F I L E D
                                                                  United States Court of Appeals
                                                                          Tenth Circuit
                                      PUBLISH
                                                                         MAR 22 2001
                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                    PATRICK FISHER
                                                                               Clerk
                                 TENTH CIRCUIT



 RURAL WATER DISTRICT NO. 1,
 ELLSWORTH COUNTY, KANSAS,
 commonly known as Post Rock Rural
 Water District, also known as
 Ellsworth County Rural Water District
 No. 1,                                            Nos. 98-3337, 98-3340,
                                                        99-3075 & 99-3084
          Plaintiff-Appellant and Cross-
          Appellee,

 v.

 CITY OF WILSON, KANSAS,

          Defendant-Appellee and Cross-
          Appellant.


               APPEAL FROM UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                      FOR THE DISTRICT OF KANSAS
                        (D.C. No. CV-96-1297-WEB)


Victor S. Nelson, of Victor S. Nelson, P.A., Wichita, Kansas, for the appellant.

Allen G. Glendenning, of Watkins, Calcara, Rondeau, Friedeman, Bleeker,
Glendenning & McVay, Chtd, Great Bend, Kansas, for the appellee.


Before HENRY, BRISCOE , Circuit Judges, and ALLEY , District Judge.        1




      1
           The Honorable Wayne E. Alley, United States District Judge for the
                                                                     (continued...)
HENRY, Circuit Judge.


      Plaintiff Rural Water District No. 1, Ellsworth County, Kansas (commonly

known as Post Rock Rural Water District) brought this case alleging that

defendant City of Wilson, Kansas, (the City) violated 7 U.S.C. § 1926(b) by

providing domestic water service to customers in Post Rock’s service area. Post

Rock sought declaratory and injunctive relief under 28 U.S.C. §§ 2201 and 2202.

Post Rock appeals the district court’s refusal to grant a permanent injunction

preventing the City from providing domestic water service in Post Rock’s service

area. Post Rock also appeals the district court’s refusal to award all of its

attorney fees and expenses under 42 U.S.C. § 1988. The City cross-appeals the

district court’s decision to grant a contingent injunction concerning the City’s

provision of water service in the Purma Addition. The City further appeals the

district court’s award of partial attorney fees to Post Rock under § 1988. We

exercise jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and affirm in part, reverse in

part, and remand.

                                         I.

      The City is a municipal corporation in Ellsworth County, Kansas. Post


      (...continued)
      1

Western District of Oklahoma, sitting by designation.

                                          2
Rock is a rural water district formed on March 5, 1979. Post Rock has the legal

right pursuant to 7 U.S.C. § 1926(c) to provide water service “to all of Ellsworth

County except the incorporated cities, including the City of Wilson as it existed

on March 5, 1979.” Aplt. App. I at 147. The City owns and operates

groundwater wells, water treatment systems, and water distribution systems

within the Wilson city limits and within areas annexed into the City since January

1995. Pursuant to § 1926(c), customers within Post Rock’s service area must

receive water service from Post Rock or provide their own water; they may not

connect to the City water system unless Post Rock is unable to provide service or

releases them from the water district.

      To receive water service, Post Rock requires prospective customers to

submit an application for a benefit unit, accompanied by an $800 application fee.    2



This purchase of a benefit unit makes the prospective customer a part owner of

the district. With a portion of the application fee, Post Rock hires an

independent engineering firm to determine whether the customer can be

adequately served by Post Rock “without curtailing service to existing Post Rock

customers. If the engineer finds that there is sufficient capacity to serve the

potential user and determines what additions will be required to the system, Post



      2
        Alternatively, the potential customer may pay for an engineering study
without filing an application.

                                            3
Rock then calculates the cost of adding the potential user to the system.” Aplt.

App. I at 151. Under this policy, the customer pays all of the costs of adding his

property to Post Rock’s water system.

      This appeal concerns three properties in Post Rock’s service area: the

Purma Addition, the Prairie Estates Addition, and the Branda property. Purma

Addition is located outside the 1979 Wilson city limits. On April 20, 1995, the

City annexed Purma Addition. In December 1995, the City extended its

municipal water system to Purma Addition and in July 1997, it began providing

water service to the two duplexes in Purma Addition. Although Post Rock had

the ability to deliver water to Purma Addition, Post Rock had no water pipes in

Purma Addition at the time of trial. At the time of trial, no one in Purma

Addition had made a formal application to Post Rock for water service. A Post

Rock study showed it would take two to five days to establish service to the

duplexes, at a cost of $32,000.

      Prairie Estates Addition is also located outside the 1979 Wilson city limits.

