United States Court of Appeals
                             FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
      ___________

      No. 06-3884
      ___________

Douglas B. Stalley, on behalf of the    *
United States of America,               *
                                        *
       Plaintiff/Appellant,             *
                                        *
       v.                               *
                                        *
Catholic Health Initiatives, a Colorado *
Corporation; Bergen Mercy Foundation, *
Inc., a Nebraska corporation; Alegent *
Health-Bergen Mercy Health System, a *
Nebraska corporation; Alegent Health, *
a Nebraska corporation; Preferred       *
Professional Insurance Company, a       *
Nebraska corporation; Advocate          *
Insurance Resources SPC, a Cayman       *
Islands company,                        *
                                        *
       Defendants/Appellees.            *

      ___________                           Appeals from the United States
                                            District Court for the Eastern
      No. 06-4121                           District of Arkansas.
      ___________

Douglas B. Stalley, on behalf of the   *
United States of America,              *
                                       *
      Plaintiff/Appellant,             *
                                       *
      v.                               *
Triad Hospitals, LLC, a Delaware       *
limited liability company; Triad         *
Hospitals, Inc., a Delaware Corporation; *
Triad Hospitals Holdings, Inc., a        *
Delaware corporation; Parthenon          *
Insurance Company, Limited, a            *
Bermuda company; Health Midwest          *
Insurance Company, Limited, a Cayman *
Islands company; Health Care             *
Indemnity, Inc., a Colorado corporation, *
                                         *
      Defendants/Appellees.
                                  ___________

                              Submitted: May 17, 2007
                                 Filed: November 27, 2007 (Corrected 12/20/07)
                                  ___________

Before WOLLMAN, BRIGHT, and JOHN R. GIBSON, Circuit Judges.
                          ___________

JOHN R. GIBSON, Circuit Judge.

       In these two consolidated appeals we consider whether a plaintiff who has
alleged no injury to himself has standing to bring suit under the Medicare Secondary
Payer statute, 42 U.S.C. § 1395y(b)(3)(A). Because we conclude that the suit
authorized by the statute is a private cause of action, which requires the plaintiff to
have standing in his own right, rather than a qui tam statute, which allows the plaintiff
to assert injury to the United States, we affirm the district courts'1 dismissal of these
cases.


      1
        The district judge in Stalley v. Catholic Health Initiatives, No. 06-3884, was
the late Honorable George Howard, Jr., United States District Judge for the Eastern
District of Arkansas. The district judge in Stalley v. Triad Hospitals, No. 06-4121,
was the Honorable William R. Wilson, United States District Judge for the Eastern
District of Arkansas.

                                          -2-
       Both of these cases were filed by the same plaintiff, Douglas B. Stalley, who
has also filed many similar cases around the country.2 Stalley alleges that the
defendants Catholic Health Initiatives3 and Triad Hospitals, Inc.4 are medical care
providers participating in the Medicare program, who partly self-insure for
malpractice. He alleges that the insurance company defendants5 were subsidiaries or
sister companies to the provider defendants and wrote malpractice insurance for the
provider defendants.

      Stalley's substantive allegations are substantially the same in the two suits
before us:

             On numerous occasions, [the provider defendants] by and through
      [their] employees and agents, caused harm to Medicare recipients who
      were patients in [the defendants'] hospitals, thereby triggering legal
      obligation on the part of [the hospital defendants] and the other primary
      payer Defendants herein to pay for any consequential medical service,
      treatment, or medication. Nevertheless, [the provider defendants]
      provided medical services, treatment, and medication to such Medicare
      recipients who were harmed by [the provider defendants'] own conduct,



      2
       Erin Brockovich has filed a number of similar cases in California.
      3
       Stalley also lists Bergen Mercy Foundation, Inc., Alegent Health-Bergen
Mercy Health System, Alegent Health as provider plaintiffs, but refers to these
together with Catholic Health Initiatives as "CHI."
      4
       Stalley also lists Triad Hospitals LLC and Triad Hospital Holdings, Inc. as
provider plaintiffs, but refers to these defendants together with Triad Hospitals, Inc.
as "Triad."
      5
       In the Catholic Health Initiatives case, the insurer defendants are Preferred
Professional Insurance Company and Advocate Insurance Resources, SPC. In the
Triad case, the insurer defendants are Parthenon Insurance Company, Limited, Health
Midwest Insurance Company, Limited, and Health Care Indemnity, Inc.

