NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                        UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                             FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                 ______________

   Nos. 16-3021, 16-3022, 16-3034, 16-3035, 17-1037, 17-1038, 17-1284, & 17-1285
                                 ______________

                    THE SCHOOL DISTRICT OF PHILADELPHIA
                                   Appellant in Nos. 16-3021, 16-3022, 17-1037,
                                   17-1038, 17-1284, & 17-1285

                                             v.

ROBERT KIRSCH, AND KAREN MISHER, PARENTS OF A.K. and N.K., MINORS
                             Appellants in Nos. 16-3034 & 16-3035
                        _______________

                    On Appeal from the United States District Court
                         for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
                       (Civ. Nos. 2-14-cv-04910, 2-14-cv-04911)
                    District Judge: Honorable Thomas N. O’Neill, Jr.
                                   ________________

                      Submitted Under Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)
                                  October 27, 2017
                                 ________________

 Before: GREENAWAY, JR., COWEN, Circuit Judges, and PADOVA, District Judge *

                            (Opinion Filed: February 5, 2018)

                                    ________________

                                       OPINION **
                                    ________________

       *
         The Honorable John R. Padova, Senior United States District Judge for the Eastern
District of Pennsylvania, sitting by designation.
       **
         This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does
not constitute binding precedent.
PADOVA, Senior District Judge.

       The School District of Philadelphia (“School District”) appeals from three District

Court Orders awarding tuition reimbursement for basic education and transportation for

students A.K. and N.K. based on the School District’s failure to provide A.K. and N.K.

with a free and appropriate public education (“FAPE”) from September through December

2013. Robert Kirsch and Karen Misher (“Parents”) cross-appeal from two of those Orders

to the extent that they deny certain of Parents’ requests for reimbursement and grant

summary judgment in favor of the School District with respect to A.K.’s and N.K.’s

discrimination claims. 1   The School District also appeals the District Court’s order

awarding attorneys’ fees and costs under the Individual with Disabilities Education Act’s

fee-shifting provision, 20 U.S.C. § 1415(i)(3)(B)(i)(1). The cases have been consolidated

on appeal. For the reasons that follow, we will affirm in part and vacate in part. 2

                                 I.     BACKGROUND

                               A.     The 2013 IEP Process

       A.K. and N.K. are twins who have been diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder

and are eligible for special education services pursuant to the Individuals with Disabilities

Education Act, 20 U.S.C. § 1400 et seq. (“IDEA”). In February 2013, Parents contacted



       1
        The Council of Parent Attorneys and Advocates joined the appeal of two of the
orders awarding tuition reimbursement as amicus counsel on behalf of Parents.
       2
        The District Court had subject matter jurisdiction over the merits of this case under
the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, 20 U.S.C. §§ 1415(i)(2)(A),
1415(i)(3)(B)(i)(I); 28 U.S.C. § 1331; and 28 U.S.C. § 1343. See also 22 Pa. Code §
14.162(o). We have appellate jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291.
                                              2
the School District regarding kindergarten placements for the twins for the 2013-14 school

year. In April 2013, Parents enrolled the twins in the School District and filled out the

necessary paperwork so that the School District could evaluate the twins. On June 20,

2013, the School District held a meeting with Parents to review draft Individualized

Education Programs (“IEPs”) that the School District had prepared for A.K. and N.K. for

the 2013-14 school year. The IEP team did not complete their review of the proposed IEP

for N.K. during the meeting and never started reviewing the proposed IEP for A.K. The

School District did not issue a Notice of Recommended Educational Placement

(“NOREP”) for either child at that time.

       At the end of the June 20, 2013 meeting, the parties discussed meeting again the

next day, but did not. The School District’s Special Education Liaison (“SEL”) told

Parents that they did not need to rush to complete the twins’ IEPs because they could

exchange IEP revisions by email over the summer. However, no one informed Parents that

the School District does not hold IEP meetings over the summer. On July 23, 2013, Parents

emailed the SEL to ask about the process for completing the twins’ IEPs, but received no

response. Parents emailed the SEL again on August 5, 2013, and also emailed the School

District’s Early Intervention Services (“EI”) coordinator regarding the twins’ incomplete

IEPs. The SEL replied that she no longer held that position, but had notified other School

District employees that the twins’ IEPs were incomplete. The EI coordinator responded

that she would contact the School District’s Special Education Director. On August 20,

2013, Parents hand-delivered a letter to the School District, stating that they would enroll

the twins in private school in ten days to assure that the twins had appropriate placements

                                             3
by the beginning of the school year and that they would seek tuition reimbursement from

the School District. Parents also noted in their letter that they were willing to continue with

the IEP process.

                            B.     The Public School Placement

       In the meantime, in July 2013, the School District’s Special Education Director had

identified an autistic support (“AS”) classroom with space available close to the twins’

home school, but had not informed Parents. After she received Parents’ August 20, 2013

letter, the Special Education Director notified the school team at the identified school that

they would need to be ready to deliver a program for the twins as soon as the school

reopened for the 2013-14 school year.         The teacher assigned to the AS classroom

subsequently called Parents to set up a kindergarten interview. Parents attended the

interview on September 11, 2013, at which time the AS teacher had not yet received the

twins’ files or read their last EI IEPs. Before the meeting ended, the AS teacher and the

School District’s new SEL gave Parents NOREPs for the twins as well as copies of the

draft IEPs that the School District had prepared for the twins in June 2013. On September

15, 2013, Parents returned the signed NOREPs to the School District, disapproving the

School District’s educational placements for the twins and enclosing a letter describing

their concerns regarding the School District’s proposed IEPs.