At the time of trial, the City had not annexed Prairie Estates, but had studied the

feasibility of running water pipes into the area. At the time of trial, Post Rock

had not received a formal application for water service from anyone in Prairie

Estates. Post Rock had no water pipes in Prairie Estates, but there was testimony

that it would take three to six days to provide water service. At the time of trial,


                                          4
no houses had been built in Prairie Estates and none were planned in the

immediate future. Post Rock could not state whether it would have the capacity

to serve Prairie Estates in the future.

      The Branda property was annexed into the City in 1992. Before January

19, 1995, the City provided water service only to a house on the property. After

January 19, 1995, the City also provided service to another building on the

property. At the time of trial, Post Rock had not received an application for

water service and had not done a cost analysis of providing water service to the

property.

      On February 6, 1997, Post Rock filed an amended complaint in federal

district court alleging the City violated 7 U.S.C. § 1926(b) by providing water

service in Post Rock’s service area and seeking declaratory and injunctive relief

under 28 U.S.C. §§ 2201 and § 2202. In its trial brief, Post Rock asserted it was

entitled to relief under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and requested attorney fees pursuant to

42 U.S.C. § 1988.

      After a bench trial, the district court entered judgment on October 27,

1998, concluding that Post Rock properly brought its claim for a violation of §

1926(b) under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. The district court determined that the City was

encroaching on Post Rock’s service area, but concluded that Post Rock was not

making service available because it charged customers for building water system


                                          5
infrastructure. The district court entered a contingent injunction as to Purma

Addition, enjoining the City from providing water service if Post Rock agreed to

provide service at a reasonable cost. The district court denied Post Rock relief as

to Prairie Estates because Post Rock had not shown when, if ever, there would be

domestic water users in that area and whether Post Rock would have the capacity

to serve those users. The district court also denied Post Rock relief as to the

Branda property because Post Rock had not shown it could serve the property and

had not made service available. Post Rock filed a motion for attorney fees,

expenses, and expert witness fees under § 1988. The district court concluded

that Post Rock was a prevailing party under § 1988 and awarded Post Rock 25

percent of its claimed fees and expenses because it had prevailed on only a

portion of its claim.

                                              II.

       Post Rock appeals the district court’s denial of injunctive relief, which we

review for abuse of discretion.     See Roe v. Cheyenne Mountain Conference

Resort, Inc. , 

, 1230 (10th Cir. 1997). “The discretionary decision

is ‘not left to a Court’s “inclination,” but to its judgment; and its judgment is to

be guided by sound legal principles.’”      

Paper Co. v.

Moody , 

, 416 (1975)). “The court’s discretion is to be exercised in

light of the purposes of the statute on which plaintiff’s suit is based.”   

                                              6
extent the district court determined questions of law in interpreting a statute, we

exercise de novo review.   Ute Indian Tribe v. Utah , 

, 1520 (10th

Cir. 1997).



Protection from competition under 7 U.S.C. § 1926(b)

      Post Rock is a rural water district incorporated by the Ellsworth County

Board of County Commissioners to develop and provide water service to the rural

residents within its territory, pursuant to Kan. Stat. Ann. § 82a-613 (1997).

Kansas law authorizes rural water districts to borrow money from the federal

government. Kan. Stat. Ann. § 82a-619(b) (1997). “As part of the Consolidated

Farm and Rural Development Act, 7 U.S.C. §§ 1921-2009n, Congress authorized

the Secretary of Agriculture to make or insure loans to nonprofit water service

associations for ‘the conservation, development, use, and control of water.’”

Sequoyah County Rural Water Dist. No. 7 v. Town of Muldrow       , 

,

1194 (10th Cir. 1999) (quoting 7 U.S.C. § 1926(a)),   cert. denied , 

, 1548 (2000). In accordance with these provisions, Post Rock borrowed

money from the Farmer’s Home Administration (FmHA).        3



      Section 1926 applies to rural water districts receiving loans from the



      3
       The FmHA is now known as the Rural Utilities Service, an agency of the
United States Department of Agriculture. See 7 C.F.R. § 1780.3(a).

                                           7
FmHA. That statute provides that “[t]he service provided or made available

through any such association shall not be curtailed or limited by inclusion of the

area served by such association within the boundaries of any municipal

corporation or other public body.” 7 U.S.C. § 1926(b). By enacting § 1926(b),

Congress intended to protect rural water districts from competition to encourage

rural water development and to provide greater security for and thereby increase

the likelihood of repayment of FmHA loans.         See Sequoyah County , 191 F.3d at

1196; Bell Arthur Water Corp. v. Greenville Utils. Comm’n         , 

, 523

(4th Cir. 1999). Section 1926(b) is broadly construed to protect rural water

districts from competition with other water service providers.       See Adams County

Reg. Water Dist. v. Village of Manchester, Ohio        , 

, 518 (6th Cir.

