their state-law tort claims against Callahan to proceed to

trial before a jury. A verdict was rendered by the jury in favor of Callahan and the City after the court

directed a verdict in favor of Callahan on the nonintentional tort claims.

        The Partees have limited their appeal to the issue of whether the district court erred in

dismissing the Partees’ GTLA claims against the City under Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of

Civil Procedure. For the reasons set forth below, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.

                                         I. BACKGROUND

        On April 5, 2007, Partee and Callahan were both traveling southbound on Plough Road in

Memphis, Tennessee when Partee’s vehicle allegedly came into contact with the trailer that Callahan

was towing. Partee continued driving. Callahan believed that Partee had committed a misdemeanor

offense by failing to stop. As part of his training with the City of Memphis Police Department,

Callahan began following Partee’s vehicle with his own and contacted the police department’s

dispatcher to report the alleged crime. Callahan identified himself to the dispatcher as an off-duty

officer and provided his badge number.

        In addition to recounting the details of the misdemeanor, Callahan informed the dispatcher

that Partee appeared to be driving under the influence of alcohol. Callahan said that he would

continue to follow Partee. The dispatcher broadcast this information to local law-enforcement

officers. Callahan followed Partee for several miles, providing periodic updates on Partee’s location

and driving behavior.

        Partee ultimately arrived at his home on Aquarius Avenue in southeast Memphis. When

Partee pulled into the driveway, Callahan stopped his own vehicle in front of the residence and exited.

Callahan’s Memphis Police Department badge was clipped conspicuously onto his belt. The Partees’


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complaint alleges that Callahan drew his official service weapon as he approached Partee’s car,

identified himself as an officer with the Memphis Police Department, and ordered Partee to step out

of the car. Without waiting for Partee to comply, Callahan allegedly opened the driver’s side door,

unbuckled Partee’s seatbelt, struck Partee in the face with the handgun, and threw Partee to the

ground. Callahan, according to the complaint, then lifted Partee’s head and slammed his face onto

the driveway. He allegedly held Partee there until two on-duty Memphis police officers arrived with

a patrol car to transport Partee to the police station. Partee was issued a misdemeanor citation—under

Callahan’s badge number—for leaving the scene of an accident, driving under the influence, reckless

driving, and public intoxication.

        Some time thereafter, the Memphis Police Department’s Inspectional Services Bureau

commenced an investigation into the events surrounding Partee’s arrest. It determined that Callahan

had violated departmental disciplinary policies concerning compliance with regulations, truthfulness,

and excessive force/abuse. The City of Memphis later held a disciplinary hearing on the same topic,

finding that Callahan violated only the excessive force/abuse regulation. According to the Partees,

the City failed to consider Callahan’s full disciplinary record when it imposed a punishment limited

to three months of suspended insurance benefits and three extra service days per month for three

months.

        The Partees’ complaint was originally filed in state court, but it was removed to federal court

by the City. As amended, it sets forth claims against Callahan and the City under 42 U.S.C. § 1983

and alleges that the City’s immunity is waived by the GTLA. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 29-20-205. It

asserts violations of Partee’s Fourth and Fourteenth Amendment rights, as well as the state-law torts

of assault and battery, negligence, negligent infliction of emotional distress, and intentional infliction


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of emotional distress/outrageous conduct. The complaint specifically alleges that the City is liable

both for Callahan’s tortious conduct and for the City’s own acts in “negligently screen[ing], hir[ing],

train[ing], monitor[ing], supervis[ing], controll[ing], assign[ing], investigat[ing] and disciplin[ing]

Defendant Callahan and other officers of the MPD which made the misconduct . . . a foreseeable

result of the MPD’s widespread and systemic deficiencies.”

       The City filed a motion to dismiss the Partees’ complaint. In partially granting the motion,

the district court concluded that the state-law tort claims did not fall within the City’s waiver of

immunity as set forth in the GTLA. The GTLA, the court noted, explicitly excludes civil rights

violations from the statute’s otherwise blanket waiver of immunity for suits arising out of negligent

conduct by government employees. Describing the Partees’ suit as “fundamentally a civil rights suit”

that fell within the GTLA’s express reservation of immunity, the court dismissed all of the state-law

claims against the City.

       Trial commenced in November 2009 on the Partees’ § 1983 claims against both Callahan and

the City, and on the state-law tort claims against Callahan only. During the trial, the court granted

a directed verdict for Callahan on the state-law negligence claims, determining that the Partees had

presented insufficient evidence to support a jury verdict in their favor on these counts. But the court

allowed the intentional tort claims to proceed. The jury subsequently returned a verdict finding that

Callahan had not used excessive force or committed any of the alleged intentional torts. After

denying the Partees’ motion for a new trial, the district court entered judgment for both defendants.

       The Partees now appeal from the district court’s pretrial order dismissing their state-law tort

claims against the City. They do not appeal from the jury’s verdict in favor of both defendants on the




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§ 1983 claims and in favor of Callahan on the state-law intentional tort claims, or from the directed

verdict in favor of Callahan on the state-law negligence claims.

