Third District Court of Appeal
                               State of Florida

                        Opinion filed December 10, 2018.
         Not final until disposition of timely filed motion for rehearing.

                               ________________

                               No. 3D16-2869
                         Lower Tribunal No. 11-29068
                             ________________


                    James White and Theresa White,
                                   Appellants,

                                        vs.

                             Ring Power Corp.,
                                    Appellee.



      An Appeal from the Circuit Court for Miami-Dade County, Rosa I.
Rodriguez, Judge.

     William C. Robinson, for appellants.

      Akerman, LLP, Katherine E. Giddings (Tallahassee), Michael J. Larson
(Tallahassee) and Gerald B. Cope, Jr., for appellee.


Before ROTHENBERG, C.J., and EMAS and LUCK, JJ.

     PER CURIAM.
      INTRODUCTION

      James White, an employee of Miami-Dade County Transit Authority, was

injured while using a crane that Miami-Dade Transit rented from Ring Power

Corporation. White was attempting to use the crane to lift a derailed Metro Mover

train car and place it back on the tracks. When the wire rope on the crane snapped,

the 400-pound “headache ball”1 (which was attached to the wire rope) fell on

White’s leg. White sued Ring Power and others for negligence, and the case

proceeded to trial against Ring Power only.

      The jury returned a verdict in favor of Ring Power, and White appeals,

contending: (1) the trial court abused its discretion in excluding certain expert

witness testimony offered to support his claim that data from the crane’s load

moment indicator (LMI)2 showed prior overloads to the crane, which weakened the

integrity of the wire rope, causing it to snap on the day of the accident; (2) the trial

court erred in determining (and instructing the jury) that Ring Power did not have a

duty to download the crane’s LMI data before renting it to Miami-Dade Transit;


1 As described by witnesses at trial, a “headache ball” is a round steel weight with
a single hook under it, used to connect the load to the crane and lift the load. The
weight of the ball is sized so there is a certain amount of tension always on the
wire rope or cable. The ball, in other words, keeps the tension on the line.
2 An LMI warns the operator if a load is being lifted in a dangerous way. The LMI

monitors several factors, including allowable load, actual load, boom angle, and
boom length. When a load is unsafe, it activates an alarm and the crane shuts
down. The LMI’s data event recorder records this information, including
“overloads” to the crane.

                                           2
and (3) the trial court erred in admitting certain defense expert testimony, which

White contends constituted new opinions that both surprised and prejudiced White.

Each of these errors, White argues, requires a new trial. For the reasons that

follow, we affirm.

   BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

      a. The Accident

      At the time of the accident, James White was chief shop supervisor at the

Lehman train yard, where Metro Mover trains are brought for servicing and

maintenance. Miami-Dade Transit rented the subject crane from Ring Power on

June 24, 2011. On July 14 (three days before the accident), Miami-Dade Transit

employees were using the crane and noticed the wire rope spooled on the drum

was cross-braided instead of being “neatly wrapped around the drum” as it should

have been. The employees filed reports and notified supervisors of the defective

equipment, but the crane was not taken out of service.

      On the day of the accident (and three weeks after Miami Dade Transit rented

the crane), one of the train cars derailed while in the Lehman train yard. White

was called to help re-rail the train. Instead of using a pneumatic jack, workers

used the crane to try and lift the train and set it back onto the track. The train car

weighed 75,000 pounds. The back portion of the train—the portion the workers

were trying to lift—weighed about 36,000 pounds. The lifting capacity of the crane



                                          3
depends on whether it is configured to use “single-part line,” or “multiple parts

line.” Each added line increases the crane’s lifting ability.3   Although the crane

was capable of being configured to a “four-part line,” which would enable it to lift

42,000 pounds, White configured the crane to a single-part line, capable of lifting

up to 11,640 pounds.