2000) (stating that § 1926(b) “should be given a liberal interpretation that

protects rural water associations indebted to the FmHA from municipal

encroachment”) (internal quotation marks omitted);         Bell Arthur , 173 F.3d at 520,

526 (noting Congress intended by enactment of § 1926(b) to protect from

competition the territory served by a rural water district);     Lexington-South

Elkhorn Water Dist. v. City of Wilmore       , 

, 235 (6th Cir. 1996) (noting

that § 1926(b) is given a liberal interpretation to protect rural water districts);

Jennings Water, Inc. v. City of North Vernon       , 

, 315 (7th Cir. 1989)

(detailing the legislative history of § 1926(b)). “[S]ection 1926(b) ‘indicates a


                                              8
congressional mandate that local governments not encroach upon the services

provided by [federally indebted water] associations, be that encroachment in the

form of competing franchises, new or additional permit requirements, or similar

means.’” Glenpool Util. Servs. Auth. v. Creek County Rural Water Dist.      , 

, 1214 (10th Cir. 1988) (quoting       City of Madison v. Bear Creek Water

Ass’n , 

, 1059 (5th Cir. 1987)).

         The City does not dispute that it provided water service in Post Rock’s

service area, but argues that § 1926(b) does not apply in this case. “[T]o receive

the protection against competition provided by § 1926(b) a water association

must (1) have a continuing indebtedness to the FmHA and (2) have provided or

made available service to the disputed area.”     Sequoyah County , 191 F.3d at

1197. The parties stipulated that Post Rock was indebted to the FmHA. The

parties also stipulated that Purma Addition, Prairie Estates Addition, and the

Branda property were located in Post Rock’s service area. Accordingly, the

narrow issue remaining is whether Post Rock made service available to those

areas.



Consideration of cost

         The district court determined that the City was encroaching on Post Rock’s

service area, but concluded that Post Rock failed to make water service available


                                            9
because of its requirement that the customer pay all costs necessary to establish

water service, including the extension of infrastructure. Post Rock contends the

reasonableness of the cost to be borne by a prospective customer is not a relevant

inquiry in determining whether Post Rock made water service available for

purposes of § 1926(b).

      Although the district court determined that Post Rock could physically

provide service to Purma Addition, it concluded that “conditioning service on the

user’s agreement to pay unreasonable fees is not ‘making service available.’”

Aplt. App. I at 160. Post Rock does not dispute that it requires customers to pay

the entire cost of establishing water service. Post Rock does not pay for any

water line extensions necessary to establish new water service. In the case of

Purma Addition, Post Rock’s engineer estimated it would cost $32,000 to connect

water service to the duplexes, which would be paid by the customers. This

estimated cost would be for construction of a service line to the duplexes, not a

main line. Although the duplex owners would pay the cost, Post Rock would be

able to use the line to serve future users. If Post Rock needed to make

improvements to its system to serve a new customer, such as installing a pumping

station, the prospective customer would pay for that improvement. However,

Post Rock indicates that even if it joined additional users, it would not pro rate so

as to reimburse some of the $32,000.00 cost to the initial two duplex owners    .


                                           10
       In order to determine whether a water association has made service

available, the focus is “primarily on whether the water association has     in fact

‘made service available,’ i.e., on whether the association has proximate and

adequate ‘pipes in the ground’ with which it has served or can serve the disputed

customers within a reasonable time.”     Sequoyah County , 191 F.3d at 1203

(emphasis added). “[A] water association meets the ‘pipes-in-the-ground’ test by

demonstrating ‘that it has adequate facilities within or adjacent to the area to

provide service to the area within a reasonable time after a request for service is

made.’” 

Arthur , 173 F.3d at 526). “This is essentially an

inquiry into whether a water association has the capacity to provide water service

to a given customer.”   

spite of this focus on pipes-in-the-ground, we do not agree

with Post Rock that the costs of water service are completely irrelevant in

determining whether it has made services available under § 1926(b). As the

district court observed, Congress intended § 1926(b) not only to safeguard the

viability of rural water associations but also to encourage rural water

development by expanding the number of potential users, resulting in lower costs

per user. See Scioto County Reg’l Water Dist. No. 1 v. Scioto Water, Inc.      , 

, 40 (6th Cir. 1996) (citing the Fifth Circuit’s explanation of the dual

purposes of § 1926(b)—to “‘[s]afeguard the viability and financial security of


                                            11
such associations’” and to “‘encourage water development by expanding the

number of potential users’”) (quoting      City of Madison, Miss. v. Bear Creek

Water Ass’n , 

, 1060 (5th Cir. 1987)).