                                         -3-
      and thereafter received reimbursement from Medicare for treating those
      injured Medicare recipients.

The complaints allege that the insurer defendants knew that the provider defendants
had injured the Medicare beneficiaries and that the insurer defendants were liable as
primary payers, yet the insurer defendants did not reimburse Medicare for the costs
of treatment. The complaint does not allege that Stalley was either a Medicare
beneficiary or a patient of the defendants or that he was injured by the defendants in
any way. For that matter, the complaint does not identify any particular person who
was injured by the defendants at any particular time.

        The defendants in both cases moved to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction and for
failure to state a claim. Both district courts granted the motion. The district court in
the Catholic Health Initiatives case ruled first, holding that Stalley lacked
constitutional standing to bring the suit because he had not alleged any injury to
himself. Stalley v. Catholic Health Initiatives, 

, 962-63 (E.D. Ark.
2006). Stalley contended that he had standing because he asserted injury to the United
States and the Medicare Secondary Payer statute was a qui tam statute that authorized
him to bring suit as relator for the United States. The district court examined the
Medicare Secondary Payer statute and found no support for the notion that it was a qui
tam statute. 

Accordingly, the court dismissed Stalley's suit under Fed. R.
Civ. P. 12(b)(1) for lack of standing. Alternatively, the court held that Stalley had not
alleged a cause of action under 42 U.S.C. § 1395y(b)(3)(A) because he had not alleged
that the provider defendants' liability had been "demonstrated," and the duty of the
primary insurer to pay or to reimburse Medicare did not arise until the tortfeasor's
liability has been "demonstrated" by judgment or other comparable means. 

(relying on Glover v. Liggett Group, Inc., 

, 1309 (11th Cir. 2006)). The
district court in Triad relied on Judge Howard's conclusion in Catholic Health




                                          -4-
Initiatives that § 1395y(b)(3)(A) is not a qui tam statute and that Stalley therefore
lacked standing to sue.6

        The standard of review of a district court's decision under Fed. R. Civ. P.
12(b)(1) depends on whether the district court resolved a facial attack or a factual
attack on subject matter jurisdiction. Osborn v. United States, 

, 729 n.
6 (8th Cir. 1990). If, as here, the district court addressed a deficiency in the pleadings,
our standard of review is the same standard we apply in Rule 12(b)(6) cases. Mattes
v. ABC Plastics, Inc., 

, 697-98 (8th Cir. 2003). We accept as true all
factual allegations in the complaint, giving no effect to conclusory allegations of law.

The plaintiff must assert facts that affirmatively and plausibly suggest that
the pleader has the right he claims (here, the right to jurisdiction), rather than facts that
are merely consistent with such a right. See Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 

, 1964-66 (2007).

       The party invoking federal jurisdiction has the burden of establishing that he
has standing to assert the claim. Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 

, 561
(1992). Standing consists of three elements: the plaintiff must have suffered an injury
in fact; there must be a causal connection between that injury and the conduct
complained of; and it must be likely that the injury would be redressed by a remedy
the court could order. 

"At the pleading stage, general factual
allegations of injury resulting from the defendant's conduct may suffice, for on a


       6
       An incomplete list of other district court cases dismissing Stalley's or
Brockovich's § 1395y(b)(3)(A) claims for lack of standing includes Stalley v. Orlando
Regional Healthcare Systems, Inc., No. 06-1824 (M.D. Fla. Jan. 22, 2007); Stalley v.
Methodist Healthcare, No. 06-2605 (W.D. Tenn. Dec. 22, 2006); Brockovich v. Loma
Linda University Medical Center, No. 06-0834 (C.D. Cal. Nov. 15, 2006); Brockovich
v. Healthplus Corp., No. 06-5660 (C.D. Cal. Nov. 15, 2006); Brockovich v. Scripps
Health, No. 06-1569 (S.D. Cal. Nov. 7, 2006). The defendants advise us that no court
has held that Stalley or Brockovich have standing to assert these claims.