                           C.      The Private School Placement

       During the spring and summer of 2013, while they were trying to work with the

School District to obtain IEPs and appropriate placements for the twins, Parents were also

working to create a private school, A Step Up Academy (“ASUA”), which the twins could

                                              4
possibly attend. ASUA, a nonprofit founded by Misher, was licensed by the Pennsylvania

Department of Education in August 2013. On September 5, 2013, Parents entered into an

irrevocable tuition contract with ASUA for A.K.’s and N.K.’s enrollment in the school for

the 2013-14 school year. ASUA charged Parents the following for each of the twins: basic

annual tuition of $35,000.00 for the 2013-14 school year; $11,000.00 for an instructional

assistant; $9,000.00 for individual speech therapy; $1,800.00 for individual occupational

therapy; and $7,250.00 for a six-week Extended School Year (“ESY”) program. The

twins’ basic tuition included ABA-based behavior support, academic instruction, one

individual and three group speech/language therapy sessions per week, and one individual

and three group occupational therapy sessions per week.

                                  D.    The Final IEPs

        Parents continued to work with the School District to develop IEPs for the twins

after the 2013-14 school year began. On October 9 and 22, 2013, the School District held

IEP meetings with Parents to review updated draft IEPs for A.K. and N.K. Both the

October 9, 2013 IEP for A.K and the October 9, 2013 IEP for N.K. included a one-on-one

(“1:1”) aide for the entire school day, 600 minutes of pull-out speech/language therapy

services for the school year, and ESY services for eight weeks for the summer of 2014. In

December 2013, the School District provided Parents with final IEPs for A.K. and N.K.,

which were largely the same as the October 9, 2013 IEPs. Parents rejected the proposed

IEPs.




                                            5
                            II.   PROCEDURAL HISTORY

       In early October 2013, Parents filed special education due process complaints

against the School District, requesting basic tuition reimbursement for the twins’ first year

at ASUA, as well as payment or reimbursement for other services not included in the twins’

basic tuition at ASUA. The Complaint triggered a due process hearing, which took place

over eleven sessions from January 2014 through April 2014. On July 2 and 3, 2014, the

Hearing Officer issued her Decisions regarding A.K. and N.K. She found in favor of

Parents on some claims and in favor of the School District on others. She concluded that

the School District failed to offer A.K. and N.K. appropriate IEPs and NOREPs prior to

the beginning of the 2013-14 school year and that ASUA was an appropriate placement for

both twins. She awarded Parents basic tuition reimbursement and transportation costs for

the start of the 2013-14 school year through December 2013, when the School District

offered Parents appropriate IEPs for the twins. The Hearing Officer denied Parents’

request for reimbursement for additional services such as a 1:1 aide, and speech/language

and occupational therapy.

       The School District appealed the Hearing Officer’s Decisions to the Pennsylvania

Commonwealth Court. On August 22, 2014, Parents removed to the United States District

Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania and asserted counterclaims against the

School District for discrimination; for reimbursement of the twins’ tuition, transportation,

and other costs for the 2014-15 school year at ASUA; and for reasonable attorneys’ fees

and costs.   In a very thorough and well-reasoned memorandum opinion issued on

November 30, 2015, the District Court upheld the Hearing Officer’s Decisions to award

                                             6
tuition reimbursement to A.K. and N.K. for September to December 2013, and affirmed

the Hearing Officer’s determination that the School District offered the twins appropriate

IEPs in December 2013. Sch. Dist. of Philadelphia v. Kirsch, Civ. A. Nos. 14-4910, 14-

4911, 

, at *13, *17 (E.D. Pa. Nov. 30, 2015) (Kirsch I). The District

Court also determined that Parents were entitled to tuition reimbursement for A.K. and

N.K. at ASUA pursuant to the “stay-put” provision of the IDEA during the pendency of

the appeal proceedings. 

The District Court denied Parents’ remaining claims

for relief. In a June 1, 2016 memorandum opinion and order, the District Court awarded

tuition reimbursement to Parents in the amount of $227,788.68, representing the cost of

A.K.’s and N.K.’s basic tuition, ESY services, and transportation costs at ASUA for the

2013-14, 2014-15, and 2015-16 school years, less the amount of scholarships that they had

been awarded. See Sch. Dist. of Philadelphia v. Kirsch, Civ. A. Nos. 14-4910, 14-4911,

(June 1, 2016) (Kirsch II) (approving and adopting the report and

recommendation of the magistrate judge with respect to the amount of tuition

reimbursement to be awarded to Parents, i.e., Sch. Dist. of Philadelphia v. Kirsch, Civ. A.

Nos. 14-4910, 14-4911, 

(E.D. Pa. Apr. 21, 2016)).