       The legislative history of the statute reflects this concern with costs.      See

Sen. Rep. No. 566 (1961),     reprinted in 1961 U.S.C.C.A.N. 2243, 2309 (stating

that, “[b]y including service to other rural residents, the     cost per user is reduced

and the loans are more secure in addition to the community benefits of a safe and

adequate supply of running household water” and that “[t]he committee

understands that there are areas where several rural settlements can more

economically combine their efforts to establish an adequate water source by

developing a common reservoir and pipeline at         a cost to the users considerably

below the cost attendant to independent facilities serving each community           ”)

(emphasis added).

       Moreover, the phrase used by Congress in the statute—“service . . . made

available” does not exclude consideration of costs. The word “available” means

“capable of being employed with advantage of or turned to account, hence

capable of being made use of, at one’s disposal, within one’s reach.” 1           Oxford

English Dictionary at 812 (2d ed. 1989). Thus, with regard to a statute enacted

in part to reduce the cost per user, we cannot agree that providing services at a

grossly excessive cost renders them “available.”         Cf. Metz v. Tusico, Inc. , 

Supp. 393, 397 (E.D. Va. 1958) (construing the statement in a contract that

“water is available to the property” as indicating that water was “obtainable    at a

reasonable cost ”) (emphasis added).

       Accordingly, we conclude that even though a rural water district has

“adequate facilities within or adjacent to the area to provide service to the area

within a reasonable time after a request for service is made,’”      Sequoyah County ,

191 F.3d at 1201 (quoting    Bell Arthur , 173 F.3d at 526), the cost of those

services may be so excessive that it has not made those services “available” under

§ 1926(b). Although the costs of services need not be competitive with the costs

of services provided by other entities, the protection granted to rural water

districts by § 1926(b) should not be construed so broadly as to authorize the

imposition of any level of costs. There is some point at which costs become so

high that assessing them upon the user constitutes a practical deprivation of

service. Just as there are limits on how long a period of time a water district may

take to provide service (i.e. a “reasonable amount of time”), so there are limits on

how much it can charge for that service and still be considered to have “made [it]

available.”

       In articulating a standard for determining whether the costs of a water

district’s services are excessive, the decisions of Kansas courts provide guidance.

Those courts have concluded that water rates may not be “unreasonable,


                                            13
excessive, and confiscatory.”    Bodine v. Osage County Rural Water District No.

7, 

, 1110 (Kan. 1997);      see Shawnee Hills Mobile Homes, Inc. v.

Rural Water Dist. No. 6,   

, 217 (Kan. 1975). In an unpublished

decision (which is not precedential but which we find persuasive,     see 10th Cir.R.

36.3), this circuit has taken a somewhat similar approach.     See Pittsburg County

Rural Water Dist. No. 7 v. City of McAlester      , No. 98-7148, 

, at

**4 n.7 (10th Cir. May 2, 2000) (concluding that a water district’s practice of

requiring customers to pay for facility improvements was not “per se

unreasonable” but did raise questions in need of “further factual development”).

We therefore conclude that, if the city can show that Post Rock’s rates or

assessements were unreasonable, excessive, and confiscatory, then the water

district has not made services available under § 1926(b).

       The Kansas decisions indicate that several factors are relevant in making

this determination: (1) whether the challenged practice allows the district to

yield more than a fair profit; (2) whether the practice establishes a rate that is

disproportionate to the services rendered; (3) whether other, similarly situated

districts do not follow the practice; (4) whether the practice establishes an

arbitrary classification between various users.     See Shawnee Hills , 537 P.2d at

218-21. No one factor is dispositive, and the determination of whether the

practice is excessive, unreasonable, and confiscatory depends on an assessment of


                                            14
the totality of the circumstances.      See 

standard, we examine

each property individually in order to determine whether Post Rock has made

service available under § 1926(b).



       Purma Addition.      The district court concluded as a matter of law that

requiring the owners of the Purma Addition duplex to pay the $32,000 for

constructing a water line was unreasonable. As a result, the court concluded, Post

Rock had not made service available under § 1926(b). The district court did not

cite any evidence from the record and it did not provide any explanation for its

conclusion. There is no indication that the court considered the factors outlined

by the Kansas courts.