                                            -5-
motion to dismiss we presume that general allegations embrace those specific facts
that are necessary to support the claim." 

(internal quotation marks omitted).

       Stalley does not contend that he himself has sustained any injury in fact.
Instead, he contends that the Medicare Secondary Payer statute is a qui tam7 statute.
A qui tam statute effectively assigns part of the government's interest to a relator so
that the relator has standing to assert an injury suffered by the government. See Vt.
Agency of Nat. Res. v. United States ex rel. Stevens, 

, 772-74 (2000).
("The [False Claims Act] can reasonably be regarded as effecting a partial assignment
of the Government's damages claim. . . . We conclude, therefore, that the United
States' injury in fact suffices to confer standing on respondent Stevens.") Qui tam
actions developed around the end of the thirteenth century as a way for individuals
who had suffered harm to avail themselves of the royal courts by pleading a harm to
the King as well as to themselves. 

Well before American
independence, the action evolved into the modern form in which informers who had
not suffered harm personally, but who knew of harm done to the government, were
authorized by statute to sue the wrongdoer on the government's behalf and to retain
a portion of the damages awarded the government as a "bounty" or reward for
bringing the wrongdoing to light. 

"There presently is no common-law
right to bring a qui tam action, which is strictly a creature of statute." United Seniors
Ass'n v. Philip Morris USA, 

, 23 (1st Cir. 2007); accord United States ex
rel. Burnette v. Driving Hawk, 

, 24 (8th Cir. 1978). The best known qui
tam statute today is the False Claims Act, 31 U.S.C. §§ 3729-3732, which conferred
standing on the plaintiff in Vermont Agency of Natural 

.




      7
       "Qui tam is short for the Latin phrase qui tam pro domino rege quam pro se
ipso in hac parte sequitur, which means 'who pursues this action on our Lord the
King's behalf as well as his own.'" Vt. Agency of Nat. Res. v. United States ex rel.
Stevens, 

, 768 n.1 (2000).

                                          -6-
       The plain language of § 1395y(b)(3)(A) says, "There is established a private
cause of action for damages . . ." (emphasis added). A "private" right is different
from a public right, see Black's Law Dictionary, "Right" (8th ed. 2004) (private right
is defined as "A personal right, as opposed to a right of the public or the state."), and
qui tam cases exist to vindicate public rights. Thus, the Medicare Secondary Payer
statute purports to give a substantive right to individuals qua individuals, not as
private attorneys general or assignees of a public right. In contrast, the False Claims
Act qui tam provision authorizes a private person to bring a civil action "for the
person and for the United States Government. The action shall be brought in the name
of the Government." 31 U.S.C. § 3730(b). Moreover, the Medicare Secondary Payer
statute lacks any provisions giving the government the right to control the action, such
as the right to dismiss the action, the right to veto a dismissal or settlement, and the
right to review the complaint in camera before the relator serves the complaint on the
defendant. Again, in contrast, the False Claims Act has extensive provisions giving
the government these rights and more. See 31 U.S.C. § 3730. The absence of
procedural safeguards giving the executive branch control over the prosecution of the
action and the proceeds is powerful evidence that Congress did not mean §
1395y(b)(3)(A) to function as a qui tam statute. See United Seniors 

(affirming dismissal for lack of standing of Medicare Secondary Payer
private action by plaintiff who had no personal injury); In re Guidant Corp.
Implantable Defibrillators Prods. Liability Lit., 

, 980-81 (D. Minn.
2007) (dismissing Medicare Secondary Payer private action for lack of standing),
reconsidered on different grounds, 

(D. Minn. May 9, 2007).

