This class action brought under the antitrust laws of the State of Louisiana requires that we decide whether the Judicial Improvements Act of 1990 overrules Zahn v. International Paper Co., 414 U.S. 291, 94 S. Ct. 505, 38 L. Ed. 2d 511 (1973). We hold today that it does. We agree with the district court that the claims of the class representatives met the requisite amount in controversy and that it had diversity jurisdiction over their claims, but disagree with its decision to abstain from exercising it. We agree with the district court that it had supplemental jurisdiction over all other members of the class, but disagree with its decision not to exercise it. We vacate the order remanding to state court.

Robin and Renee Free filed suit in a Louisiana state court on October 14, 1993, alleging that Abbott Laboratories, Bristol-Meyers Squibb Company, Inc., and Mead Johnson & Company had conspired to fix infant formula prices. The Frees filed for themselves and for a class1 of Louisiana consumers. Defendants removed to federal court, and plaintiffs moved to remand.

The federal district court granted the motion to remand. The court held that it lacked federal question jurisdiction and that it had diversity jurisdiction only over the named plaintiffs' claims and not over claims of the other members of the class. The district court declined to exercise supplemental jurisdiction because the claims raised "novel issues of state law."

The district court remanded the named plaintiffs' claims on "the basis of ... the Colorado River/ Moses H. Cone doctrine of abstention."2 It did so to avoid piecemeal litigation and to permit Louisiana to rule on the "novel and complex issues of state law." Defendants both appeal and petition for mandamus, asking that we vacate the order remanding to state court.

28 U.S.C. Sec. 1447(d) shields from review orders remanding for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, see In re Shell Oil Co., 932 F.2d 1518, 1520 (5th Cir.1991), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 1049, 112 S. Ct. 914, 116 L. Ed. 2d 814 (1992), or a defect in removal procedure noted by timely motion, see In re Medscope Marine Ltd., 972 F.2d 107, 110 (5th Cir.1992). See Thermtron Prods. Inc. v. Hermansdorfer, 423 U.S. 336, 96 S. Ct. 584, 46 L. Ed. 2d 542 (1976).

Fairly read, the remand order did not rest upon a lack of subject matter jurisdiction or defective removal procedure. The court noted no flaw in the removal procedure, and its decision to abstain follows an explicit finding of subject matter jurisdiction. Our appellate jurisdiction follows. See In re International Paper Co., 961 F.2d 558, 561 (5th Cir.) (authorizing review by appeal, not mandamus, where remand is based upon "circumstances that give the court discretion to dismiss the case"), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 113 S. Ct. 326, 121 L. Ed. 2d 245 (1992); McDermott Int'l v. Lloyds Underwriters of London, 944 F.2d 1199, 1203-04 (5th Cir.1991) (regarding remand based upon Colorado River as discretionary and thus reviewable by appeal, not mandamus).

A. DIVERSITY JURISDICTION: THE NAMED PLAINTIFFS' CLAIMS

The court found it had diversity jurisdiction over the named plaintiffs' claims even though each named and unnamed plaintiff claimed only $20,000, less than the $50,000 minimum for diversity jurisdiction. 28 U.S.C. Sec. 1332(a). The district court found that Louisiana law attributed all of a class's attorney's fees to the named plaintiffs. It held that the claim of the named plaintiffs for $20,000--once swelled by attorney's fees--met the $50,000 amount-in-controversy requirement.

Plaintiffs argue that Louisiana statutes distribute the fees pro rata to all members of the class, with the result that none meets the amount-in-controversy requirement.

The distribution of attorney's fees centers on two Louisiana statutes. The first, Article 595 of the Louisiana Code of Civil Procedure, provides:

The court may allow the representative parties their reasonable expenses of litigation, including attorney's fees, when as a result of the class action a fund is made available, or a recovery or compromise is had which is beneficial, to the class.

. . . . .

(a) It is intended, in the first paragraph, that the reasonable expenses of litigation allowed the successful representative parties is to be paid out of the fund or benefits made available by their efforts.

The second key Louisiana statute is Section 51:137 of the Louisiana Revised Statutes, which provides:

Any person who is injured in his business or property by any person by reason of any act or thing forbidden by this Part may sue in any court of competent jurisdiction and shall recover threefold the damages sustained by him, the cost of suit, and a reasonable attorney's fee.

Article 595, plaintiffs contend, supports their argument that the fees are to be distributed among all class members. See, e.g., White v. Board of Trustees, 276 So. 2d 714, 719 (La.Ct.App.) (deducting pro rata shares of an Article 595 attorney's fee from the awards due to each plaintiff), writ ref'd, 279 So. 2d 694 (La.1973).