       Accordingly, we conclude that the case should be remanded to the district

court for further consideration of Post Rock’s imposition of the $32,000 fee. On

remand the City should be afforded an opportunity to show that Post Rock’s

practice was excessive, unreasonable, and confiscatory. If the City makes such a

showing, then the court should conclude that the water district has not “provided

or made [service] available.”        See 7 U.S.C. § 1926(b). Absent such a showing by

the City, the water district will be entitled to relief under § 1926(b).


       Prairie Estates Addition.       The district court denied Post Rock any relief for

Prairie Estates. The district court concluded that Post Rock failed to establish

                                              15
when, if ever, there would be water users in Prairie Estates and whether Post

Rock would have the capacity to serve those users. At the time of trial, there was

no development in Prairie Estates and none was planned in the near future. The

district court properly concluded that an injunction concerning Prairie Estates

would be premature. Although the City planned to run water pipes into Prairie

Estates for fire protection, this was a permissible action that did not encroach on

Post Rock’s service rights.     See Rural Water Dist. No. 3 v. Owasso Utils. Auth.   ,

, 823 (N.D. Okla. 1979) (noting “[t]here is nothing in the Act

[§ 1926] itself to preclude the Owasso Utilities Authority from maintaining a

water line for the purposes of fire protection only”);   Kan. Stat. Ann. § 80-

1513(c) (1997) (requiring city to provide fire protection services to annexed

territory). Post Rock failed to show it had the ability to provide service to Prairie

Estates and that the City encroached on its service area.

       Branda property.       The district court denied Post Rock’s request for

injunctive relief as to the Branda property. The district court determined that

Post Rock failed to show it could serve the Branda property, had made no effort

to extend service to the property, and had not commissioned an engineering study

to determine if service was feasible. Based on these findings, the district court

concluded that Post Rock had not made service available to the Branda property.

On appeal, Post Rock does not dispute these findings and conclusions. The


                                             16
district court did not err in denying Post Rock relief as regards the Branda

property.


Denial of declaratory judgment

      The district court denied Post Rock’s request for a declaratory judgment

that § 1926(b) applied to all property surrounding the City as long as Post Rock

was indebted to the FmHA and had the capacity to serve additional water users.

This court reviews the denial of declaratory relief for abuse of discretion.

Johnson v. Thompson , 

, 1498 (10th Cir. 1992). In denying

injunctive relief for Prairie Estates, the district court noted that its “legal ruling

will apply equally to the Prairie Estates addition should that area ever be

developed.” Aplt. App. I at 161. Whether Post Rock is entitled to provide

exclusive water service in Prairie Estates will depend on whether it has the ability

to serve the area; this has not yet been established and cannot be established until

there are water customers in the area. The district court did not abuse its

discretion in denying Post Rock declaratory relief.



Award of attorney fees, expenses, and costs

      The district court awarded Post Rock partial attorney fees under 42 U.S.C.

§ 1988. The City appeals the award of attorney fees, arguing that Post Rock’s

claim for an injunction under § 7 U.S.C. § 1926(b) is not cognizable under 42

                                           17
U.S.C. § 1983 and therefore does not support an award of attorneys’ fees under

42 U.S.C. § 1988.   4



       As noted above, the record requires further factual development as to

whether Post Rock’s imposition of costs on the owners of the Purma Addition

duplex was “unreasonable, excessive, and confiscatory” such that it did not make

services available under § 1926(b). Accordingly, it is unclear at this point

whether Post Rock will prevail on its claim for injunctive relief as to the Purma

Addition and whether, as a result, it will request an award of attorneys fees as the

prevailing party under 42 U.S.C. § 1988.

       However, in the event that Post Rock does prevail on this claim, the

district court will be required to resolve the question of whether Post Rock is

entitled to attorneys fees. Because the issue has been fully briefed, we will

address it here.   Although we generally review an award of attorney fees for

abuse of discretion, we consider de novo the district court’s legal conclusions

underlying the award of fees.   Brandau v. Kansas , 

, 1181 (10th

Cir.), cert. denied , 

(1999).

       Section 1988(b) allows for an award of attorney fees in an action to

enforce 42 U.S.C. § 1983. The district court concluded that actions for


       4
        Post Rock has filed a cross-appeal of the amount of the award.
However, in light of our decision to remand Post Rock’s claim as to the Purma
Addition to the district court for further proceedings, that cross-appeal is moot.

                                         18
violations of § 1926(b) are properly brought under § 1983. Although Post

Rock’s complaint did not mention § 1983, Post Rock may recover attorney fees

under § 1988 if its complaint contained allegations sufficient to support a § 1983

action. See Haley v. Pataki , 

, 481 (2d Cir. 1997)    ; Thorstenn v.