       On June 28, 2016, the School District appealed both the District Court’s November

30, 2015 Memorandum and Order affirming the decisions of the Hearing Officer and the

District Court’s June 1, 2016 Memorandum and Order. Parents filed cross-appeals of those

decisions and Orders on June 30, 2016. 3


      3
       The June 28, 2016 appeals and June 30, 2016 cross-appeals are docketed as Nos.
16-3021, 16-3032, 16-3034, and 16-3035.
                                            7
       In the meantime, on June 15, 2016, Parents filed a Motion for Attorneys’ Fees and

Costs as prevailing parties with respect to their IDEA claim. The District Court granted

this Motion on January 11, 2017, and awarded Parents a total of $185,505.63 in attorneys’

fees and $3,703.31 in costs. Sch. Dist. of Philadelphia v. Kirsch, Civ. A. No. 14-4910, 14-

4911, 

, at *10-11 (E.D. Pa. Jan. 11, 2017) (Kirsch III). That sum was

divided as follows: $105,199.00 of the attorneys’ fees and $2,517.45 in costs was awarded

to the Law Offices of Caryl Andrea Oberman (the “Oberman firm”), which firm

represented Parents in connection with the administrative proceedings; $80,306.63 of the

attorneys’ fees and $1,185.86 of the costs were awarded to Reisman Carolla Gran, LLP,

which firm represented Parents in connection with the District Court proceedings. 

District appealed the Order to this Court on February 3, 2017.

       On October 6, 2016, Parents filed a Motion in the District Court to Enforce and for

Preliminary Injunction pursuant to 20 U.S.C. § 1415(j), asking the District Court to enter

a “stay put” preliminary injunction pursuant to the IDEA and order the School District to

pay the twins’ basic tuition at ASUA for the 2016-17 school year in the amount of

$90,000.00. The District Court granted the Motion on December 6, 2016, ordering the

School District to reimburse Parents $90,000.00 for the twins’ education costs for the 2016-

17 school year. Sch. Dist. of Philadelphia v. Kirsch, Civ. A. Nos. 14-4910, 14-4911, 2016




                                             

, at *2 (E.D. Pa. Dec. 6, 2016). The School District appealed that Order to

this Court on January 4, 2017. 4

                                      III.   DISCUSSION

       “In deciding cases brought under the IDEA, district courts apply a modified version

of de novo review.” Munir v. Pottsville Area Sch. Dist., 

, 430 (3d Cir. 2013)

(citing L.E. v. Ramsey Bd. of Educ., 

, 389 (3d Cir. 2006)). Consequently, while

“the District Court must make its own findings by a preponderance of the evidence, it is

also required to afford due weight to the factual findings of the hearing officer.” 

, 435 F.3d at 389). “The ‘due weight’ standard requires the court to consider the factual

findings from the administrative proceedings prima facie correct and, if the court fails to

adopt those findings, it must explain its reasons for departing from them.” 

T. v. Sch. Dist. of Philadelphia, 

, 241 (3d Cir. 2009)). “We exercise

plenary review over the District Court’s legal conclusions and review its factual findings

for clear error.” 

, 435 F.3d at 389).

                                 A.      Tuition Reimbursement

                            1.        The School District’s Appeals

       The School District contends that the District Court erred when it found that it

violated the IDEA and was liable for tuition reimbursement for denying a FAPE to the

twins by failing to have finalized IEPs in place for A.K. and N.K. prior to the beginning of




       4
        The January 4 and February 3, 2017 appeals are docketed as Nos. 17-1037, 17-
1038, 17-1284, and 17-1285.
                                                9
the 2013-14 school year. 5 We conduct a two-part inquiry to determine whether the School

District is liable for violating the IDEA: “(1) Has the school district complied with the

procedures set forth in IDEA?; and (2) Has the school district fulfilled its obligation to

provide the student with a FAPE?” C.H. v. Cape Henlopen Sch. Dist., 

, 66 (3d

Cir. 2010) (citing Bd. of Educ. of Hendrick Hudson Cent. Sch. Dist. v. Rowley, 

, 206-07 (1982)).      “A plaintiff who alleges the denial of a FAPE may seek

compensatory relief in the form of . . . tuition reimbursement for an appropriate placement

in private school.” 

). However, a plaintiff who

“alleg[es] only that a school district has failed to comply with a procedural requirement of

the IDEA, independent of any resulting deprivation of a FAPE, may only seek injunctive

relief for prospective compliance.” 

ex rel. Michael P. v. West Chester Area

Sch. Dist., 

, 738 (3d Cir. 2009)).

       There is no dispute that the School District failed to provide finalized IEPs for A.K.

and N.K. prior to the 2013-14 school year. This failure constitutes a procedural violation

of the IDEA because the statute requires school districts to have IEPs in effect “[a]t the

beginning of each school year.” 20 U.S.C. § 1414(d)(2)(A); see also 

.


       5
         “The IDEA requires states receiving federal education funding to provide every
disabled child with a ‘free appropriate public education.’” Ridley Sch. Dist. v. M.R., 

, 268 (3d Cir. 2012) (quoting 20 U.S.C. § 1412(a)(1)). “A FAPE ‘consists of
educational instruction specially designed to meet the unique needs of the handicapped
child, supported by such services as are necessary to permit the child “to benefit” from the
instruction.’” 

(quoting Bd. of Educ. of Hendrick Hudson Cent. Sch. Dist. v.
Rowley, 

, 188-89 (1982)). The IDEA further requires that: “[a]t the beginning
of each school year, each local educational agency . . . shall have in effect, for each child
with a disability in the agency’s jurisdiction, an individualized education program . . . .”
20 U.S.C. § 1414(d)(2)(A).
                                             10
However, the School District argues that its failure to provide IEPs for the twins prior to

the beginning of the 2013-14 school year did not result in the denial of FAPEs for the twins

because it did not result in substantive harm to the twins or Parents. A procedural violation

of the IDEA may be considered the denial of a FAPE “entitling the plaintiff to

compensatory education or tuition reimbursement . . . ‘only if such violation causes

substantive harm to the child or his parents.’” 

(quoting Knable ex rel.