       Stalley relies on a statement in Mason v. American Tobacco Co., 

88, 94 (E.D.N.Y. 2002), aff'd, 

(2d Cir. 2003), that the private right of
action provided by § 1395y(b)(3)(A) is "similar to a qui tam action where anyone can
bring a claim on behalf of the United States government and receive a bounty." See
also Manning v. Utils. Mut. Ins. Co., 

, 394 (2d Cir. 2001) (referring to
the Medicare Secondary Payer statute as creating "private attorneys general"). The

                                          -7-
aspects of the Medicare Secondary Payer statute that are similar to a qui tam provision
are that (1) it is based on the informer principle, in which the government relies on
private persons with superior knowledge to discover the government's claim; (2) it
increases the damages payable in order to motivate a private party to take action; and
(3) the government expects to recoup part of the private party's recovery. In Manning,
the Second Circuit relied on these kinds of similarities to conclude that the False
Claims Act provided the most analogous statute of limitations to apply to §
1395y(b)(3)(A) 

.

       Even though the private right of action under § 1395y(b)(3)(A) shares these
characteristics of a qui tam statute, it may not be a qui tam statute if Congress intended
the plaintiff to act as a private plaintiff, asserting his own injury, rather than as a
relator, asserting the government's injury. Despite language in some circuit-level
decisions indicating that the private plaintiff can assert the government's rights under
§ 1395y(b)(3)(A), Glover v. Liggett Group, Inc., 

, 1307 (11th Cir.
2006) ("The MSP also creates a private right of action with double recovery to
encourage private parties who are aware of non-payment by primary plans to bring
actions to enforce Medicare's rights.") (emphasis added); 

(stating that Medicare Secondary Payer statute allows individual citizens "to sue in
order to right an economic wrong done to the government"), we conclude that the
statute actually allows a private plaintiff to assert his own rights, not those of the
government. See Frazer v. CNA Ins. Co., 

, 1083 (N.D. Ala.
2005) ("[T]he MSPA does not create a cause of action which would permit a non-
Medicare eligible worker's compensation claimant to bring such an action . . .").

       Stalley argues that the statute cannot be read to contemplate that only a private
party who was actually injured can assert the private right of action. Stalley argues
that such a reading is impossible because no private plaintiff would ever have an
injury which would both (1) be a cognizable injury for which the plaintiff could
recover and (2) lead to a recovery which the government could recoup. Thus, Stalley

                                           -8-
says that the only way the "private right of action" can help the government recoup
money from primary payers is if it functions as a qui tam statute empowering a private
person to assert the government's rights, rather than his own rights. Therefore,
according to Stalley, a volunteer like himself, who has no relationship with the
primary payer and has suffered no injury, can sue under the private right of action and
recover double damages for the injury to the government. Catholic Health Initiatives'
brief declines to identify a case in which the private right of action would be
enforceable by an individual and lead to recoupment of Medicare expenses by the
government; Catholic Health Initiatives tells us that we "need not even delve into this
sort of speculation about the MSP statute's possible uses," but if there were truly no
way that the private right of action would ever have any effect under Catholic Health
Initiatives' interpretation, that would be a powerful argument that such an
interpretation was wrong. To understand whether Stalley's argument is correct, we
have to determine how the Medicare Secondary Payer statute as a whole was meant
to work and how the private right of action fits within that framework.

       Medicare is a federal program that provides health insurance for the elderly, the
disabled, and renal patients. Blue Cross & Blue Shield of Tex., Inc. v . Shalala, 

, 71 (5th Cir. 1993). In order to control the cost of Medicare, in 1980
Congress passed the Medicare Secondary Payer statute, 42 U.S.C. § 1395y(b), which
provides generally that Medicare insurance is secondary to employer-provided group
health insurance covering Medicare beneficiaries and that Medicare will not be liable
for expenses which the private insurer ought to pay. See 1395y(b)(2). The statute
provides that the private insurers cannot draw their policies to make an end run around
the statute by excluding expenses that would be covered by Medicare if the person did
not have group health insurance. § 1395y(b)(1). In addition to expenses covered by
group health insurance, the statute also disclaims liability for expenses that should be
paid under a workmen's compensation plan or under an automobile, liability, or no
fault insurance policy, including a self-insurance plan. § 1395y(b)(2)(A). See
generally Harvey L. McCormick, Medicare and Medicaid Claims and Procedures §