Barnard , 

, 218 (3d Cir. 1989).

       The issue is whether Post Rock’s complaint stated a claim that would be

cognizable under § 1983. Section 1983 provides that

       [e]very person who, under color of any statute, [or] ordinance . . . of
       any State . . . subjects, or causes to be subjected, any citizen of the
       United States or other person within the jurisdiction thereof to the
       deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the
       Constitution and laws, shall be liable to the party injured in an action
       at law, suit in equity, or other proper proceeding for redress.

The City contends that Post Rock, as a quasi-municipality,   5
                                                                 cannot bring a § 1983

claim against the City, a municipality. The City also asserts that Post Rock is not

a “citizen” or “other person” under § 1983.

       A political subdivision of a state may not bring certain constitutional

challenges against another political subdivision.    See Branson Sch. Dist. RE-82


       5
         The Kansas Supreme Court has concluded that a rural water district is
“incorporated as a quasi-municipal corporation by declaration of the board of the
commissioners of the county in which the water district is located.”    Dedeke v.
Rural Water Dist. No. 5 , 

, 1331 (Kan. 1981) (citing Kan. Stat.
Ann. 82a-616). The powers of a rural water district are prescribed by statute, the
water district enjoys the power of eminent domain, and “[i]n law and in fact, a
rural water district exercises the powers of a public utility,” “subject to state
regulation and control.” 

Romer , 

, 628 (10th Cir. 1998) (noting that “a municipality may

not bring a constitutional challenge against its creating state when the

constitutional provision that supplies the basis for the complaint was written to

protect individual rights, as opposed to collective or structural rights”);     Housing

Auth. v. City of Ponca City , 

, 1190 (10th Cir. 1991) (noting that “a

political subdivision of a state may not challenge the validity of an act by a

fellow political subdivision under the Fourteenth Amendment unless such an

action is expressly authorized by the creating state”);      United States v. Alabama ,

, 1454-55 (11th Cir. 1986) (noting that generally “creatures of the

state have no standing to invoke certain constitutional provisions in opposition to

the will of their creator”);   South Macomb Disposal Auth. v. Township of

Washington , 

, 505 (6th Cir. 1986) (noting that “a political

subdivision of a state cannot challenge the constitutionality of another political

subdivision’s ordinance on due process and equal protection grounds”).

       This court in Ponca City reasoned that because “political subdivisions are

creatures of the state, they possess no rights independent of those expressly

provided to them by the state. Hence, unless expressly granted the ability by its

creating state, a political subdivision cannot assert federal constitutional rights in

opposition to state 

. The reasoning of          Ponca City is

inapplicable here. Post Rock is asserting a violation of federal statutory law, not


                                              20
a constitutional violation. The State of Kansas has authorized Post Rock to

borrow money from the FmHA, which brings Post Rock under the rubric of

§ 1926.

       We next address whether Post Rock, a quasi-municipality, may bring a

§ 1983 action against the City for its alleged violation of § 1926. The Supreme

Court has held that municipalities are “persons” for purposes of being sued under

§ 1983. Board of County Comm’rs of Bryan County v. Brown            , 

,

403 (1997); Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs. , 

, 689-90 (1978) . Other

circuits have stated, post- Monell , that while a municipality may be sued under

§ 1983, it may not bring an action under the same provision.       See Rockford Bd.

of Educ., Sch. Dist. No. 205 v. Illinois State Bd. of Educ.    , 

, 688

(7th Cir. 1998) (noting that “a city or other municipality cannot bring a suit under

42 U.S.C. § 1983”); Randolph County v. Alabama Power Co.           , 

, 425-

26 (11th Cir. 1986) (stating that “we have subsequent to       Monell continued to

hold that a municipality has no cause of action under section 1983”)     . A review

of those cases, however, shows they involved claims by municipalities of

constitutional violations, which generally cannot be asserted by municipalities

under any statute.   See City of East St. Louis v. Circuit Court for Twentieth

Judicial Circuit , 

, 1144 (7th Cir. 1993) (stating that

“[m]unicipalities cannot challenge state action on federal constitutional grounds


                                            21
because they are not ‘persons’ [and] . . . cannot invoke the protection of the Fifth

or Fourteenth Amendments”);        Appling County v. Municipal Elec. Auth.        , 

, 1308 (5th Cir. 1980) (stating that “[t]he          Monell decision does not call

into question the principle that a city or county cannot challenge a state statute on

federal Constitutional grounds”). In this case, Post Rock is claiming a statutory

violation. Section 1983 provides a private cause of action for violations of

federal statutes, as well as for constitutional violations.       Maine v. Thiboutot , 

, 4 (1980). This court has held that “a political subdivision [may] sue its

parent state when the suit alleges a violation by the state of some controlling

federal law.” Branson , 161 F.3d at 630. It follows that Post Rock can sue the

City under § 1983 for violations of § 1926.