We disagree. Defendants pay attorney's fees and damages. The plain text of the first sentence of 595 awards the fees to the "representative parties." (The language allowing the "representative parties" their fees is echoed in Comment (a).)

Finally, plaintiffs argue that construing Article 595 to attribute the fees to the named plaintiffs--rather than to distribute them among all the plaintiffs--renders the statute unconstitutional. The argument continues that the federal courts have generally held that Zahn forbids attributing the fees of class members to class representatives. The only circuit court to speak to this question held that attributing a class's attorney's fees only to the named plaintiffs instead of pro rata to each member of the class "would conflict with the policy of Zahn." Goldberg v. CPC Int'l, Inc., 678 F.2d 1365, 1367 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 459 U.S. 945, 103 S. Ct. 259, 74 L. Ed. 2d 202 (1982). Many district courts have followed Goldberg.3 But Goldberg 's reading of Zahn sheds little light on the distinct policy choices behind Louisiana's decision regarding rights of recovery by class members. That a state chooses a set of rules that result in an award in excess of $50,000 frustrates no policy of Zahn. Simply put, under the law of Louisiana the class representatives were entitled to fees. Their rights of recovery were not created by a judge's summing the discrete rights of class members. The district court applied the law of Louisiana. Because it did so, we are persuaded that the individual claims of the class representatives met the requisite jurisdictional amount. We turn now to the question of supplemental jurisdiction over the class members, confronting at its threshold Zahn 's current vitality. That is the question of Zahn.

B. SUPPLEMENTAL JURISDICTION: THE UNNAMED PLAINTIFFS' CLAIMS

Supplemental jurisdiction over the unnamed plaintiffs' claims has been an open question since Congress passed the Judicial Improvements Act of 1990.4

Congress enacted Sec. 1367 against the background of Zahn, in which the Supreme Court had held that the claim of each member of a class action must meet the amount-in-controversy requirement. Zahn, 414 U.S. at 301, 94 S.Ct. at 511-12. Zahn forbade the exercise of supplemental jurisdiction over the claims of class members who did not do so.

Defendants argue that Congress changed the jurisdictional landscape in 1990 by enacting Sec. 1367. Section 1367(a) grants district courts supplemental jurisdiction over related claims generally, and Sec. 1367(b) carves exceptions. Significantly, class actions are not among the exceptions.

Some commentators have interpreted this silence to mean that Congress overruled Zahn and granted supplemental jurisdiction over the claims of class members who individually do not demand the necessary amount in controversy.5 Some of Sec. 1367's drafters disagree.6 No appellate court has ruled on the question yet.7 The district courts are split even within this circuit, although the majority appear to hold that Zahn survives the enactment of Sec. 1367.8

Perhaps, by some measure transcending its language, Congress did not intend the Judicial Improvements Act to overrule Zahn. The House Committee on the Judiciary considered the bill that became Sec. 1367 to be a "noncontroversial" collection of "relatively modest proposals," not the sort of legislative action that would upset any long-established precedent like Zahn. 1990 U.S.C.C.A.N. at 6860, 6861. Plaintiffs argue that the Act was prompted not by a congressional desire for wholesale revisions of the jurisdictional rules, but by the more limited desire to restore traditional understandings of federal jurisdiction, which were upset by Finley v. United States, 490 U.S. 545, 109 S. Ct. 2003, 104 L. Ed. 2d 593 (1989). In Finley, the Supreme Court held that federal courts could not exercise pendent-party jurisdiction without an express legislative grant, a grant never thought necessary before. Id. at 556, 109 S.Ct. at 2010-11. In short, Congress intended the Act to "essentially restore the pre-Finley understandings of the authorization for and limits on other forms of supplemental jurisdiction," not, arguably, to alter Zahn. 1990 U.S.C.C.A.N. at 6860, 6874. A disclaimer in the legislative history strives to make this point clear by stating: "[T]he section is not intended to affect the jurisdictional requirements of 28 U.S.C. Sec. 1332 in diversity-only class actions, as those requirements were interpreted prior to Finley." 1990 U.S.C.C.A.N. at 6860, 6875. The passage cites Zahn as a pre-Finley case untouched by the Act. 1990 U.S.C.C.A.N. at 6860, 6875 n. 17; see also Rowe et al., supra, 40 Emory L.J. at 960 n. 90 (stating that this passage was intended to demonstrate that Zahn was to survive the enactment of Sec. 1367).