                                            II. ANALYSIS

A.      Standard of review

        We review de novo the district court’s decision to grant a motion to dismiss for failure to state

a claim under Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Lambert v. Hartman, 

, 438-39 (6th Cir. 2008). When deciding such a motion, a court must construe the complaint in

the light most favorable to the plaintiff and accept all factual allegations as true. 

survive

a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, ‘to state a

claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 

, 1949 (2009) (quoting

Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 

, 570 (2007)).

B.      Governmental Tort Liability Act

        The GTLA waives the immunity of state entities from suit and permits litigants to sue “for

injury proximately caused by a negligent act or omission of any employee within the scope of his

employment.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 29-20-205. “When immunity is removed by this chapter[,] any

claim for damages must be brought in strict compliance with the terms of this chapter.” Tenn. Code

Ann. § 29-20-201(c); see also Ezell v. Cockrell, 

, 399 (Tenn. 1995) (“[S]tatutes in

derogation of the common law are to be strictly construed and confined to their express terms, and

that rule of construction has been expressly incorporated into the [GTLA] . . . .” (internal citation

omitted)).

        The GTLA permits the Partees to bring suit directly against the City “for injury proximately

caused by . . . negligent act[s] or omission[s]” that might have been committed by Officer Callahan


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while arresting Partee, provided that the Partees’ claim avoids any of the statutory exceptions under

which the City retains immunity. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 29-20-205; McKenna v. City of Memphis,

, 419 (W.D. Tenn. 1982) (concluding that the GTLA “only restores municipal

immunity for civil rights claims as such, not those for negligence as a matter of common law”), aff’d,

(6th Cir. 1986).

        There is no cause of action set forth in the GTLA to hold the City directly liable for Callahan’s

alleged intentional conduct during Partee’s arrest. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 29-20-205 (removing

immunity only for negligently caused injuries). On the other hand, the negligent act of any city

employee who hired, supervised, or disciplined Callahan can be attributed to the City and serve as

a permissible basis under the GTLA for liability against the City. See Limbaugh v. Coffee Med. Ctr.,

, 76 (Tenn. 2001) (holding that an employer was not entitled to immunity under the

GTLA “where the injuries at issue were proximately caused by its negligence in failing to exercise

reasonable care to protect [the plaintiff] from the foreseeable risk of an employee’s intentional assault

and battery”); see also Baines v. Wilson Cnty., 

, 580-81 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2002)

(declining to grant immunity for the County’s acts of “negligently allowing an employee . . . to

intentionally cause [the plaintiff’s] injury,” but noting that the claim failed in any event because the

plaintiff had “made no claim that Wilson County was negligent in hiring, training, supervising, or

retaining [its employee]”). This would allow recovery from the City even though the immediate

source of Partee’s alleged injuries was the purported intentional conduct by Callahan. See Nolan v.

Memphis City Schs., 

, 271 (6th Cir. 2009) (acknowledging the GTLA-based cause of

action that could hold a city liable for an employee’s intentional conduct).




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        In order to withstand the City’s motion to dismiss, the Partees’ complaint must plead each

element of a negligence claim: duty, breach, causation in fact, proximate causation, and harm. See

Morrison v. Allen, 

, 437 (Tenn. 2011) (setting out the elements of a negligence

claim). The Partees must also allege that the City was on notice of the foreseeable risk of harm that

Callahan presented to the public. See 

(noting that the assault was a

foreseeable consequence of the employer’s failure to take reasonable precautions to protect residents

in its nursing home); Moore v. Houston Cnty. Bd. of Educ., No. M2010-02166-COA-R3-CV, 

, at *5-6 (Tenn. Ct. App. Aug. 23, 2011) (discussing the foreseeability requirement).

But any independent negligent act by the City will not be a source of liability if it falls within the

exceptions to suit listed in Section 29-20-205 of the Tennessee Code.

        The exception relevant to the present case—colloquially referred to as the “intentional tort

exception,” see 

—functions to preserve governmental immunity “if the

injury arises out of . . . civil rights.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 29-20-205(2). This reference to “civil rights”

has been interpreted to include claims arising under the U.S. Constitution and 42 U.S.C. § 1983.

Johnson v. City of Memphis, 

, 872 (6th Cir. 2010). A negligence claim falls within this

exception where “the same circumstances giv[e] rise” to both the negligence and civil rights claims.

way, the GTLA “preserves immunity for suits claiming negligent injuries arising

from civil rights violations.” 

court’s disposition of the GTLA claims against the City

        As an initial matter, the Partees argue that the City waived its immunity from suit when it

removed this matter to federal court. They support their argument with an analogy to a state’s waiver

of Eleventh Amendment immunity when it voluntarily removes a state-court case to a federal forum.