      Workers attempted on five occasions to use the crane to lift and re-rail the

train. But on each attempt, the crane shut down. On the fifth and final attempt, the

wire rope snapped, and the 400-pound headache ball landed on White’s leg,

causing serious injury and ultimately requiring amputation of White’s leg above

the knee.

      b. The Lawsuit

      In September 2011, White filed suit against the crane manufacturer, the

manufacturer’s subsidiary, the wire rope manufacturer, and the crane lessor (Ring

Power). By the time of trial, White had settled with all defendants except Ring

Power, on a remaining claim for negligence.4        White alleged that Ring was


3 An expert witness explained: “[I]f you wanted to pick [up] something that
exceeded 11,600 pounds, you would need more than one-part line, so you would
use a hook block with multiple sheaves, and you would take the rope and you
would rivet through the additional sheaves and back up through the additional
sheaves on the bottom of the boom, and you could – and you could increase the
part of the line to, on that model, I think up to at least six parts.”
4 Theresa White, the wife of James White, was also a party-plaintiff, seeking

damages on a derivative claim for loss of consortium. For ease of reference, we
refer to appellants collectively as “White”.

                                         4
negligent in failing to properly inspect and replace the wire rope on the crane

before renting it to Miami-Dade Transit, and that previous overloads to the crane

diminished the wire rope’s integrity, causing it to snap. Ring Power contended

that the wire rope snapped due to the workers’ failure to properly inspect the wire

rope, take the crane out of service when they discovered cross-braiding of the wire

rope, and heed the system’s warnings and shutdowns during the attempted lift.

      c. Pretrial Motions

      White retained three experts to opine on the cause of the wire rope snapping:

Tom Barth (certified marine crane inspector for the federal government); Lew

Barbe (engineer with crane experience)5; and William Mankins (metallurgist).

After the witnesses were deposed, Ring Power filed a motion to strike the experts’

testimony pursuant to section 90.702, Florida Statutes (2015) (the Daubert6

standard). Following a hearing, the trial court excluded a portion of the three

expert witnesses’ proposed testimony, precluding these three experts from

interpreting and offering opinions about the data collected and recorded by the

crane’s load moment indicator.

      The trial court found that none of the three experts was qualified to interpret

the LMI data and to offer opinions whether the crane was actually overloaded at


5 White withdrew Barbe as an expert a year before the trial. Barbe’s testimony was
not proffered, nor was he called to testify at the trial.
6 Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharm., Inc., 

(1993).



                                         5
some time prior to the crane being rented to Miami-Dade Transit. The trial court’s

exclusion of this testimony was based in part on the deposition testimony of

White’s own experts that they each lacked knowledge of and familiarity with LMI

data and LMI systems.

      Prior to trial, Ring Power filed a motion for partial summary judgment on

“any and all claims asserted by [White] regarding Ring Power’s alleged duty to

download LMI data from the PAT System on the crane it rented to Miami Dade . .

. prior to renting the crane to MDT.” Following a hearing, the trial court granted

Ring Power’s motion for partial summary judgment, finding that Ring Power had

no legal duty to download and review the LMI data before it rented the crane to

Miami-Dade Transit.

      THE TRIAL

      a. White’s Case-in-Chief

      Trial began in September 2016. White’s witnesses testified in pertinent part:

      Harvey Ford, the track equipment operator, was operating the crane when

the wire snapped. He tried several times to lift the train, moving the crane closer

and at different angles, but each time alarms sounded and the crane shut down.

The “scale” across the top of the crane’s interior showed the crane was “maxing

out.” When Ford informed White, White attempted to assist him in setting up the

crane. Ford tried lifting the train two more times, but each time the crane “maxed



                                         6
out.” On the last attempt, the wire cable snapped, causing the headache ball to fall,

injuring White.

      On cross-examination, Ford conceded that, at the time he was operating the

crane, he did not know the weight of the train and he did not use the load chart to

decide the best way to lift the train. Most significantly, Ford used a single-part line

to lift the train. He did not know how much a single-part line could lift, and White

did not suggest that Ford reconfigure the crane from a single-part line.

      White also testified that he did not know how much weight they were

attempting to lift on the day of the accident nor did he know “the maximum load

capacity” of the crane configured with a single-part line.

      Two expert witnesses testified for White: Tom Barth (a certified marine

crane inspector) and Dr. Kenneth Blundell (an engineer). Barth inspected the

crane and wire rope following the accident, and testified generally to the OSHA

inspection requirements for cranes such as maintenance of the crane’s wire cables.

He also testified regarding his review of the pre-accident inspections performed on

the crane in question. Barth opined that the inspectors who conducted the annual

inspection of the subject crane in 2011 “did not do a very thorough job.” He further

opined that the wire rope broke because “[i]t wasn’t well lubricated and it was

abused.” When Barth inspected the rope, he found it dry. Barth testified that a wire

rope should be lubricated once to twice a year depending on environmental



                                          7
conditions (e.g., weather) but that there are no specific standards requiring a rope

be lubricated with a specific frequency.