We cannot search legislative history for congressional intent unless we find the statute unclear or ambiguous. Here, it is neither. The statute's first section vests federal courts with the power to hear supplemental claims generally, subject to limited exceptions set forth in the statute's second section. Class actions are not among the enumerated exceptions.

Omitting the class action from the exception may have been a clerical error.9 But the statute is the sole repository of congressional intent where the statute is clear and does not demand an absurd result. See West Virginia Univ. Hosps., Inc. v. Casey, 499 U.S. 83, 99-100, 111 S. Ct. 1138, 1147, 113 L. Ed. 2d 68 (1991) (refusing to permit the Court's "perception of the 'policy' of the statute to overcome its 'plain language' "); United States v. X-Citement Video, Inc., --- U.S. ----, ---- - ----, 115 S. Ct. 464, 467-68, 130 L. Ed. 2d 372 (1994) (rejecting lower court's "plain language reading" of a statute where that reading would create a "positively absurd" result). Abolishing the strictures of Zahn is not an absurd result. Justice Brennan's dissent joined by Justices Douglas and Marshall states the counterposition. Some respected commentators would welcome Zahn 's demise. See, e.g., 1 Moore et al., supra, Sec. 0.97, at 928; Arthur & Freer, supra, 40 Emory L.J. at 1008 n. 6 ("Abrogating Zahn would hardly be absurd" since doing so would harmonize case law and "enable federal courts to resolve complex interstate disputes in mass tort situations."). But the wisdom of the statute is not our affair beyond determining that overturning Zahn is not absurd. We are persuaded that under Sec. 1367 a district court can exercise supplemental jurisdiction over members of a class, although they did not meet the amount-in-controversy requirement, as did the class representatives.

IV. ABSTENTION AND DISCRETIONARY EXERCISE OF SUPPLEMENTAL JURISDICTION

Colorado River abstention is to be used only sparingly, see Colorado River, 424 U.S. at 813, 96 S.Ct. at 1244, and this case is a poor candidate. The district court acknowledged that "several of the [Colorado River ] factors are either neutral or weighing in favor of the exercise of [federal] jurisdiction." It rested its decision on two concerns: that remanding only the class members' claims would split the action, and the novel and complex questions of state law.

The first of these two concerns--the risk of piecemeal litigation--is a problem only under the district court's view of abstention. The second consideration--that novel and complex state law issues govern the action--has more merit. Cf. Moses Cone, 460 U.S. at 23-24, 103 S.Ct. at 941 (disfavoring abstention where federal question controls). These state law issues included whether indirect purchasers can state a claim under Louisiana antitrust law, and whether the claims in this case were preempted by federal antitrust law.

We agree that these may prove to be difficult questions. Standing alone, however, the novelty or complexity of state law issues is not enough to compel abstention. See, e.g., Rougon v. Chevron, U.S.A., Inc., 575 F. Supp. 95, 97 (M.D.La.1983) (denying motion to remand to state court even though "the issues presented, involving previously undecided matters of Louisiana ... law, are peculiarly suited to disposition by the state courts of Louisiana"). Only " 'exceptional' circumstances, the 'clearest of justifications,' ... can suffice under Colorado River to justify the surrender of [federal] jurisdiction." Moses Cone, 460 U.S. at 25-26, 103 S.Ct. at 942 (emphasis omitted). This is not one of those truly rare and exceptional cases in which Colorado River abstention is proper.

The district court remanded the claims of other class members because they presented "novel issues of state law," including whether indirect purchasers could state a claim under Louisiana antitrust law and whether the antitrust claim was preempted by federal law.

Refusing to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over the unnamed plaintiffs' claims reflects respect for considerations of comity, but it assumes that the claims of the class representatives were to be remanded to state court. The court must now adjudicate claims of the class representatives--including the same novel and complex state law issues the district court preferred to leave to Louisiana. So the interests of comity will not be served by declining to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over the class members whose claims do not meet the jurisdictional amount.

In short, the entire case should remain in federal court. The district court had diversity jurisdiction over the named plaintiffs' claims; Sec. 1367 granted it supplemental jurisdiction over the claims of the unnamed plaintiffs; and, considering that it must try the named plaintiffs' claims, it abused its discretion on the facts here in declining supplemental jurisdiction over the unnamed plaintiffs' claims. It is not necessary to decide the problematic contention that the district court also had federal question jurisdiction, and we do not. We VACATE the district court's remand order, and REMAND to the district court for further proceedings. The petition for mandamus is DENIED.