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See Lapides v. Bd. of Regents of Univ. Sys. of Ga., 

, 623 (2002) (holding that a state’s

removal of a state-court lawsuit to federal court constitutes a waiver of the state’s Eleventh

Amendment immunity). But cities do not receive protection under the Eleventh Amendment as do

states, and the Partees have failed to explain how the constitutional principles animating sovereign

immunity might apply to a city’s assertion of state-law statutory immunity. We therefore reject the

Partees’ waiver-by-removal argument.

       With respect to the merits of the appeal, we affirm the district court’s decision to dismiss the

negligence claims against the City that were based directly on Callahan’s conduct while arresting

Partee. The district court correctly concluded that these claims arise out of exactly the same

circumstances as the Partees’ civil rights claims, thus falling within the exception to the waiver of

immunity set forth in the GTLA. See 

; Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 29-20-205(2),

29-20-310(a).

       We also affirm the district court’s dismissal of the Partees’ claim against the City for negligent

hiring, supervision, and discipline (the negligent-hiring claim), albeit on a different ground than that

articulated by the court below. The basis for the district court’s decision on this issue was that the

Partees’ action was “fundamentally a civil rights suit” that fell within the GTLA’s express reservation

of immunity for the City. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 29-20-205. As support for its decision, the court

relied on three unreported district court opinions, none of which cite a Tennessee state-court opinion

so interpreting the GTLA. See Uhuru v. City of Memphis, No. 08-2150-V, 

(W.D.

Tenn. Oct. 17, 2008) (unpublished opinion); Rhodes v. City of Chattanooga, Tenn., No. 1:04-CV-045,

(E.D. Tenn. Oct. 14, 2005) (unpublished opinion); Hale v. Randolph, No. 1:02-

CV-334, 

(E.D. Tenn. Jan. 30, 2004) (unpublished opinion).


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        The district court, however, did not parse the GTLA issue on a claim-by-claim basis, and

therefore did not consider the distinction between a cause of action based on Callahan’s conduct in

arresting Partee and one based on allegations of the City’s independently negligent acts in hiring,

supervising, or disciplining the officer. A claim of the former type is analytically different from a

claim that the City’s own negligence proximately caused the Partees’ harm, which ultimately occurred

through Callahan’s allegedly foreseeable acts. Some of the circumstances precipitating the negligent-

hiring and civil rights claims—specifically Partee’s arrest by Callahan—are clearly identical. But the

Partees’ negligent-hiring claim necessarily includes other circumstances that preceded the arrest and

are temporally and factually distinct, including Callahan’s hiring, the training he received, and any

previous disciplinary problems he presented.

        The Tennessee state courts have not explicitly determined whether the limited factual overlap

between these claims would be sufficient to render the City immune from the negligent-hiring claim

under the GTLA. Generally, in such a situation, the court should “predict how the state’s highest

court would interpret the statute.” Fed. Deposit Ins. Co. v. Stables, 

, 298 (6th Cir. 2009).

But where interpretation of the state-law issue is not necessary in order to properly resolve the appeal,

we find it advisable not to do so. See Brown v. The Raymond Corp., 

, 650 (6th Cir.

2005) (Ryan, J., concurring) (“[I]f a federal court exercising its diversity jurisdiction can properly

decide the case before it without declaring a new rule of state law—for example, interpreting a

provision of a state statute not previously interpreted by the state’s highest court—it should do so”

in order to abide by “settled and familiar principles of state/federal judicial deference” and avoid

issuing an “opinion that is entirely dicta.”); see also White v. Olig, 

, 821 (7th Cir. 1995)




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(declining to reach the state-law issue because it was “superfluous,” given the court’s dismissal of

other predicate issues).

       Here, we have no need to decide the reach of the GTLA’s “intentional tort exception” to the

facts of this case because the Partees have not disputed on appeal the directed verdict in favor of

Callahan on the negligence claims or the jury’s verdict in favor of him on the intentional claims. The

Partees’ inability to prove that Callahan’s conduct, whether negligent or intentional, was actionable

is thus the law of the case. See Moses v. Bus. Card Exp., Inc., 

, 1137 (6th Cir. 1991)

(explaining that, under the law-of-the-case doctrine, “when a court decides upon a rule of law, that

decision should continue to govern the same issues in subsequent stages in the same case.” (internal

quotation marks omitted)). Without actionable harm committed by Callahan, the Partees cannot

support a claim for negligence against the City. See Williams v. City of Grosse Pointe Park, 

, 488 (6th Cir. 2007) (declining to hold the city liable for the officer’s conduct after determining

that the conduct was reasonable).

       In sum, we decline to determine whether the additional circumstances required for a successful

negligent-hiring claim—circumstances beyond those involved in Partee’s arrest—would remove this

claim from the civil rights exception to suit in the GTLA. Such a determination is unnecessary due

to the disposition of the underlying claims against Callahan at trial. Thus, whether the district court’s

interpretation of the GTLA is correct or not need not be decided on this appeal.

                                        III. CONCLUSION

       For all the reasons set forth above, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.




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