                                          -9-
1:67 (Aug. 2007). Even though Medicare is not ultimately liable for these excluded
expenses, the statute permits Medicare to pay those expenses up front, conditionally,
and to require the liable insurer or other primary payer to reimburse Medicare for the
moneys advanced. § 1395y(b)(2)(B)(i). The statute authorizes the government to sue
any primary payer that has failed to reimburse Medicare for such conditional
payments, and to collect double damages in such a suit. § 1395y(b)(2)(B)(iii). The
government can also sue anyone that received payment from the primary payer with
respect to expenses covered under Medicare, including the beneficiary himself, should
he collect the payment but fail to reimburse the government. Id.; 42 C.F.R. §
411.24(g) (government has right of action against beneficiary that has received
primary payment); United States v. Sosnowski, 

, 574 (W. D. Wis.
1993) (granting government recovery from beneficiary from settlement with primary
payer). The statute provides that the United States is subrogated to the rights of the
Medicare beneficiaries against their insurer, to the extent of Medicare payments the
government has made for the beneficiaries' expenses. § 1395y(b)(2)(B)(iv).

       Congress added a private right of action to the Medicare Secondary Payer
statute in 1986. Pub. L. No. 99-509, § 9319, 100 Stat. 1874 (1986) (codified as
amended at 42 U.S.C. § 1395y(b)(3)(A)). Section 1395y(b)(3)(A) grants the
Medicare beneficiary a private right of action for double damages against an insurer
or other primary payer that fails to pay the amounts it owes on the insured's behalf.
The parties do not point us to any legislative history explaining the purpose of the
private right of action, nor have we found any legislative history directly explaining
how the private right was meant to work. See H.R. Conf. Rpt. No. 99-1012, at 321
(1986), reprinted in 1986 U.S.C.C.A.N. 3868, 3966 (merely stating that the private
right of action is "to enforce the provision for the aged"); S. Rpt. No. 99-348, at 140
(1986) (stating that obligation of primary payers "would be enforceable by private
action or by the Federal Government"). Courts considering the provision have
generally agreed that the apparent purpose of the statute is to help the government
recover conditional payments from insurers or other primary payers. See, e.g., United

                                         -10-


("To facilitate recovery of these conditional payments, the
MSP . . . (iii) creates a private cause of action with double recovery to encourage
private parties to bring actions to enforce Medicare's rights.") (citation omitted);

& n. 8 ("The history of the MSP legislation is consistent
with our view that the private right of action was created to save money for the
Medicare system."); 

("The legislation's incentive to
bring a private lawsuit is clearly based in turn upon the subrogation right of the
government to obtain a portion of the recovery. The recovery of costs by Medicare
is the primary purpose of the MSP."); see also Harris Corp. v. Humana Health Ins.
Co., 

, 606 (11th Cir. 2001) (per curiam) ("A private cause of action for
double damages . . . serves Congress' interest in the fiscal integrity of the Medicare
program by deterring private insurers primary to Medicare under the statute from
attempting to lay medical costs at the government's doorstep."). This is consistent
with inclusion of the provision in The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1986,
which was intended to reduce government spending. See Statement by President of
the United States, 22 Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents 1421 (Oct. 27,
1986), reprinted in 1986 U.S.C.C.A.N. 4073-74. Additionally, as the Second Circuit
pointed out in 

n.8, when Senator David Durenburger
introduced the President's Medicare proposals for 1986, which included the private
right of action, he referred to the proposals as "health care cost reduction proposals."
132 Cong. Rec. 21935 (Aug. 15, 1986).

      The thinking behind the statute is apparently that (1) the beneficiary can be
expected to be more aware than the government of whether other entities may be
responsible to pay his expenses; (2) without the double damages, the beneficiary
might not be motivated to take arms against a recalcitrant insurer because Medicare
may have already paid the expenses and the beneficiary would have nothing to gain
by pursuing the primary payer; and (3) with the private right of action and the double
damages, the beneficiary can pay back the government for its outlay and still have
money left over to reward him for his efforts.