      Blundell testified generally about lubrication and reporting requirements for

the wire rope. He opined that (1) Ring Power failed to properly inspect, maintain

and lubricate the wire rope on the crane; (2) the failure to do so reduced its

breaking strength; and (3) because the accident occurred only twenty-three days

after Miami-Dade Transit took possession of the crane from Ring Power, Miami-

Dade Transit was entitled to rely on Ring Power to properly inspect, maintain, and

lubricate the wire rope prior to delivery. Blundell relied, for his opinion that the

wire rope lacked lubrication, on the documentation provided to him (i.e. reports),

not on a visual examination of the wire rope in question.

      Eric Fidler was the product safety director for the crane manufacturer. White

read excerpts of Fidler’s deposition to the jury in lieu of live testimony. Fidler

interpreted the crane’s LMI event data recorder and testified about overloads to the

crane on the day of the accident. He explained that overloads happen but they are

the result of misuse of the crane. Fidler also testified about overloads occurring

between August and October 2010, before Miami-Dade Transit rented the crane

from Ring Power. Fidler explained that the LMI records overloads based on how

the operator programmed the crane. For instance, an operator might have input

that he was using a one-part line to lift a load of over 11,600 pounds but then



                                           8
properly reeved7 the crane with multiple-parts line in accordance with the weight

of the load. Under this scenario, Fidler explained, the LMI would record an

overload even though the crane was not physically overloaded. He described these

“as overloads based on the configuration” and testified that, without knowing

whether “this programming was accurately input,” he could not know “whether the

crane [] was actually overloaded” at the times indicated by the LMI data.

      b. Ring Power’s Case-in-Chief

      Ring Power then presented its case, which included in pertinent part:

      Pedro Delgado, a crane mechanic with Ring Power, testified that on January

17, 2011 (about five months before the crane was rented to Miami-Dade Transit)

he conducted a “thorough inspection” of the crane and spent a couple of days (a

total of 14 to 15 hours) repairing and servicing the crane (e.g., electrical repairs,

lubrication of the crane and wire rope). Three days later (January 20), Delgado

conducted an annual inspection of the crane as required by OSHA, and again

checked the lubrication.

      Delgado explained that a wire rope is taken out of service if there are more

than three broken wire “strings” on the cable. Delgado examined the wire rope

7 To “reeve” is “to pass (something, such as a rope) through a hole or opening.”
Merriam-Webster Dictionary, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/reeve
(last visited November 30, 2018). In the crane context, the amount of times the
rope wraps around the sheave (or pulley) on the tip of the boom (the “big arm that
goes up from the crane”) is called reeving, and dictates the weight that can be
lifted.

                                         9
after the accident and found it was still lubricated. He also explained that, based

on the number of hours used, the crane was relatively new. He did not check the

crane’s historical LMI data.

      Michael Jarriel, a former Ring Power employee, testified generally about the

crane’s LMI system and the condition of the subject crane after the accident. Jarriel

testified that the maximum capacity for a single-part line on the subject crane was

11,600 pounds. After the accident, the wire rope was still lubricated and some of

the grease had “ooze[d]” out of the rope during the overload. According to Jarriel,

the crane had only 682.6 hours of use, and the life span of a crane is approximately

25,000 hours.

      Jarriel further explained that the LMI system shuts down the crane when an

operator attempts to use it in an unsafe way. He noted, however, that the LMI

relies on the crane operator to input the correct data. Jarriel testified that,

depending on the angle of the crane’s boom, the LMI can record a false overload.

He tested the subject crane and another crane (the identical model and LMI

system) by lifting the boom above 75 degrees. In each test, the LMI reported a

false overload.

      Allen Palmer, an engineer and accident investigator, testified as an expert

for Ring Power regarding his examination of the crane after the accident. Palmer

concluded that the primary cause of the accident “was that the crane was not



                                         10
properly reeved to be able to lift [the] intended load”; and “[i]t didn’t have enough

parts of wire rope in it for the intended lift.” To be able to lift 38,000 pounds (the

approximate weight of the load at the time of the accident), the crane should have

been reeved with a five-part line, not a single-part line. He opined that “[t]he load

they were attempting to pick up was well over three times the capacity of the crane

in the way it was configured at the time of the accident.” This, according to

Palmer, was the “primary cause of the accident.”