Knable v. Bexley City Sch. Dist., 

, 765 (6th Cir. 2001) (remaining citations

omitted)). Substantive harm exists where the School District’s violation of the IDEA

“significantly imped[es] the parent’s opportunity to participate in the decision-making

process regarding the provision of a FAPE to the parent’s child.” 

(quoting 34

C.F.R. § 300.513(a)(2)).

       The record in this case clearly supports the District Court’s determination that the

School District “failed to provide parents with important details regarding the proposed

classroom for the twins . . . until just before the start of the school year and thus

‘significantly impeded [parents’] opportunity to participate in the decision-making process

regarding the provision of a FAPE to the’ twins.” Kirsch I, 

, at *13

(second alteration in original) (quoting 34 C.F.R. § 300.513(a)(2)). As we discussed above,

the School District did not provide Parents with final IEPs for the twins prior to the start of

the 2013-14 school year. Moreover, Parents were not notified of the twins’ recommended

school placement until the AS teacher invited them to the September 11, 2013 kindergarten

interview, at which they were given an overview of the program used in the AS classroom.

Accordingly, we reject the School District’s claim that District Court erred when it found

                                              11
that the School District’s failure to have finalized IEPs in place for A.K. and N.K. prior to

the beginning of the 2013-14 school year was a denial of a FAPE under the IDEA, making

the School District liable for tuition reimbursement.

       The School District also contends that the District Court erred when it failed to deny

Parents’ claim for tuition reimbursement for equitable reasons. Parents are entitled to

reimbursement for private school tuition “if a federal court concludes both that the public

placement violated IDEA and the private school placement was proper under the act.”

Forest Grove Sch. Dist. v. T.A., 

, 246 (2009) (quoting Florence Cnty. Sch.

Dist. Four v. Carter, 

, 15 (1993)). The Hearing Officer and District Court found

that the twins’ placement at ASUA was appropriate and the School District does not contest

that finding. Kirsch I, 

, at *15. However, the School District maintains

that it should not be required to pay the twins’ tuition at ASUA because Parents acted

unreasonably. “Even where a District is found to be in violation of the IDEA and private

school placement is deemed appropriate, ‘courts retain discretion to reduce the amount of

a reimbursement award if the equities so warrant.’” 

(quoting Forest

Grove Sch. 

). Consequently, “an award of private school tuition ‘may

be reduced or denied’ . . . ‘upon a judicial finding of unreasonableness with respect to

actions taken by the parents,’ or where parents fail to give the school district ten days notice

prior to enrolling a child in private school.”                 

U.S.C. §

1412(a)(10)(C)(iii)(III), and citing 20 U.S.C. § 1412(a)(10)(C)(iii)(I)(bb)).

       The School District further asserts that the District Court improperly weighed the

equities insofar as it ignored Parents’ failure to meet their obligation to timely notify the

                                              12
School District prior to removing the twins from the School District and enrolling them at

ASUA; disregarded that parents created ASUA in lieu of working with the School District

to develop appropriate IEPs; and applied the wrong legal standard to Parents’ conduct. The

District Court considered these arguments and found that the School District failed to

satisfy its burden of persuasion as to this issue. See Kirsch I, 

, at *11-

13. We conclude, based upon the record, that the District Court did not abuse its discretion

in this regard.

       The record establishes that Parents complied with their obligation to give the School

District ten days’ notice prior to enrolling the twins at ASUA.          See 20 U.S.C. §

1412(a)(10)(C)(iii)(I)(bb). On August 20, 2013, Parents notified the School District by

hand-delivered letter that they would enroll the twins in private school within ten days and

seek tuition reimbursement from the School District. Parents enrolled the twins at ASUA

on September 5, 2013, more than ten days later.

       The record also contradicts the School District’s assertion that Parents acted

unreasonably in failing to work together with the School District to develop appropriate

IEPs for the twins because they preferred to place the twins at ASUA. The School District

insists that it did not finalize the IEPs prior to the beginning of the 2013-14 school year

because Parents refused to review the School District’s draft IEPs or attend follow-up

meetings. However, the record shows that Parents attended the June 20, 2013 IEP meeting

and that Misher offered to attend another IEP meeting the next day, but the School District

did not hold one. The School District told Parents that they could revise the draft IEPs

over the summer by email, but then failed to substantively respond to the Parents’ follow-

                                            13
up emails. During Parents’ September 11, 2011 meeting with the teacher in the AS

classroom in which the twins were to be placed, Parents were given new copies of the draft

IEPs from June 20, 2013, along with NOREPs for the twins. Parents rejected the NOREPs

because they had concerns about the proposed IEPs, although they continued to work with

the School District to develop IEPs for the twins. The School District did not invite Parents

to another IEP meeting until October 9, 2013, after the 2013-14 school year had begun.

Thus, the record simply does not support a conclusion that Parents failed to work together

with the School District as the School District contends.

       The School District’s argument that the District Court applied the wrong legal

standard to its assessment of Parents’ conduct is similarly unsupported. The School District

contends that both the Hearing Officer and the District Court improperly required it to

prove that Parents’ actions were “deceptive or otherwise unethical” rather than merely

unreasonable. 6   However, the Hearing Officer did not use a standard other than

reasonableness to determine whether the equities required a reduction in the amount of

tuition reimbursement. Rather, it is clear from a review of the Hearing Officer’s Decisions

that she examined whether the record showed that Parents acted unreasonably, and she


       6
          This quoted phrase appears in the Hearing Officer’s analysis of the School
District’s examination of Parents’ witnesses. The Hearing Officer stated that “[t]he theme
of the District’s examination of Parents’ witnesses . . . was that Parents’ actions in seeking
a public school placement while attempting to start the private school Student[s] currently
attend[] were so pervasively inequitable as to relieve the District of all obligations to
Student[s].” App. 192a, 218a. The Hearing Officer concluded that the factual record did
not “support a conclusion that Parents’ actions were deceptive or otherwise unethical.” 