                                         -11-
       Stalley contends that the statute has to be a qui tam statute because under the
payment procedures outlined by the statute, Medicare will pay the beneficiary's
expenses when the primary insurer fails to pay, and as a result, the Medicare
beneficiary will not have been injured by the primary payer's failure to pay and cannot
recover anything in his own right. Stalley argues that if the Medicare beneficiary has
not been injured, Congress must have intended the private right of action to allow the
private plaintiff to sue on behalf of the government, the only injured party. Under
Stalley's reasoning, the private right of action is merely an assignment of the
government's public right.

       We reject the assertion that a Medicare beneficiary could never have an injury
of his or her own to vindicate by means of the private right of action. There are two
scenarios in which a private plaintiff conceivably could bring suit under the Medicare
Secondary Payer statute: either the insurer failed to pay and the government has not
paid, or else the insurer failed to pay and the government did pay. In the first case, the
plaintiff was obviously injured by the insurer's failure to pay, but the government has
not yet paid any money. This would not appear to be the factual situation which the
statute was created to remedy, because in this case, the government would have
nothing to recover and therefore would not benefit from the services of the
informer/plaintiff. If the first situation were the only one in which the beneficiary
could sue, the private right of action would not save the government money.
Moreover, in this first factual situation, there would be no need for the double
damages incentive; if the government had not paid the expenses, the beneficiary
would have an incentive to sue the primary payer even without double damages, to
avoid having to pay the expenses him or herself.

       In the second case, in which the primary payer failed to pay and the government
has paid the expense, has the Medicare beneficiary been injured by the primary payer's
failure to pay something the government paid anyway? Triad Hospitals and related
defendants argue that a beneficiary whose primary payer refused to pay would have

                                          -12-
damages even if Medicare paid the beneficiary's expenses because the beneficiary
would have to pay Medicare co-payments and deductibles. But as Stalley points out,
if those were the beneficiary's only damages, the beneficiary could only recover those
amounts, not the amount that Medicare paid on its behalf. The co-payments and the
deductible would be costs that are not covered by Medicare, so Medicare would not
be entitled to recover those costs from the beneficiary. Thus, Stalley argues, if the
Medicare beneficiary can only recover expenses not paid by Medicare, the private
right of action would not help the government recoup anything and it would be
completely ineffectual as an aid to Medicare's recovery efforts; this compels the
conclusion, he says, that the private plaintiff must be able to assert the government's
rights directly, because there is no way the plaintiff's assertion of its own rights would
help the government collect any money.

       We conclude that Stalley's reasoning is flawed. Congress must have intended
that a Medicare beneficiary could sue its primary insurer for expenses Medicare had
already paid. There was authority extant in several states when Congress enacted the
private right of action in 1986 that a Medicare beneficiary could sue his private insurer
and recover his expenses incurred, even if those expenses had already been paid by
Medicare. See Holmes v. Cal. State Auto. Ass'n, 

, 524 (Cal. Ct.
App. 1982); Black v. Am. Bankers Ins. Co., 

(Tex. 1972); Niles v.
Am. Bankers Ins. Co., 

(La. Ct. App. 1969). To be sure, there was also
authority reaching the opposite conclusion, e.g., Steffen v. Pac. Mut. Life Ins. Co., 

, 144-45 (Mo. Ct. App. 1969) (policy was "not a policy of insurance in the
usual sense but one of indemnity," meaning that insurer only agreed to reimburse
insured for amounts insured was actually required to pay), but Congress could
rationally have expected beneficiaries to be able to recover from their primary payers
even if Medicare has made a conditional payment. Moreover, some courts have
interpreted the § 1395y(b)(3)(A) private right of action to authorize a Medicare
beneficiary's recovery of expenses that have already been paid conditionally by
Medicare. Manning v. Util. Mut. Ins. Co., 

, 391-92 (2d Cir. 2001) ("To

                                          -13-
encourage compliance with [the primary payment] requirements, Congress has
authorized a private cause of action and double damages against entities designated
as primary payers that fail to pay for medical costs for which they were responsible,
which are borne in fact by Medicare."); O'Connor v. Mayor & City of Baltimore, 