      Palmer also opined that cross-braiding of the wire rope on the drum and

“improper techniques” employed to lift the train were contributing causes of the

accident. He testified that: the crane should not have been used that day and

should have already been taken out of service until spooled correctly and inspected

for damage from the cross-braiding; Miami-Dade Transit employees were aware of

the cross-braiding three days before the accident, and this should have been

obvious to the crane operator on the day of the accident; and on the day of the

accident, Miami-Dade Transit employees failed to heed the LMI warnings and shut

down the crane. Palmer provided these opinions to Miami-Dade Transit as part of

his post-accident investigation.

      Palmer acknowledged that he did not examine the historical LMI data, nor

did he examine the strength of the wire rope. He explained, however, that the LMI




                                         11
is used to prevent tipping; it is not necessarily used in connection with the wire

rope.

        Eric Fidler next testified for Ring Power.8 Fidler testified generally to the

basic components of a crane and LMI. He explained that, when the boom angle is

greater than 75 degrees, the LMI will erroneously read this as an overload or a

“false overload.” Fidler elaborated, explaining that while the LMI data is reliable,

it must be interpreted based in part on the information programmed into it by the

crane operator. He explained that a recorded overload does not necessarily mean

that the wire rope is overloaded or is being damaged.

        Next, Fidler testified regarding historical LMI data sheets provided to him

by White’s counsel during Fidler’s deposition. He explained that these data sheets

did not show overloads to the wire rope. Instead, they showed pressure spikes

based on the 75-degree angle of the boom.          Of the eight pages of historical

overloads (372 entries) compiled from the data, Fidler explained, only twelve

entries were actual overloads and eleven of those twelve overloads occurred while

the crane was rented to Miami-Dade Transit. In sum, the historical overload data,




8 After White read to the jury excerpts of Fidler’s deposition, Ring Power
announced its intention to call Fidler to testify live. White’s counsel objected to
Fidler’s live testimony, contending he was presenting new opinions as a result of
his “re-review of the data.” The trial court permitted Fidler to testify, but precluded
presentation of new opinions.

                                          12
occurring before the crane was rented to Miami-Dade Transit, did not show actual

overloads to the wire rope.

      After the parties rested, the court held a charge conference on proposed jury

instructions. Over White’s objection, the trial court gave the following special jury

instruction:

               The Court has found as a matter of law and instructs you
               that Ring Power Corporation had no duty to download
               LMI PAT data which may have been contained on the
               crane system prior to the accident in question. You may
               not base a finding of negligence on Ring Power
               Corporation on any alleged failure to download such
               data.

      The jury returned a verdict in favor of Ring Power, finding there was no

negligence on the part of Ring Power which was a legal cause of injury to White.

      White moved for a new trial, which the trial court denied, and this appeal

followed.

   DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

   1) The trial court did not abuse its discretion in excluding portions of White’s
      experts’ testimony regarding LMI data.

      White argues that the trial court abused its discretion in excluding a portion

of his experts’ testimony, preventing White from presenting expert testimony that

previous overloads to the crane diminished the wire rope’s structural integrity,

causing it to snap. However, because none of these experts was qualified to

interpret the LMI data or to offer opinions on the significance of this data, the trial


                                          13
court did not abuse its discretion in excluding these portions of the experts’

testimony.    See Brooks v. State, 

, 892 (Fla. 2000) (holding it is

“within the trial court’s discretion to determine a witness's qualifications to express

an opinion as an expert, and the court's determination in this regard will not be

reversed absent a clear showing of error.”).

      “Under Frye . . . , expert opinion testimony is admissible if the expert is

qualified and the opinion falls within the witness's expertise.” Baan v. Columbia

Cty., 

, 1132 (Fla. 1st DCA 2015) (emphasis added) (citing Frye v.