       In Monell , the Supreme Court relied on legislative history to conclude that

a municipality may be sued under § 1983. The Court explained that before the

Civil Rights Act was passed Congress had stated that “‘in all acts hereafter

passed . . . the word “person” may extend and be applied to bodies politic and

corporate . . . unless the context shows that such words were intended to be used

in a more limited sense.’”     Monell , 436 U.S. at 688 (quoting Act of Feb. 25,

1871, § 2, 16 Stat. 431). We agree with the Sixth Circuit that “in light of

Monell , it would be a strained analysis to hold, as a matter of statutory

construction, that a municipal corporation was a ‘person’ within one clause of


                                              22
section 1983, but not a ‘person’ within another clause of that same statute.”

South Macomb , 790 F.2d at 503. Post Rock is not precluded from bringing an

action under § 1983 simply by its status as a quasi-municipality.


Availability of § 1983 for violation of § 1926(b)

       While Post Rock is not precluded as a quasi-municipality from bringing a

§ 1983 action for violation of a federal statute, we must next determine whether a

violation of § 1926(b) gives rise to a federal right enforceable through a § 1983

action. Section 1983 protects certain rights conferred by federal statutes.

Blessing v. Freestone , 

, 340 (1997). “In order to seek redress

through § 1983, however, a plaintiff must assert the violation of a federal right,

not merely a violation of federal law.”   

looks at three factors to

determine whether a particular statutory provision gives rise to a federal right:

(1) “Congress must have intended that the provision in question benefit the

plaintiff,” (2) “the plaintiff must demonstrate that the right assertedly protected

by the statute is not so ‘vague and amorphous’ that its enforcement would strain

judicial competence,” and (3) “the statute must unambiguously impose a binding

obligation on the States.”   

       All of these factors support the conclusion that § 1926(b) gives rise to a

federal right. Section 1926(b) serves to prohibit competition with rural water

districts; this indicates that Congress intended the provision to benefit rural water

                                              23
districts such as Post Rock.     See Bell Arthur , 173 F.3d at 520 (stating § 1926(b)

was enacted to protect nonprofit water service associations and hence, the federal

loans made to them, by “protecting the territory served by such an association

facility against competitive facilities”);     but see Wayne , 36 F.3d at 529 (stating

that “[t]he overwhelming weight of authority is that the purpose of the statute is

to protect rural water service users access to clean, safe water”). This right

against competition and the requirements for protection of the right are defined

by the statute and are not so vague and amorphous that its enforcement would

strain judicial competence. The statute unambiguously imposes a binding

obligation on municipal corporations, which are political subdivisions of the

state, to not compete with rural water districts.

       Even though § 1926(b) creates an individual right, there is only a

rebuttable presumption that the right is enforceable under § 1983.        Blessing , 520

U.S. at 341. A right is not enforceable under § 1983 if Congress “‘specifically

foreclosed a remedy under § 1983.’”          

v. Robinson , 

, 1005, n.9 (1984)). Congress may expressly preclude such a remedy by

forbidding recourse to § 1983 in the statute itself.      

also

impliedly preclude a § 1983 remedy by creating a comprehensive enforcement

scheme that is incompatible with individual enforcement under § 1983.           

principles in mind, we conclude that Congress has not


                                               24
foreclosed a § 1983 remedy for violations of § 1926(b). Section 1926(b) does

not itself forbid recourse to § 1983. Moreover, “Congress provided no

enforcement mechanism for protecting the right that § 1926(b) creates. Thus,

pursuant to § 1983, § 1926(b) gives rise to a private right of action on the part of

rural water service users.”   Wayne , 36 F.3d at 529; see North Alamo Water

Supply Corp. v. City of San Juan   , 

, 917 (5th Cir. 1996) (noting that

“[s]ection 1926(b) does not create or specify a remedy for the enforcement of

violations, but an injunction has been the principal tool employed by the courts

with which to enforce the statute and prevent violations”). As a result, the

district court did not err in concluding that Post Rock properly brought its action

for violation of § 1926(b) under §1983. In the event that Post Rock prevails on

remand on its claim for injunctive relief as to the Purma Addition, it will be

entitled to an award of a reasonable amount attorneys fees under 42 U.S.C. §

1988.