, 374 (D. Md. 2007) (plaintiff had standing under § 1395y(b)(3)(A)
because he averred that he had suffered injury for which City owed but failed to pay
worker's compensation and Medicare had been forced to pay his expenses); Collins
v. Allstate Indem. Co., 

, 1166-67 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1993) (Medicare
beneficiary had standing because "the plaintiffs allege a contractual right to the
benefits owed, regardless of any independent claim to those benefits asserted by the
United States."), aff'd, 

(Pa. 1995). The idea that Congress expected the
beneficiary to be able to sue to vindicate his or her own contractual and tort interests
is bolstered by the fact that the beneficiary's expenses will have only been paid
"conditionally" by Medicare, § 1395y(b)(2)(B)(i), which leaves the beneficiary with
less than a final settlement of his or her liability to the health-care providers.

       On the other hand, the Third Circuit in Wheeler v. Travelers Ins. Co., 

, 538-39 (3d Cir. 1994), dismissed for lack of standing a Medicare beneficiary's
suit against her primary insurer because her expenses had been paid by Medicare.
Similarly, in In re Guidant 

, the plaintiff was a
Medicare beneficiary allegedly harmed by the defendant's tort; she sued under §
1395y(b)(3)(A), but she conceded that she had no injury in fact from the alleged
tortfeasor's failure to pay for her medical treatment because Medicare in fact paid for
the treatment. The court dismissed her claim against the alleged tortfeasor for lack of
standing because the Medicare beneficary was not injured in light of the fact that her
expenses were paid. 

Wheeler was distinguished in Brooks v. Blue
Cross & Blue Shield, No. 95-405, reproduced as appendix at 

, 1377
(S.D. Fla. 1995), aff'd on other grounds, 

(11th Cir. 1997), because
Wheeler was brought under state insurance laws and not under the Medicare
Secondary Payer statute.

                                         -14-
       Our study of the Medicare Secondary Payer statute convinces us that Congress
contemplated that Medicare beneficiaries could recover double damages to vindicate
their private rights when their primary payers fail to live up to their obligations, even
if Medicare has made a conditional payment of the beneficiaries' expenses. Therefore,
there is no need to read the statute as permitting a plaintiff to assert the public's rights
in contravention of the plain language creating a private right of action. Accordingly,
we reject Stalley's argument that Congress created the private right of action to permit
private persons to assert the government's rights, rather than their own, for we
conclude that Congress rationally could have intended § 1395y(b)(3)(A) to provide
Medicare beneficiaries a cause of action against their defaulting primary payers, with
the anticipation that a portion of the beneficiary's recovery would be paid to reimburse
Medicare.

       With the demise of his principal argument, Stalley's case quickly crumbles.
Stalley relies on the regulations that require a beneficiary whose expenses have been
paid by Medicare and who then receives a payment from a primary payer to reimburse
Medicare. 42 C.F.R. §§ 411.20 & 411.37. He contends that these regulations indicate
the statute is a qui tam statute since they show that the proceeds will be split between
the plaintiff and the government. Far from showing that the proceeds result from the
plaintiff asserting the government's rights, the regulations are consistent with the idea
that the Medicare beneficiary asserts his or her rights against the primary payer and
the government then asserts its own rights against the beneficiary, see §
1395y(b)(2)(B)(iii).

       In sum, the private right of action provided by 42 U.S.C. § 1395y(b)(3)(A) is
not a qui tam statute, and Stalley, who is a volunteer and who lacks any injury in fact,
does not have standing to pursue such an action.

       Stalley contends that the district court should have allowed him to replead, but
in view of the fact that he has not indicated any amendment he could make that would

                                           -15-
cure the defect in his complaint, the district court correctly denied permission to
replead as futile.

      Stalley's motion to strike the Appellees' appendices in No. 06-4121 is denied.

      We affirm the district courts' dismissal of the complaints.
                      ______________________________




                                        -16-