United States, 

(D.C. Cir. 1923)). The Daubert standard requires an

expert to be “qualified . . . by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education”

in order to testify about “scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge.” §

90.702, Fla. Stat. (2015) (emphasis added) (Florida’s legislative adoption of the

Daubert standard).9


9 In 2015, at the time of the trial court’s pretrial ruling on this issue, it remained an
open question whether Florida courts were required to continue to follow the Frye
standard or whether they should apply the Daubert standard, adopted by the Florida
Legislature in 2013. See ch. 2013-107, Laws of Fla. In 2017, the Florida Supreme
Court declined to adopt this statutory change to the extent it was procedural, but
did not directly answer the question of whether such evidentiary determinations are
substantive or procedural. See In re Amendments to Fla. Evidence Code, 

1231, 1239 (Fla. 2017). During the pendency of the instant appeal, the Florida
Supreme Court answered this question in Delisle v. Crane Co., 43 Fla. L. Weekly
S459 (Fla. October 15, 2018), holding that section 90.702, as amended in 2013, is
procedural and not substantive, and “reaffirm[ing] that Frye, not Daubert, is the
appropriate test in Florida courts.” 

                                           14
      Thus, regardless of whether the trial court ultimately applied the Frye or

Daubert standard, White was required to make a threshold showing that the

witness was “qualified” to render an expert opinion on the issue at hand. See

Chavez v. State, 

, 205 (Fla. 2009) (observing that one of the

preliminary determinations which must be made before admitting expert testimony

is “whether the witness is adequately qualified to express an opinion on the

matter”).

      The trial court’s decision to exclude portions of White’s experts’ testimony

was based upon a finding that these witnesses were unqualified to interpret the

LMI data or offer opinions on its significance. This finding is supported by

competent substantial evidence, including the experts’ own deposition testimony,

in which they acknowledged, for example:

      •     Expert witness Barth: He has never been trained to interpret LMI
            data, never took a course on LMI systems, and stated he “self-trained”
            regarding LMI data by reviewing the instant accident and reading
            depositions of other witnesses.    Barth acknowledged he was not
            proficient in reading LMI data, and a review of the deposition
            establishes that Barth was unfamiliar with the LMI system and had
            difficulty answering basic questions about its purpose and use.
      •     Expert witness Barbe: Although he certifies crane operators, he does
            not certify crane maintenance workers, is not a certified crane
            inspector, and none of his training specifically involves wire ropes.
            The cranes he inspects do not use LMI systems. He did not know


                                       15
             how to download the LMI data on the crane in question, received no
             training on how to read LMI data, and was unfamiliar with many of
             the LMI codes contained in the data.
      •      Expert witness Mankins: He conceded to “not being an expert on LMI
             or this type of data”; “I wouldn’t know an LMI if I saw one”; “I have
             no personal experience with LMI systems, nor do I profess to have
             any expertise associated with such a system.” Mankins did not know
             the significance of a one-, two- or four-parts line on a crane, and
             acknowledged “I essentially know nothing about cranes.”

      None of the three experts had ever interpreted LMI data or used LMI data to

investigate the cause of a crane accident or wire rope failure. Instead, all three of

White’s expert witnesses accepted the LMI data at face value without sufficient

knowledge, training or expertise to interpret the data or opine as to its significance.

We conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in excluding that

portion of their proposed testimony.

   2) The trial court did not err in determining that Ring Power had no legal duty
      to download the LMI data, and did not err in giving a special jury
      instruction on that issue.

      White contends the trial court erred in granting a partial summary judgment,

finding as a matter of law that Ring Power had no duty to download the LMI data

before delivering the crane to Miami-Dade Transit, and further contends that the

trial court compounded this error by instructing the jury to this effect. We find no

merit in either contention.


                                          16
      Florida Courts have explained that a party’s “duty” to act “may arise from

four general sources”:

                (1) legislative enactments or administration
                regulations; (2) judicial interpretations of such
                enactments or regulations; (3) other judicial
                precedent; and (4) a duty arising from the general
                facts of the case.

Clay Elec. Co-op., Inc. v. Johnson, 

, 1185 (Fla. 2003) (emphasis

added); see also Limones v. Sch. Dist. of Lee Cty., 

, 389 (Fla. 2015)

(“Florida law recognizes the following four sources of duty: (1) statutes or

regulations; (2) common law interpretations of those statutes or regulations; (3)

other sources in the common law; and (4) the general facts of the case”).