Hearing Officer’s discussion of deceptive or unethical conduct was merely in
response to the School District’s argument that Parents’ conduct was not only
unreasonable, but also “pervasively inequitable.”
                                             14
found that it did not. In fact, she found that Parents’ conduct in founding a private school

to educate children with certain disabilities, and enrolling their own children in that school,

was “not substantively different from the usual situation of dissatisfied . . . parents

exploring potential private placements.” App. 193a, 219a. She further found “no evidence

that Parents were committed to sending [the twins] to the private school between February

and June 2013, when Parents first contacted the District, [and] the District was [evaluating

the twins] and developing . . . draft IEP[s].” 

Thus, the Hearing Officer

plainly considered the reasonableness of Parents’ conduct in concluding that there was “no

equitable basis for denying or reducing tuition reimbursement based on Parents’ actions”

from February 2013 through the date in August 2013 when they were notified of the twins’

classroom assignment. App. 194a, 220a. There is, moreover, nothing in the District

Court’s decision to indicate that it applied a standard other than reasonableness to Parents’

conduct, as it simply concluded that “[g]iving due weight to the Hearing Officer’s findings,

and after a review of the record, I find no reason to reject them.” Kirsch I, 

, at *16 (citation omitted). Consequently, we reject the School District’s argument

that the District Court applied the wrong legal standard in denying the School District’s

claim that Parents’ unreasonable conduct relieved it of liability for tuition reimbursement.

       Accordingly, the District Court did not abuse its discretion or otherwise err when it

rejected the School District’s argument that it should deny tuition reimbursement for the

twins because the balance of the equities weighed in favor of the School District.

       The School District also argues that the District Court erred in its June 1, 2016

decision awarding tuition reimbursement to Parents because that award included ESY

                                              15
services, which the Hearing Officer had not considered. 7 The IDEA’s implementing

regulations provide that “[e]xtended school year services must be provided only if a child’s

IEP Team determines, on an individual basis . . . that the services are necessary for the

provision of FAPE to the child.” 34 C.F.R. § 300.106(a)(2). In this case, the School

District’s IEP team determined that the twins were both entitled to ESY services of 20

hours per week over eight weeks in July and August 2014. See Kirsch II, 

, at *2 (citation omitted). Moreover, “once a court holds that the public placement

violated IDEA, it is authorized to ‘grant such relief as the court determines is appropriate.’”

(quoting 20 U.S.C. § 1415(e)(2)). “Under this provision,

‘equitable considerations are relevant in fashioning relief,’ and the court enjoys ‘broad

discretion’ in so doing.” 

(quoting Sch. Comm. of the Town of Burlington v. Dep’t

of Educ., 

, 369, 374 (1985)). Under these circumstances, we conclude that

the District Court did not abuse its discretion in awarding tuition reimbursement for ESY

services, and we reject the School District’s claim to the contrary.

       The School District further argues that the District Court erred in its December 6,

2016 Memorandum and Order granting basic tuition reimbursement in the amount of

$90,000.00 for the twins’ education costs for the 2016-17 school year because that decision

was grounded on the District Court’s November 30, 2015 determination that the School

District failed to offer a timely FAPE to the twins in the Fall of 2013 (the “FAPE



       7
         The Hearing Officer did not consider ESY services because she concluded that
Parents’ entitlement to tuition reimbursement terminated in December 2013 and the ESY
services in question were provided to the twins after December 2013.
                                              16
Determination”). The School District asserts that, if we find that the District Court’s FAPE

Determination was erroneous, we should also reverse the award of tuition reimbursement

for the 2016-2017 school year. However, as we discussed at length above, we are affirming

the District Court’s FAPE Determination. Consequently, we reject the School District’s

claim that we should reverse the District Court’s award of basic tuition for the twins for

the 2016-2017 school year because the FAPE Determination was erroneous. 8

                                2. Parents’ Cross-Appeals

       Parents claim that the Hearing Officer and District Court erred as a matter of law in

denying their request for tuition reimbursement for 1:1 aides as well as occupational and

speech/language therapy services beyond those services included in ASUA’s basic tuition.

The Hearing Officer denied reimbursement for services outside of those included in the

private school’s basic tuition because she concluded that “[i]t is not the District’s

responsibility to pay extra costs that Parents had to incur to make the private school

appropriate. It is sufficient that Parents were reimbursed for the educational program and

the related services it included.” App. 196a, 222a.

       The Hearing Officer is incorrect. Parents are entitled to “restitution under the IDEA

for out-of-pocket expenses that the school district ‘should have paid all along and would

have borne in the first instance had it developed a proper IEP.’”        Chambers ex rel.