                                          III.

        The judgment of the district court as to the Purma Addition is VACATED

and the case is REMANDED for the district court for further proceedings. The

judgment of the district court as to the Prairie Estates Addition and the Branda

property is AFFIRMED.

                                          25
26
Nos. 98-3337, 98-3340, 99-3075, 99-3084
Rural Water Dist. No. 1 v. City of Wilson

BRISCOE , Circuit Judge, concurring and dissenting:

      I concur in the majority opinion except for its holding regarding the Purma

Addition that cost to the customer of establishing water service is relevant in

determining whether Post Rock has made services available under § 1926(b).

Rather than reverse and remand for further consideration of whether Post Rock’s

imposition of a $32,000 cost upon the owners of the Purma Addition duplex was

excessive, unreasonable, and confiscatory, I would reverse and remand with

directions to the district court to enjoin the City from providing water service in

the Purma Addition and to reassess the amount of attorney fees awarded to Post

Rock as a prevailing party under 42 U.S.C. § 1988.

      The proper test in determining whether Post Rock made service available

under § 1926(b) is the “pipes in the ground” test enunciated in         Sequoyah County

Rural Water District No. 7 v. Town of Muldrow        , 

(10th Cir. 1999),

cert. denied , 

(2000), i.e., whether Post Rock had “adequate

facilities within or adjacent to the area to provide service to the area within a

reasonable time after a request for service [was] made.”          

      This court has held that to receive the protection against competition
      provided by § 1926(b) a water association must (1) have a
      continuing indebtedness to the FmHA and (2) have provided or made
      available service to the disputed area. [Citation omitted.] The
      purpose of the second inquiry is to determine whether the disputed
      customers are within the water association’s service area . . . .
      Doubts about whether a water association is entitled to protection
       from competition under § 1926(b) should be resolved in favor of the
       FmHA-indebted party seeking protection for its territory.     See North
       Alamo Water Supply Corp. v. City of San Juan, Tex.,       

,
       913 (5th Cir. 1996) (“The service area of a federally indebted water
       association is sacrosanct. Every federal court to have interpreted §
       1926(b) has concluded that the statute should be liberally interpreted
       to protect FmHA-indebted rural water associations from municipal
       encroachments.”).

The cost of water service provided by Post Rock should not be

compared to the cost of water service provided by the City because this would

impermissibly create competition with the rural water district.   See S. Rep. No.

566, 87th Cong., 1st Sess.,   reprinted in 1961 U.S.C.C.A.N. 2243, 2309 (noting

that § 1926(b) exists to “protect[] the territory served by such an association

against competitive facilities”). Similarly, the cost to the customer of

establishing service cannot be considered in determining whether the rural water

district has made service available for purposes of protecting it against

encroachment by a city water district under § 1926(b).

       This conclusion does not leave rural water customers without a remedy.

Cost might be a relevant factor in an action against Post Rock by rural water

customers under state law. Kansas statutes provide for release of lands from the

water district’s service area “[i]f it becomes apparent that certain lands included

within a district cannot be economically or adequately served by the facilities of

the district.” Kan. Stat. Ann. § 82a-630 (1997). Rural water customers can also

bring an action in state court challenging the reasonableness of rates set by rural

                                             2
water districts. As the Kansas Supreme Court has noted,        the rural water district

“is not free to exact whatever rate it sees fit to impose” and “rates must be

reasonable in the sense that they are not excessive or confiscatory.”      Shawnee

Hills Mobile Homes, Inc. v. Rural Water Dist. No. 6       , 

, 216-17 (Kan.

1975); see Bodine v. Osage County Rural Water Dist. #7         , 

, 1110

(Kan. 1997) (noting that “a water user who is subject to the rates [between a City

and the rural water district] may still challenge the rates as improper if the

litigant can overcome the rates’ presumption of validity and prove that the rates

are unreasonable, excessive, and confiscatory”). However, this cost inquiry is

not relevant in determining whether the City violated § 1926(b).

       The district court concluded Post Rock was a prevailing party under 42

U.S.C. § 1988 and awarded partial attorney fees on its limited success. As I

would conclude the district court erred in ruling against Post Rock concerning

the Purma Addition, I would also remand for the district court to reassess the

extent to which Post Rock prevailed and the amount of attorney fees warranted.

       I would reverse the district court’s judgment as to the Purma Addition and

remand to the district court with directions to enjoin the City from providing

water service in that area and to reassess the extent to which Post Rock prevailed

and award reasonable attorney fees accordingly.




                                             3