      Only the fourth category could apply in this case. Under this category, “the

trial and appellate courts cannot find a lack of duty if a foreseeable zone of risk

more likely than not was created by the defendant.” McCain v. Florida Power

Corp., 

, 503 (Fla. 1992); see also 

n. 4

(“[W]hen the duty is rooted in the fourth prong, factual inquiry into the existence

of a duty is limited to whether the ‘defendant's conduct foreseeably created a

broader ‘zone of risk’ that poses a general threat of harm to others.’”) (quoting

).

      To support its argument on the existence of a legal duty, White cites to

testimony from Jarriel and Delgado (two Ring Power employees) regarding their



                                        17
training on LMI, and admissions that the LMI data is reliable and has in the past

been reviewed following accidents. However, there is no evidence in the record to

support the contention that the failure to download or review10 the LMI historical

data foreseeably created a broader “zone of risk” where (1) the crane underwent

inspections after the end of each rental period; (2) on January 17, 2011, Delgado

conducted a thorough inspection of the crane, including lubricating the entire

length of the wire rope by hand; (3) on January 20, 2011, Delgado conducted the

annually-mandated OSHA inspection, including inspecting the entire length of the

wire rope for damage; (4) White’s own witnesses acknowledged there are no

known standards, guidelines or manuals requiring such a download; and (5) the

OSHA-mandated inspection occurred approximately six months before the crane

was rented to Miami-Dade Transit, consistent with OSHA guidelines (as

acknowledged by White’s own expert) requiring lubrication of the wire rope

approximately once a year, depending on weather conditions.

      We hold that the trial court properly determined Ring Power did not have a

legal duty to download the LMI data before renting the crane to Miami-Dade

Transit, and therefore properly granted partial summary judgment on the issue.

See Sierra v. Shevin, 

, 525 (Fla. 3d DCA 2000). (“The standard of

10 In fact, Ring Power would not have reviewed or interpreted the LMI data.
Instead, it would have had to purchase the necessary software to access and
download the LMI data and then send it to Grove USA (the crane manufacturer)
for interpretation.

                                       18
review of a summary judgment order is de novo and requires viewing the evidence

in the light most favorable to the non-moving party”). It therefore follows that the

trial court did not abuse its broad discretion in so instructing the jury. Making

Ends Meet, Inc. v. Cusick, 

, 927 (Fla. 3d DCA 1998) (holding trial

court did not abuse its discretion where the “instructions delivered by the court

accurately reflect the law on a cause of action”). See also Font v. Union Carbide

Corp., 

, 326 (Fla. 3d DCA 2016) (observing that “trial courts are

accorded broad discretion in formulating jury instructions”).

   3) The trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying White’s motion for
      new trial based on opinions offered by Fidler during his trial testimony.

      White cites two changes in Fidler’s opinions between his deposition and trial

testimony: (1) that overloads recorded on the LMI data recorder before the date of

the accident were “false overloads”; and (2) correcting his deposition testimony

regarding the weight sustained by the crane and wire rope at the time of the

accident. White argues these were new opinions that both surprised and unfairly

prejudiced him, requiring a new trial. We do not agree.

      A trial court has broad discretion to exclude witness testimony not disclosed

during discovery. Binger v. King Pest Control, 

, 1312 (Fla. 1981).

“[U]ltimate control over witness disclosure problems” is left “to the broad

discretion of the trial judge and focuses on prejudice in the preparation and trial of

a lawsuit.” Id.; see also Deutsche Bank Nat. Tr. Co. ex rel. LSF MRA Pass-


                                         19
Through Tr. v. Perez, 

, 1189 (Fla. 3d DCA 2015) (“[W]hile a trial

court has the authority to exclude the testimony of an undisclosed witness, the

decision to do so turns in large measure on demonstrated prejudice to the opposing

party, as well as the ability to avoid any resulting prejudice and considerations

relating to the orderly administration of justice”).

      As the Florida Supreme Court noted in Binger:

      Prejudice in this sense refers to the surprise in fact of the objecting
      party, and it is not dependent on the adverse nature of the testimony.
      Other factors which may enter into the trial court's exercise of
      discretion are: (i) the objecting party's ability to cure the prejudice or,
      similarly, his independent knowledge of the existence of the witness;
      (ii) the calling party's possible intentional, or bad faith,
      noncompliance with the pretrial order; and (iii) the possible disruption
      of the orderly and efficient trial of the case (or other cases). If after
      considering these factors, and any others that are relevant, the trial
      court concludes that use of the undisclosed witness will not
      substantially endanger the fairness of the proceeding, the pretrial order
      mandating disclosure should be modified and the witness should be
      allowed to testify.