       8
        Parents filed a Motion for Summary Action pursuant to L.A.R. 27.4, asking that
we dismiss the School District’s appeal of the order awarding 2016-2017 tuition
reimbursement. This Court referred the Motion to the merits panel. Because we have
determined that the School District is not entitled to reversal of the 2016-2017 tuition
reimbursement order since it has not established that the District Court erred in its FAPE
Determination, we will deny Parents’ Motion for Summary Action as moot.
                                            17
Chambers v. Sch. Dist. of Philadelphia Bd. of Educ., 

, 184 (3d Cir. 2009)

(footnote omitted) (quoting 

, and citing Florence 

). The final IEPs prepared by the School District in December 2013, which the

Hearing Officer found to be appropriate, included the provision of the following services

for each twin: speech/language therapy of 15 hours per year; 1:1 assistant for 35 hours per

week; and occupational therapy of 10 hours per year. The twins’ basic tuition at ASUA

included two hours of speech therapy and one hour of occupational therapy per week,

which exceeds the speech/language and occupational therapy required by the twins’

December 2013 IEPs. Therefore, Parents are not entitled to additional reimbursement for

those services. However, the basic tuition at ASUA did not include any services provided

by a 1:1 aide. The School District has recognized that it has an obligation under the IDEA

to provide the twins with the services of a 1:1 aide for 35 hours per week, as those services

were authorized by the School District’s IEP team and included in the twins’ IEPs. Thus,

Parents are entitled to restitution under the IDEA for the out-of-pocket expenses they

incurred for the services of 1:1 aides for the twins at ASUA. See 

(quotation and citations omitted).

       We conclude, accordingly, that the Hearing Officer erred as a matter of law by

denying Parents’ request for reimbursement of their out-of-pocket expenses for 1:1 aides

for the twins. As the District Court likewise did not grant reimbursement for these expenses

in any of its three Orders granting tuition reimbursement, we vacate the November 30,

2015, June 1, 2016, and December 6, 2016 Orders of the District Court and remand to the

District Court with an instruction to add reimbursement of Parents’ out-of-pocket expenses

                                             18
for 1:1 aides for the twins to its award of reimbursement for the twins’ basic tuition and

transportation as follows: $11,000.00 for a 1:1 instructional aide for A.K. for the 2013-14

school year; $11,000.00 for a 1:1 instructional aide for N.K. for the 2013-14 school year;

$15,000.00 for a 1:1 instructional aide for A.K. for the 2014-15 school year; $15,000.00

for a 1:1 instructional aide for N.K. for the 2014-15 school year; $18,000.00 for a 1:1

instructional aide for A.K. for the 2015-16 school year; $18,000.00 for a 1:1 instructional

aide for N.K. for the 2015-2016 school year; and an amount to be determined by the District

Court for 1:1 instructional aides for A.K. and N.K. for the 2016-17 school year.

       Parents also claim that the District Court erred as a matter of law by failing to

explicitly reject the Hearing Officer’s determination that, under the IDEA, a School

District’s proposal of an appropriate IEP after a school year has begun can provide a basis

for the mid-year termination of tuition reimbursement. Parents emphasize that 20 U.S.C.

§ 1412(a)(10)(C)(iii) lists only three permissible grounds for limiting tuition

reimbursement, and none of these grounds is the offer of a FAPE after the school year has

begun. 9 However, in spite of the District Court’s approval of the Hearing Officer’s

determination that the School District offered appropriate IEPs for A.K. and N.K. in

December 2013, the District Court, unlike the Hearing Officer, did not rely on that finding



       9
         Section 1412(a)(10)(C)(iii) provides that tuition reimbursement “may be reduced
or denied” if parents did not timely inform the IEP team that they were rejecting the
NOREP and sought to “enroll their child in a private school at public expense;” parents
failed to timely inform the school district that they intended to enroll their child in private
school; parents failed to make their child available for evaluation by the school district; or
parents’ actions were unreasonable. 20 U.S.C. § 1412(a)(10)(C)(iii).

                                              19
to limit tuition reimbursement. Rather, the District Court awarded tuition reimbursement

for A.K. and N.K. at ASUA for the entire 2013-14 school year pursuant to the stay-put

provision of the IDEA, 20 U.S.C. § 1415(j). 10 Kirsch, 

, at *17-18. Thus,

any error in the District Court’s failure to specifically address and reject the Hearing

Officer’s rationale for concluding that Parents were not entitled to tuition reimbursement

after December 2013 was harmless, and we need not reach the issue here. See Fed. R. Civ.

P. 61; Gen. Motors Corp. v. New A.C. Chevrolet, Inc., 

, 328-29 (3d Cir. 2001).

       Parents also argue that the District Court erred in granting summary judgment in

favor of the School District with respect to their counterclaims of discrimination pursuant

to the Americans with Disabilities Act, 42 U.S.C. § 12132 (“ADA”), and Section 504 of

the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, 29 U.S.C. § 794 (“Section 504”). 11 The relief Parents seek,

tuition reimbursement, is identical to the relief they seek in their IDEA claim. Specifically,

Parents argue that if they are not entitled to reimbursement for all of the twins’ educational

expenses under the IDEA, they are entitled to full reimbursement under the ADA and

Section 504. Both the ADA and Section 504 require successful claimants to establish that


       10
          The stay-put provision of the IDEA provides that “[e]xcept as provided in
subsection (k)(4), during the pendency of any proceedings conducted pursuant to this
section, unless the State or local educational agency and the parents otherwise agree, the
child shall remain in the then-current educational placement of the child . . . until all such
proceedings have been completed.” 20 U.S.C. § 1415(j). The School District does not
appeal the application of the stay-put provision here.
       11
           “We exercise plenary review over a district court order granting summary
judgment.” Willis v. UPMC Children’s Hosp. of Pittsburgh, 

, 643 (3d Cir.
2015) (citing Simpson v. Kay Jewelers, Div. of Sterling, Inc., 

, 643 (3d Cir.
1998)). “Accordingly, we engage in the same analysis as the district court initially
applied.” 

v. Consol. Rail Corp., 

, 246 (3d Cir. 2002)).
                                             20
“(1) they are handicapped or disabled as defined under the statutes; (2) they are otherwise

qualified to participate in the program at issue; and (3) they were precluded from

participating in a program or receiving a service or benefit because of their disability.” CG

v. Pennsylvania Dep’t of Educ., 

, 235 (3d Cir. 2013) (citing 

). The District Court granted the School District’s Motion for Summary

Judgment with respect to Parents’ ADA and Section 504 claims for tuition reimbursement

because Parents failed to show that the School District intentionally discriminated against

the twins. Kirsch I, 

, at *21 (quoting Ridley Sch. Dist. v. M.R., 

, 280 (3d Cir. 2012)).

       Parents argue that the District Court erred as a matter of law in resolving these

counterclaims because, in requiring them to establish intentional discrimination on the part

of the School District, the District Court applied the wrong legal standard. “All courts of

appeals that have considered this issue have held that compensatory damages are not

available under § 504 of the RA and § 202 of the ADA absent intentional discrimination.”

S.H. ex rel. Durrell v. Lower Merion Sch. Dist., 

, 262 (3d Cir. 2013) (citing

Meagley v. City of Little Rock, 

, 389 (8th Cir. 2011)) (additional citations

omitted). Deliberate indifference satisfies the intentional discrimination standard. See 

“However, ‘deliberate indifference must be a deliberate choice, rather than

negligence or bureaucratic inaction.’” 

(quoting Loeffler v. Staten Island Univ.

Hosp., 

, 276 (2d Cir. 2009)).

       Parents contend that the District Court erred in applying the deliberate indifference

standard to their ADA and Section 504 claims because their request for tuition

                                             21
reimbursement under those statutes is not a request for compensatory damages but, rather,

is a request for equitable relief. However, Parents fail to articulate why reimbursement for

money they have paid constitutes equitable relief rather than compensatory damages. In

essence, tuition reimbursement compensates parents for education expenses. Thus it is

properly classified as compensatory damage relief. Consequently, we conclude that the

District Court did not err as a matter of law in applying the intentional discrimination

standard to the ADA and Section 504 claims.

       Parents also argue that the District Court erred in granting summary judgment in

favor of the School District with respect to their ADA and Section 504 claims when, in

their view, the evidence of record supports a finding that the School District acted with

deliberate indifference in failing to work diligently with them to “ensure [the twins’]

meaningful participation in educational activities and meaningful access to educational

benefits.” 

(stating that an “appropriate” education under Section

504 is one that meets this standard (citations omitted)). Parents rely on evidence that the

School District failed to notify them that it did not meet with parents during the summer

and that no one responded to their emails regarding the twins’ IEPs. 12 However, as noted

above, “deliberate indifference must be a ‘deliberate choice, rather than negligence or

bureaucratic inaction.’” 

(quoting 

). Parents


       12
          Parents also assert that the School District did not coordinate with the twins’ EI
therapists and behaviorist to ensure that it had the appropriate programs in place for the
twins prior to the start of the 2013-14 school year. However, there is record evidence that
the School District did coordinate with the twins’ behavioral specialist, who attended the
June 20, 2013 IEP meeting.

                                            22
have not presented any record evidence that the School District’s failure to make them

aware of its policy not to meet in the summer regarding IEPs or its failure to respond to

emails during the summer break was a deliberate choice rather than negligence or

bureaucratic inaction. Accordingly, we conclude that the District Court did not err in

finding that “the standard for deliberate indifference has not been met in these cases.”

Kirsch I, 

, at *21.

                                  B.     Attorneys’ Fees

       The School District argues that we should reverse the District Court’s January 11,

2017 Order awarding attorneys’ fees and costs on the grounds that the District Court erred

by (1) failing to properly adjust counsels’ requested hourly rates even though it found that

Parents had failed to satisfy their burden of proving that those rates were reasonable; and

(2) failing to reduce Parents’ attorneys’ lodestar for lack of success. 13 “[W]e review

attorneys’ fees rulings for abuse of discretion.” M.R. v. Ridley Sch. Dist., 

,

223 (3d Cir. 2017) (citing Raab v. City of Ocean City, 

, 292 (3d Cir. 2016)).

“An abuse of discretion occurs when a district court’s decision rests upon a clearly

erroneous finding of fact, an errant conclusion of law or an improper application of law to

fact.” 

(quoting P.N. v. Clementon Bd. of Educ., 

, 852




       13
          The School District also asserts that we should reverse the January 11, 2017 Order
awarding attorneys’ fees and costs because it is grounded on the FAPE Determination,
which the School District contends was erroneous. However, as we are affirming the
District Court’s FAPE Determination, we reject the School District’s claim that we should
reverse the District Court’s award of attorneys’ fees and costs on this basis.
                                            23
(3d Cir. 2006)). However, “our review is plenary where . . . the district court based its

denial on legal conclusions.” 

(citing 

).

       The IDEA provides that courts may “award attorneys’ fees to a ‘prevailing party.’”

(quoting 20 U.S.C. § 1415(i)(3)(B)(i)). The fees awarded under the

IDEA “shall be based on rates prevailing in the community in which the action or

proceeding arose for the kind and quality of services furnished.” 20 U.S.C. § 1415(i)(3)(C).