.

      The Binger analysis is to be applied where, as here, there is a claim of

surprise and prejudice resulting from a change in an expert witness’ opinion.

Allstate Prop. & Cas. Insur. Co., 

, 1234 (Fla. 1st DCA 2009)

(holding: “The Binger analysis should be applied where a medical expert changes

his or her opinion, resulting in surprise and prejudice to the opposing party and

necessitating a new trial”). See also Thompson v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 

440 (Fla. 3d DCA 2011); Doctors Co. v. Plummer, 

711 (Fla. 5th DCA

2017); Moore v. Gillett, 

(Fla. 2d DCA 2012); Suarez-Burgos v.

Morhaim, 

(Fla. 4th DCA 1999).

      Even if aspects of Fidler’s live testimony could be said to constitute new or

different opinions, the trial court properly denied the motion for new trial, because

this testimony did not result in procedural prejudice to White.

      As early as 2012, White knew of Fidler’s involvement as a witness in the

case, and took his deposition in January 2013, more than three years before trial.

At the time of his deposition, however, he had not been designated as an expert by

either party. In his deposition, Fidler testified to the LMI data recorded on the day

of the accident as well as the historical LMI data recorded during prior uses of the

crane. Ring Power later designated Fidler as its expert witness in July 2015, but

White did not seek to re-depose Fidler following this expert witness designation.

      Moreover, in August 2016 (shortly before trial) White designated Fidler as

his own expert witness. In his required expert disclosure notice filed prior to trial,

White acknowledged that Ring Power had already designated Fidler as an expert

witness; that Fidler testified in deposition “about the data from the crane recorder

for the date of accident”; and stated that it was anticipated Fidler would testify “at

trial about his findings and conclusions after his review of the evidence about the




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causes of the accident as it relates to the LMI data from the crane involved in this

accident.”

       The record also establishes that Ring Power called Fidler to testify live only

because White insisted on reading to the jury those portions of Fidler’s testimony

regarding the LMI data.

       Prior to calling Fidler to testify at the trial, Ring Power proffered to White

and the trial court all the questions it would ask, and even provided many of

Fidler’s anticipated answers. The trial court ruled that Fidler would not be allowed

to offer new opinions, that he could answer questions specifically about the

deposition excerpts read to the jury during White’s case-in-chief, and that the

testimony would cover basic “Crane 101” testimony.11

       In addition, before Fidler testified, White was given an opportunity to

further interview Fidler (which White’s counsel did) and to depose Fidler (which

White’s counsel declined to do), concerning what White asserted were new or

different opinions. See, e.g., Fonseca v. Taverna Imps., Inc., 

(Fla.

3d DCA 2017); Klose v. Coastal Emergency Servs. of Fort Lauderdale, 

(Fla. 4th DCA 1996). Nor did White request a continuance of the trial to cure
11 We also note that the complained-of aspects of Fidler’s testimony were

consistent with, and reiterated to a large degree, the testimony already provided at
trial by expert witnesses Jarriel and Palmer. In fact, Ring Power stated its intention
to recall Jarriel to testify, in the event the trial court did not permit Fidler to testify
live. Further, White vigorously cross-examined and challenged Fidler on what
White asserts were “new” or “different” opinions.


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any prejudice he now claims to have suffered. See London v. Dubrovin, 

30 (Fla. 3d DCA 2015); Batista v. Walter & Bernstein, 

(Fla. 3d

DCA 1980).

         We note that the trial court gave careful scrutiny to the proposed testimony

of Fidler. It weighed and considered the attendant facts and circumstances, limited

the nature and scope of the testimony, and provided safeguards and opportunities

to cure any potential procedural prejudice to White. We conclude that the trial

court did not abuse its discretion in permitting Fidler’s testimony, nor did the trial

court abuse its discretion in denying White’s motion for new trial.12

         Affirmed.



    ANY POST-OPINION MOTION MUST BE FILED WITHIN SEVEN
DAYS. A RESPONSE TO THE POST-OPINION MOTION MAY BE FILED
WITHIN FIVE DAYS THEREAFTER.




12   We affirm without further discussion the other issues raised by White on appeal.

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