The lodestar formula is used to determine the reasonableness of attorneys’ fees, “which

requires multiplying the number of hours reasonably expended by a reasonable hourly

rate.” Maldonado v. Houstoun, 

, 184 (3d Cir. 2001) (citations omitted).

       The School District contends that the District Court failed to sufficiently reduce

Parents’ requested attorneys’ fees after finding that Parents’ proof was insufficient to

establish the reasonableness of the requested hourly rates. The IDEA provides that a court

may reduce the attorneys’ fees awarded to a prevailing party if “the amount of the

attorneys’ fees otherwise authorized to be awarded unreasonably exceeds the hourly rate

prevailing in the community for similar services by attorneys of reasonably comparable

skill, reputation, and experience.” 20 U.S.C. § 1415(i)(3)(F)(ii). “The prevailing party

‘bears the burden of establishing by way of satisfactory evidence, in addition to [the]

attorney’s own affidavits . . . that the requested hourly rates meet this standard.’”

(alterations in original) (quoting Washington v. Philadelphia

Cnty. Ct. of Common Pleas, 

, 1035 (3d Cir. 1996)). “The starting point in

ascertaining a reasonable hourly rate ‘is the attorney’s usual billing rate, but this is not



                                            24
dispositive.’” 

(quoting Public Int. Research Group of N.J., Inc. v. Windall,

, 1185 (3d Cir. 1995)).

       The District Court found that the proof submitted by Parents was insufficient to

establish that their attorneys’ hourly rates were reasonable because the record contained no

evidence of the rates that Parents’ attorneys actually charged to paying clients or of actual

rates charged by lawyers of similar skill for similar services. Kirsch III, 

,

at *5. However, the District Court also concluded that the record contained sufficient

evidence, submitted by both parties, as to the reasonable rates for counsel of similar skill

providing similar services, and it thereby determined that “slight reductions in the hourly

rates charged by parents’ attorneys . . . [would] make them reasonable.” 

and n.8.

Specifically, the District Court relied on declarations submitted by Parents’ attorneys,

declarations submitted by special education lawyers retained by both Parents and the

School District to opine about the reasonableness of the requested fees, the 2014

Community Legal Services fee schedule, and evidence of attorneys’ fees awarded in other

cases. 

Based on this record evidence, the District Court reduced the hourly

rates requested by counsel by between 4% and 24%. 

*6.

       Given the evidence on which it relied, we conclude that the District Court did not

abuse its discretion in awarding attorneys’ fees to Parents that only slightly reduced the

attorneys’ requested hourly rates and did not more dramatically reduce the hourly rates as

the School District asserts was required. See 20 U.S.C. § 1415(i)(3)(F)(ii); see also

(citation omitted) (noting that the CLS fee schedule is



                                             25
“well developed” and “reasonable in fixing the hourly rates” charged in civil rights actions

in Philadelphia).

       The School District also claims that the District Court abused its discretion in failing

to reduce the attorneys’ fees lodestar for the Oberman firm to reflect Parents’ unsuccessful

claims. We may adjust a requested legal fee downward based upon the results obtained by

counsel for the prevailing party, particularly “where a plaintiff is deemed ‘prevailing’ even

though he succeeded on only some of his claims for relief.” Hensley v. Eckerhart, 

, 434 (1983).        In this situation, we consider whether, notwithstanding his

unsuccessful claims, “the plaintiff achieve[d] a level of success that makes the hours

reasonably expended a satisfactory basis for making a fee award.” 

Supreme

Court explained in Hensley, “[w]here a plaintiff has obtained excellent results, his attorney

should recover a fully compensatory fee . . . [and] the fee award should not be reduced

simply because the plaintiff failed to prevail on every contention raised in the lawsuit.” 

(citation omitted).

       The Oberman firm represented Parents before the Hearing Officer and was

unsuccessful with respect to Parents’ claim that the School District failed to provide a

FAPE for the twins after December 2013. The Oberman firm did not reduce its fee request

to account for that lack of success and the District Court declined to reduce its award of

fees to the Oberman firm on this basis. 14 The District Court explained that the Oberman

firm “achieved significant success at the administrative level on behalf of both A.K. and


       14
        The District Court did reduce the hours requested by the Oberman firm by 151.7
hours due to duplication. Kirsch V, 

at *7.
                                              26
N.K.” in that “the Hearing Officer found that the District denied A.K. and N.K. a FAPE

from the start of the 2013-14 school year through December 2013 and also determined that

ASUA was an appropriate private placement for A.K. and N.K.” Kirsch III, 

, at *9. The District Court further noted that this determination was critical to its

finding that the School District was “obligated to continue to fund the twins’ education at

ASUA through the exhaustion of all appeals.”            

under these

circumstances, that the District Court’s decision not to reduce the Oberman firm’s fees to

reflect its lack of complete success was not an abuse of discretion and we reject the School

District’s claim with respect to this issue. See 

.

                                 IV.    CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, we will reverse the judgment of the District Court as to

Parents’ claim for tuition reimbursement for 1:1 aides for the twins for the 2013-14 through

2016-17 school years and remand to the District Court to enter judgment for Parents as set

forth in the June 1, 2016 Order, with the addition of $88,000.00 for tuition reimbursement

for 1:1 aides for the twins for the 2013-14 through 2015-16 school years and an amount to

be determined by the District Court for the 2016-17 school year. Accordingly, we will

vacate the District Court’s Orders dated November 30, 2015, June 1, 2016 and December

6, 2016. We will affirm the judgment of the District Court in all other respects.




                                            27